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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is an important extra-articular manifestation of rheumatologic diseases leading to considerable mortality and morbidity. Echocardiography emerges as a useful non-invasive technique for the screening and evaluation of cardiac involvement in these patients. With the technological advancement in echocardiographic techniques, we have gained a greater appreciation of the prevalence and nature of the cardiac involvement in these patients, as detection of subclinical disease is increasingly feasible. This review discusses cardiac involvement in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome, systemic sclerosis and ankylosing spondylitis, and the role of different echocardiographic modalities in their evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha A Al-Mohaissen
- Department of Clinical Sciences (Cardiology), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kwan-Leung Chan
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada. .,University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Room H3412, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4W7, Canada.
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Kocabay G, Alizade E, Pala S. Acute myocardial infarction due to Libman-Sacks endocarditis. J Emerg Med 2013; 45:e91-e93. [PMID: 23714329 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2013.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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3
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Stulak JM, Suri RM, Matteson EL, Dearani JA, Connolly HM, Schaff HV. Mitral Valve Repair Is Durable in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. Ann Thorac Surg 2012; 94:510-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2012.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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4
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Valvular lesions in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome: An old disease but a persistent challenge. REVISTA PORTUGUESA DE CARDIOLOGIA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repce.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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5
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Ferreira E, Bettencourt PM, Moura LM. Valvular lesions in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome: An old disease but a persistent challenge. Rev Port Cardiol 2012; 31:295-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repc.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Amano H, Furuhata N, Tamura N, Tokano Y, Takasaki Y. Hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis with Jaccoud’s arthropathy and valvular heart disease: case report and review of the literature. Lupus 2008; 17:837-41. [DOI: 10.1177/0961203308090113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We describe a female Japanese patient with concomitant hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis, Jaccoud’s arthropathy and valvular heart disease. In 1996, she developed arthritis with swelling of both proximal interphalangeal joints and urticarial vasculitis on both arms that was resolved by administration of glucocorticoid (prednisolone 30 mg/day). Tests for antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, antinuclear antibody and rheumatoid factor gave negative results. The findings of a skin biopsy examination were consistent with ‘leukocytoclastic vasculitis’. During 10 years of observation, the patient manifested polyarthritis leading to progressive deformity of the joints of the hands and feet (without loss of cartilage or erosion of bone), persistent urticaria exacerbated by cold and accompanied by hypocomplementemia and progressive cardiac valvular disease with mitral valve regurgitation. There are only three reports described previously documenting five patients with this rare combination of manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Amano
- Department of Rheumatology and Internal Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - N Furuhata
- Department of Rheumatology and Internal Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - N Tamura
- Department of Rheumatology and Internal Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Tokano
- Department of Rheumatology and Internal Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Takasaki
- Department of Rheumatology and Internal Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
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Ménard GE. Establishing the diagnosis of Libman-Sacks endocarditis in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Gen Intern Med 2008; 23:883-6. [PMID: 18421506 PMCID: PMC2517866 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-008-0627-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2007] [Revised: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
CASE A 43-year-old female with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was admitted with fever and shortness of breath 1 month after aortic valve replacement. A diagnostic workup including chemistries, complete blood count, blood cultures, chest x-ray, and 2-D echocardiogram was performed to determine the etiology of her symptoms and differentiate between acute bacterial endocarditis and Libman-Sacks endocarditis. DISCUSSION By utilizing Duke's criteria, antiphospholipid antibodies, and serial echocardiography, we were able to make a diagnosis of Libman-Sacks endocarditis. The patient was successfully treated for Libman-Sacks endocarditis and recovered uneventfully. CONCLUSION This case highlights the challenges of making the correct diagnosis when 2 disease processes present with similar findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine E Ménard
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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Sanclemente Juarros G, Barros Freiría X, Quera González À, Pomar Moya-Prats J, Espinosa Garriga G. Accidente vascular cerebral en paciente con lupus eritematoso sistémico y síndrome antifosfolipídico. Rev Clin Esp 2008; 208:309-11. [DOI: 10.1157/13123193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Taguchi S, Hashimoto K, Sakamoto Y, Okuyama H, Ishii S. A case of mitral valve plasty for Libman–Sacks endocarditis mimicking a cardiac tumor. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006; 132:1465-7. [PMID: 17140979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2006.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2006] [Revised: 06/27/2006] [Accepted: 07/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Taguchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Klinkner DB, Densmore JC, Kaul S, Noll L, Lim HJ, Weihrauch D, Pritchard KA, Oldham KT, Sander TL. Endothelium-derived microparticles inhibit human cardiac valve endothelial cell function. Shock 2006; 25:575-80. [PMID: 16721264 DOI: 10.1097/01.shk.0000209558.69575.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Elevated numbers of endothelium-derived microparticles (EMPs) in the circulation are found in a variety of critical illnesses. EMPs have been associated with vascular dysfunction, including thrombotic complications and loss of normal vascular reactivity, common responses associated with cardiac valve injury. However, the exact mechanisms of this dysfunction and the potential impact on cardiac endothelium are unknown. We hypothesize that pathologic levels of circulating EMPs negatively regulate proliferation and migration of valvular endothelial cells (ECs), leading to downstream endothelial dysfunction. EMPs were generated from plasminogen activation inhibitor 1-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Human mitral valve endothelial cells (HMVECs) were isolated and characterized by platelet endothelial cell-derived adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1, or CD31) and von Willebrand factor immunocytochemistry. HMVECs were treated with increasing EMP doses, and then, the effects of EMPs on growth factor-induced proliferation and migration were tested. Proliferation was assessed by H-thymidine incorporation. EC migration was assayed by photographing microtubules of HMVECs and HUVECs in fibrin gel incubated with EMPs +/- growth factors for 48 h. The EMP effects on non-valve HUVECs were tested in parallel. EMPs inhibited HMVEC proliferation at high doses but stimulated HUVEC proliferation at all doses. In HMVECs, EMPs inhibited basic fibroblast growth factor- and vascular endothelial growth factor-induced proliferation and migration. Taken together, these data suggest EMPs regulate valvular EC proliferation in a dose-dependent manner and, furthermore, modulate growth factor signaling in ECs. These results implicate EMPs as a possible source of downstream EC dysfunction in disease states. EMPs may play a role in valvular leaflet injury in human disease by inhibiting normal growth and repair of endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise B Klinkner
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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11
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Abstract
Valvular involvement is the most encountered form of heart disease in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Immunoglobulin and complement deposition in the valvular structure will subsequently lead to Libman-Sacks vegetations, valve thickening, and valve regurgitation. Valvular stenosis is rarely seen. Involvement of the mitral valve is most frequently encountered. Valve disease for most patients is mild and asymptomatic, but patients in whom severe mitral regurgitation develops will present with symptoms of congestive heart failure. A heart murmur will be heard in almost all patients with moderate or severe regurgitation. Transesophageal echocardiography is the most sensitive method to detect the valvular involvement. The valvular changes, the hemodynamic status, or the symptomatology have been shown to progress, remain stable, or sometimes improve. Severe regurgitation, infective endocarditis, and thromboembolic events (mostly stroke or transitory ischemic attacks) are complications of valvular involvement in SLE. In treatment of these patients, prophylaxis of infectious endocarditis, selective antiaggregant and anticoagulant medication, and valve replacement are currently offered. The role of corticosteroid treatment is still unclear in the outcome of SLE valvulopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Fluture
- Department of Medicine/Internal Medicine, New York Medical College/Metropolitan Hospital Center, 1901 First Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Eiken PW, Edwards WD, Tazelaar HD, McBane RD, Zehr KJ. Surgical pathology of nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis in 30 patients, 1985-2000. Mayo Clin Proc 2001; 76:1204-12. [PMID: 11761501 DOI: 10.4065/76.12.1204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the causes, complications, and histological appearance of nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE) in a surgical population compared with those in previously reported autopsy series. PATIENTS AND METHODS Cases were identified by reviewing the surgical pathology reports for all cardiac valvular specimens removed at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn., between 1985 and 2000. Archived microscopic slides and medical records were reviewed for each study patient. RESULTS The study group consisted of 30 patients (20 female and 10 male), with a mean age of 49 years (range, 15-89 years). Of these 30 patients, 28 had single valve involvement (19 mitral, 8 aortic, and 1 tricuspid), and 2 had involvement of both their mitral and aortic valves. An underlying immune-mediated disorder was identified in 18 patients (60%), including primary antiphospholipid syndrome (in 8), rheumatic heart disease (in 6), systemic lupus erythematosus (in 2), and rheumatoid arthritis (in 2), 15 (83%) of whom were women. Of the remaining 12 patients with no autoimmune disease, only 5 (42%) were women. No patient had metastatic malignant disease or disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. Systemic embolization was documented in 10 patients (33%), 8 of whom had cerebral involvement. Valvular vegetations were visualized by echocardiography before surgery in 8 patients and were suspected but not confirmed preoperatively in 1 patient. All vegetations consisted primarily of platelets and fibrin. The site and appearance of vegetations did not vary with the underlying disease state. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to previously reported autopsy series, NBTE in a surgical population was more commonly associated with autoimmune disorders than malignancy or disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. Women were affected twice as often as men. Systemic embolization, particularly to the brain, was prominent in both surgical and autopsy series. Vegetations had a similar appearance regardless of the specific underlying disease. An antemortem diagnosis of NBTE in a patient with no known risk factors should prompt a search not only for occult malignancy, as suggested by autopsy studies, but also for autoimmune or rheumatic diseases, particularly the antiphospholipid syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Eiken
- Mayo Medical School, Division of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. 55905, USA
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Abstract
The etiologic diagnosis of infective endocarditis is easily made in the presence of continuous bacteremia with gram-positive cocci. However, the blood culture may contain a bacterium rarely associated with endocarditis, such as Lactobacillus spp., Klebsiella spp., or nontoxigenic Corynebacterium, Salmonella, Gemella, Campylobacter, Aeromonas, Yersinia, Nocardia, Pasteurella, Listeria, or Erysipelothrix spp., that requires further investigation to establish the relationship with endocarditis, or the blood culture may be uninformative despite a supportive clinical evaluation. In the latter case, the etiologic agents are either fastidious extracellular or intracellular bacteria. Fastidious extracellular bacteria such as Abiotrophia, HACEK group bacteria, Clostridium, Brucella, Legionella, Mycobacterium, and Bartonella spp. need supplemented media, prolonged incubation time, and special culture conditions. Intracellular bacteria such as Coxiella burnetii cannot be isolated routinely. The two most prevalent etiologic agents of culture-negative endocarditis are C. burnetti and Bartonella spp. Their diagnosis is usually carried out serologically. A systemic pathologic examination of excised heart valves including periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining and molecular methods has allowed the identification of Whipple's bacillus endocarditis. Pathologic examination of the valve using special staining, such as Warthin-Starry, Gimenez, and PAS, and broad-spectrum PCR should be performed systematically when no etiologic diagnosis is evident through routine laboratory evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Brouqui
- Unité des Rickettsies, CNRS UPRESA 6020, Faculté de Médecine, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France.
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Shively BK. Transesophageal echocardiographic (TEE) evaluation of the aortic valve, left ventricular outflow tract, and pulmonic valve. Cardiol Clin 2000; 18:711-29. [PMID: 11236162 DOI: 10.1016/s0733-8651(05)70176-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The most important role of TEE in aortic valve disease is in the diagnosis of endocarditis and its complications. Examination of the annulus and subvalvular region is essential in any patient with possible aortic valve endocarditis. Assessment of the severity of aortic stenosis is a useful application of TEE when other data are either inconsistent or unavailable. TEE can provide a diagnosis of the origin of acute severe aortic insufficiency; this information may play a critical role in surgical planning. The diagnosis of a variety of aortic valve diseases can be made when TEE is performed to find an embolic source or to rule out dissection. In the case of mass lesions, such as papillary fibroelastomas and Libman-Sacks vegetations, the results of TEE carry major therapeutic implications. TEE offers generally excellent quality images of the LVOT and images of the RVOT and pulmonic valve that are superior to transthoracic echocardiography. The major clinical usefulness of TEE stems from its ability to identify pulmonic valve mass lesions and the causes of left and right ventricular outflow obstruction. TEE is also an important adjunct in the surgical management of left ventricular outflow obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Shively
- Adult Echocardiographic Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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