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Zhang WY, Yu Y, Yan LL, Li C, Han JY, Qin ZF, Dai Y, Yao ZH, Zhou H, Yao XS. Discovery of cardio-protective constituents of Gualou Xiebai Decoction, a classical traditional Chinese medicinal formula. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 54:318-327. [PMID: 30060904 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUD Finding effective compounds of TCMs has always been the basis for achieving marker-based quality control which is currently most widely used quality control strategy. Gualou Xiebai Decoction (GLXB), a classical TCM formula, is recorded and proven as a therapy for curing coronary heart disease but the effective constituents are unidentified and the substantial basis of the therapeutic effects is not clear. PURPOSE The present research is an investigation on the chemistry of this formula aiming at finding and precisely identifying effective compounds. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS This research started with screening for effective fractions of GLXB by rat myocardial infarction model and H9c2 cell hypoxia/reoxygenation model, then compounds in effective fractions were isolated and identified by phytochemical and spectroscopic methods. The cardio-protective activities of the compounds were tested in vitro and one of the effective compounds was taken as example to investigate the mechanisms. RESULTS The water-insoluble parts of GLXB were identified as effective parts in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Systematic isolation of compounds in the effective fractions resulted in the isolation of 34 compounds including 7 new compounds, whereas 8 compounds were effective in protecting H9c2 cells against hypoxia/reoxygenation injury. One of the effective compounds, macrostemonoside P (MP) possibly exerted its effect by activating RISK pathway and attenuating apoptosis. CONCLUSION An array of effective constituents of GLXB were discovered, and discovery of these compounds contributed to elucidating the substantial basis for the therapeutic effects of this formula, and provides fundaments for establishing Q-markers for further reliable quality control of GLXB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yang Zhang
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine (Macau University of Science and Technology), Taipa, Macau, PR China
| | - Yang Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Lu-Lu Yan
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine (Macau University of Science and Technology), Taipa, Macau, PR China; Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Chong Li
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine (Macau University of Science and Technology), Taipa, Macau, PR China
| | - Jing-Yan Han
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China; Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Zi-Fei Qin
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Yi Dai
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Zhi-Hong Yao
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; State key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Hua Zhou
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine (Macau University of Science and Technology), Taipa, Macau, PR China.
| | - Xin-Sheng Yao
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine (Macau University of Science and Technology), Taipa, Macau, PR China; College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
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Guo ZJ, Guo Z. Non-excitatory electrical stimulation attenuates myocardial infarction via homeostasis of calcitonin gene-related peptide in myocardium. Peptides 2015; 65:46-52. [PMID: 25687546 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrical stimulation has been shown protection of brain, retina, optic nerves and pancreatic β-cells but the effect on cardio-protection is still unknown. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) participates in the pathology of injury and protection of myocardium but whether or not electrical stimulation modulates endogenous CGRP is not clear. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups: (1) control group, without any treatment. (2) I/R group, animals were subjected to 30 min of myocardial ischemia followed by 60 min reperfusion. (3) NES+I/R group, non-excitatory electrical stimulation (NES) was commenced from 15 min before coronary artery occlusion till the end of reperfusion. (4) I/R+CGRP8-37 group, animals were given with CGRP8-37 (an antagonist of CGRP receptor, 10(-7) mol/L, 0.3 ml, i.v.) at 5 min before reperfusion without any electrical stimulation. The hemodynamics and electrocardiogram were monitored and recorded. Infarct size and troponin I were examined and CGRP expression in the myocardium and serum was analyzed. It was found that the infarct size and TnI were significantly reduced in NES+I/R group, by 45% and 58% respectively, accompanied by an obvious fall back of CGRP in myocardium, compared to I/R group (all p<0.05). Treatment with CGRP8-37 resulted in the same protection on myocardium as NES did. No significant difference in hemodynamics or ventricular tachycardia was detected among the groups (all p>0.05). It can be concluded that NES reduced the infarction size after acute myocardial ischemia and reperfusion, for which the underlying mechanism may be associated with modulation of endogenous CGRP in myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jia Guo
- Department of Anesthesia, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjiannan Road, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Zheng Guo
- Department of Anesthesia, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjiannan Road, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China; Department of Anesthesia, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 382 Wuyi Road, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, National Education Commission, China.
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Xie H, Liu X, Wang C, Zhu J, Yang C, Liu C, Liu H, Wu X. The changes of technetium-99m-labeled annexin-V in delayed anesthetic preconditioning during myocardial ischemia/reperfusion. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 41:131-7. [PMID: 24194194 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2845-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to use real-time imaging to test the hypothesis that delayed cardiac protection induced by volatile anesthetics inhibits apoptosis. Rats were divided into two groups. One group was exposed to 120 min of 33 % O2 [control group (CON group)] and the other group was exposed to 2.5 % sevoflurane in 33 % O2 for 120 min [sevoflurane group (SEVO group)]. Both groups were allowed to return to their cages for 24 h. After 24 h recovery, all rats underwent 30 min myocardial ischemia by occluding coronary artery followed by 2 h of reperfusion. After reperfusion, technetium-99m-labeled annexin-V was administered intravenously to identify apoptosis. Left ventricular samples were obtained to measure infarct size and radionuclide imaging and caspase-3. Radionuclide imaging indicated that apoptosis was reduced in SEVO group (0.78 % ± 0.82) when compared with the CON group (1.15 % ± 0.61), and the infarct size was also decreased in the SEVO group (40 % ± 7). The transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cardiomyocytes in the SEVO group (16 % ± 6) were significantly decreased in the peri-infarct zone when compared with the CON group (28 % ± 4). After reperfusion, caspase-3 expression was significantly blunted in the SEVO group than in CON group (50 % ± 11 vs. 68 % ± 10, p < 0.05). This study used technetium-99m-labeled annexin-V of real-time imaging to detect cardiomyocyte apoptosis and the results were confirmed by the TUNEL assay and caspase-3 expression. We concluded that delayed volatile anesthetic preconditioning (APC) protects against I/R in vivo. The method of technetium-99m-labeled annexin-V of real-time imaging can be used to detect cardiomyocyte apoptosis in delayed APC during ischemia/reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, China
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Protective effects of caspase-9 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors on ischemia-reperfusion-induced myocardial injury. Arch Pharm Res 2009; 32:1037-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-009-1709-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Revised: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Qin F, Liu YX, Zhao HW, Huang X, Ren P, Zhu ZY. Chinese medicinal formula Guan-Xin-Er-Hao protects the heart against oxidative stress induced by acute ischemic myocardial injury in rats. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 16:215-221. [PMID: 18951001 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2008.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2008] [Revised: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 08/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Guan-Xin-Er-Hao (GXEH) is a Chinese medicine formula for treating ischemic heart diseases (IHD) and has a favorable effect. Our aim was to examine whether or not acute oral GXEH could protect the heart against myocardial infarction and apoptosis in acute myocardial ischemic rats. If so, we would explain the antioxidative mechanism involved. The left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded to induce myocardial ischemia in hearts of Sprague-Dawley rats. At the end of the 3h ischemic period (or 24h for infarct size), we measured the myocardial infarct size, myocardial apoptosis and the activities of antioxidative enzymes. GXEH reduced infarct size, myocardial apoptosis and the serum level of malondialdehyde (MDA), increased the activities of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and GSH-peroxidase (GPX) activities and the serum level of glutathione (GSH). GXEH exerts significant cardioprotective effects against acute ischemic myocardial injury in rats, likely through its antioxidation and antilipid peroxidative properties, and thus may be used as a promising agent for both prophylaxis and treatment of IHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Qin
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology and Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China
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Ferdinandy P, Schulz R, Baxter GF. Interaction of cardiovascular risk factors with myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, preconditioning, and postconditioning. Pharmacol Rev 2007; 59:418-58. [PMID: 18048761 DOI: 10.1124/pr.107.06002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 527] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic strategies to protect the ischemic myocardium have been studied extensively. Reperfusion is the definitive treatment for acute coronary syndromes, especially acute myocardial infarction; however, reperfusion has the potential to exacerbate lethal tissue injury, a process termed "reperfusion injury." Ischemia/reperfusion injury may lead to myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, and contractile dysfunction. Ischemic preconditioning of myocardium is a well described adaptive response in which brief exposure to ischemia/reperfusion before sustained ischemia markedly enhances the ability of the heart to withstand a subsequent ischemic insult. Additionally, the application of brief repetitive episodes of ischemia/reperfusion at the immediate onset of reperfusion, which has been termed "postconditioning," reduces the extent of reperfusion injury. Ischemic pre- and postconditioning share some but not all parts of the proposed signal transduction cascade, including the activation of survival protein kinase pathways. Most experimental studies on cardioprotection have been undertaken in animal models, in which ischemia/reperfusion is imposed in the absence of other disease processes. However, ischemic heart disease in humans is a complex disorder caused by or associated with known cardiovascular risk factors including hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, and heart failure; additionally, aging is an important modifying condition. In these diseases and aging, the pathological processes are associated with fundamental molecular alterations that can potentially affect the development of ischemia/reperfusion injury per se and responses to cardioprotective interventions. Among many other possible mechanisms, for example, in hyperlipidemia and diabetes, the pathological increase in reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and the use of the ATP-sensitive potassium channel inhibitor insulin secretagogue antidiabetic drugs and, in aging, the reduced expression of connexin-43 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 may disrupt major cytoprotective signaling pathways thereby significantly interfering with the cardioprotective effect of pre- and postconditioning. The aim of this review is to show the potential for developing cardioprotective drugs on the basis of endogenous cardioprotection by pre- and postconditioning (i.e., drug applied as trigger or to activate signaling pathways associated with endogenous cardioprotection) and to review the evidence that comorbidities and aging accompanying coronary disease modify responses to ischemia/reperfusion and the cardioprotection conferred by preconditioning and postconditioning. We emphasize the critical need for more detailed and mechanistic preclinical studies that examine car-dioprotection specifically in relation to complicating disease states. These are now essential to maximize the likelihood of successful development of rational approaches to therapeutic protection for the majority of patients with ischemic heart disease who are aged and/or have modifying comorbid conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ferdinandy
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 9, Szeged, H-6720, Hungary.
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Henke K, Eigsti J. Self-annihilation: a cell's story of suicide. Dimens Crit Care Nurs 2005; 24:117-9. [PMID: 15912059 DOI: 10.1097/00003465-200505000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents an analysis of cell death. An in-depth review of the pathophysiology of apoptosis is presented. This article is not typical of those usually seen in DCCN but is of importance because it describes the process of cell death, which occurs in all patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Henke
- Elkhart General Healthcare System, Elkhart, Indiana 46514, USA.
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Bolli R. The role of sodium-hydrogen ion exchange in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. J Card Surg 2003; 18 Suppl 1:21-6. [PMID: 12691376 DOI: 10.1046/j.1540-8191.18.s1.4.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Sodium-hydrogen ion exchange (NHE) is one of the principal mechanisms of restoring intracellular pH following ischemia and reperfusion. However, up-regulation of the NHE process results in a compensatory increase in the activity of the sodium-calcium exchanger. Intracellular hypercalcemia, resulting from the exchange of sodium for calcium, precipitates myocardial stunning and cell death. It has been postulated that NHE inhibition can protect the ischemic/reperfused myocardium, and preclinical studies have uniformly supported this concept. The Guard During Ischemia Against Necrosis (GUARDIAN) trial suggested benefits of NHE inhibition in subjects undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). The sodium-hydrogen eXchange inhibition to Prevent coronary Events in acute cardiac conDITIONs (EXPEDITION) trial will further explore the use of cariporide in a randomized, controlled trial of CABG subjects at risk of myocardial necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Bolli
- Division of Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA.
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