Advances in medical and antibiotic management of infective endocarditis

Heart Infection Prognosis Analysis by Two-dimensional Spot Tracking Imaging

Cardiovascular death is one of the leading causes worldwide; an accurate identification followed by diagnosing the cardiovascular disease increases the chance of a better recovery. Among different demonstrated strategies, imaging on cardiac infections yields a visible result and highly reliable compared to other analytical methods. Two-dimensional spot tracking imaging is the emerging new technology that has been used to study the function and structure of the heart and test the deformation and movement of the myocardium. Particularly, it helps to capture the images of each segment in different directions of myocardial strain values, such as valves of radial strain, longitudinal strain, and circumferential strain. In this overview, we discussed the imaging of infections in the heart by using the two-dimensional spot tracking.

Native valve infective endocarditis: what is the optimal timing for surgery?

IE remains a dreaded disease masquerading under a myriad of presentations in an evolving epidemiological environment. In our continuing endeavor against this deadly disease, echocardiography has evolved into an indispensable diagnostic tool to define structural complications and guide therapy. Timing of surgical intervention for IE remains a subject of intense debate and depends on the cardiac and systemic complications of the infection, the virulence of the organism, and the responsiveness to medical therapy. A judicious agreement among cardiologist, cardiovascular surgeon, and infectious disease specialist should define whether surgical intervention is warranted and, if so, the optimal timing. Further optimization of guidelines will help in the diagnosis and treatment of endocarditis but will never be a substitute for sound judgment and experience.

Prosthetic valve endocarditis leading to valve replacement: a case study

Infective endocarditis (IE) is a pathologic condition of native or prosthetic heart valves or endocardium, which may result in valve destruction and congestive heart failure. It occurs more frequently in men than in women, and there is an increased trend in the elderly. The following conditions predispose patients to IE: congenital and rheumatic heart disease, calcification or stenosis of a valve, prosthetic valve surgery, a previous episode of endocarditis, poor dentition, parenteral drug abuse, and placement of intravascular lines or devices. Effective treatment frequently involves a combination of intense antibiotic therapy and surgical repair. Risk of death from IE is related to age over 60, diagnosis of staphylococcal infection, involvement of an aortic or prosthetic valve, and the presence of any of the following sequelae of endocarditis: congestive heart failure, embolic phenomenon, and neurologic deficit. Clinicians should suspect endocarditis in patients presenting with fever of unknown origin and who are at risk for endocarditis. Timely evaluation with transthoracic or transesophageal echocardiography may identify patients in the early stages of endocarditis and direct the patient to definitive therapy. Early treatment of native and prosthetic valve endocarditis may decrease its overall morbidity and mortality. This case study illustrates some of the challenges in effectively managing prosthetic valve endocarditis.

Are high-velocity tricuspid and pulmonary regurgitation endocarditis risk substrates?

BACKGROUND

A major predisposing cause of infective endocarditis is a susceptible cardiac substrate characterized by high-velocity turbulent flow. However, the risk incurred by high-pressure, high-velocity regurgitation across inherently normal pulmonary and tricuspid valves has not hitherto been examined.

METHODS AND RESULTS

This study focused on 186 adult patients with congenital heart disease who had pulmonary vascular disease and inherently normal right-sided pulmonary and tricuspid valves. The observation period was approximately 1646 patient-years. Exclusion criteria were coexisting lesions that might have served as independent risk substrates for infective endocarditis. High-velocity turbulent pulmonary and tricuspid regurgitation were identified and quantified by color flow imaging and continuous wave Doppler echocardiography. Diagnoses of infective endocarditis were based on established clinical and laboratory criteria. Tricuspid regurgitation was moderate to severe in 80 patients and mild or absent in 106 patients. Pulmonary regurgitation was moderate to severe in 84 patients and mild or absent in 102 patients. With the exception of a single habitual intravenous drug abuser, no patient, irrespective of the degree of high-velocity turbulent pulmonary or tricuspid regurgitation, had infective endocarditis.

CONCLUSIONS

High-velocity turbulent flow across inherently normal pulmonary and tricuspid valves rendered incompetent by pulmonary hypertension may represent a relatively low-risk or no-risk substrate for infective endocarditis.

Fatal Listeria meningitis, endocarditis and pericarditis in a patient with haemochromatosis

A 65-year-old man with primary haemochromatosis was admitted because of fever and confusion. He was found to have bacteraemia and meningitis due to Listeria monocytogenes. Treatment with ampicillin plus tobramycin was instituted, and despite an initial improvement, the patient experienced an unfavourable course and died. At postmortem examination, tricuspid valve endocarditis and purulent pericarditis with tamponade were detected. Listeria monocytogenes grew in the culture of the pericardial fluid. Documentation of Listeria monocytogenes pericarditis is extremely rare, and data on the patient described and on seven published cases are reported.