1
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Qin Z, Ciucci F, Chon CH, Kwok JCK, Lam DCC. Model development and comparison of low hemorrhage-risk endoluminal patch thrombolytic treatment for ischemic stroke. Med Eng Phys 2018; 61:32-40. [PMID: 30177419 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Clot dissolution drugs delivered into the systemic circulation can dissolve intracranial blood clots in 90 min with 20-50% hemorrhage rate. Immobilizing <5% of the intravenous dosage on an endoluminal patch can reduce the dissolution time to <20 min with negligible hemorrhage risk. The thrombus dissolution behavior in endoluminal patch thrombolytic treatment is modeled and compared with experimental results from a companion study. Analyses showed that the thrombus dissolution time decreases with increasing dosage, but the dissolution time reaches a dosage-independent minimum when uPA dosage on the patch is >800 IU. Model analyses showed that dissolution time in the plateau regime is controlled by diffusion. Further results showed that dissolution time could be reduced in this regime by reducing thrombus thickness. This suggests that a stented endoluminal thrombolytic >800 IU patch that compresses the thrombus to thin the clot thickness can help reduce dissolution time. This ultra-low transition dosage (i.e., 800 IU), compared to 0.6-2.4 million IU in conventional thrombolysis suggests that hemorrhage risk in endoluminal patch thrombolytic treatment is low. The low hemorrhagic-risk endoluminal patch can be considered for use in patients who are ineligible for conventional thrombolytic treatment because of high hemorrhagic treatment risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Qin
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Francesco Ciucci
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Chi Hang Chon
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - John C K Kwok
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Department of Neurosurgery, Kwong Wah Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - David C C Lam
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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2
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Roule V, Ardouin P, Blanchart K, Lemaitre A, Wain-Hobson J, Legallois D, Alexandre J, Sabatier R, Milliez P, Beygui F. Prehospital fibrinolysis versus primary percutaneous coronary intervention in ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2016; 20:359. [PMID: 27814743 PMCID: PMC5097407 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-016-1530-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) is the preferred reperfusion strategy in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), but its benefit over prehospital fibrinolysis (FL) is not clear. Methods We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in which outcomes of patients with STEMI managed with FL early in the prehospital setting versus PPCI were compared. Results Compared with PPCI, FL was consistently associated with similar rates of short-term (30–90 days) death (relative risk [RR] 0.94, 95 % CI 0.67–1.31) and cardiovascular death (RR 0.95, 95 % CI 0.64–1.4), a decreased risk of cardiogenic shock (RR 0.67, 95 % CI 0.48–0.95), and an increased risk of any stroke (RR 3.57, 95 % CI 1.39–9.17) and hemorrhagic stroke (RR 4.37, 95 % CI 1.25–15.26). FL was also associated with similar rates of 1-year mortality (RR 1.01, 95 % CI 0.75–1.34) and major bleeding (RR 1.31, 95 % CI 0.96–1.78) in comparison with PPCI, but with a notable level (I2 index 30.5 % and 59.8 %) of heterogeneity among studies. Conclusions Our study suggests that, compared with PPCI, FL performed in the early prehospital setting is associated with similar mortality rates, lower rates of cardiogenic shock, and higher rates of stroke in patients with STEMI. Although the number of studies comparing the two strategies is relatively low, our results support prehospital FL and transfer to hub percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) centers as a valid alternative to PPCI, allowing potential limitation of resources allocated to developing proximity 24/7 PCI facilities. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13054-016-1530-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Roule
- Department of Cardiology, Caen University Hospital, Avenue Cote de Nacre, 14033, Caen, France.
| | - Pierre Ardouin
- Department of Cardiology, Caen University Hospital, Avenue Cote de Nacre, 14033, Caen, France
| | - Katrien Blanchart
- Department of Cardiology, Caen University Hospital, Avenue Cote de Nacre, 14033, Caen, France
| | - Adrien Lemaitre
- Department of Cardiology, Caen University Hospital, Avenue Cote de Nacre, 14033, Caen, France
| | - Julien Wain-Hobson
- Department of Cardiology, Caen University Hospital, Avenue Cote de Nacre, 14033, Caen, France
| | - Damien Legallois
- Department of Cardiology, Caen University Hospital, Avenue Cote de Nacre, 14033, Caen, France
| | - Joachim Alexandre
- Department of Cardiology, Caen University Hospital, Avenue Cote de Nacre, 14033, Caen, France
| | - Rémi Sabatier
- Department of Cardiology, Caen University Hospital, Avenue Cote de Nacre, 14033, Caen, France
| | - Paul Milliez
- Department of Cardiology, Caen University Hospital, Avenue Cote de Nacre, 14033, Caen, France
| | - Farzin Beygui
- Department of Cardiology, Caen University Hospital, Avenue Cote de Nacre, 14033, Caen, France
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3
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Gokhroo RK, Gupta S, Bisht DS, Padmanabhan D. A study of coronary artery patency in relation to the index event in patients with myocardial infarction thrombolysed with streptokinase. HEART ASIA 2014; 6:55-8. [PMID: 27326169 DOI: 10.1136/heartasia-2014-010494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Restoration of infarct vessel patency is the key treatment for acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction. OBJECTIVE The purpose of the study was to confirm the effectiveness of streptokinase (STK) for successful thrombolysis of the infarct-related artery (IRA) in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), in relation to the time of the index event and age compared with newer thrombolytic agents, in a tertiary care centre. METHODS 100 patients (77% male) thrombolysed with STK underwent coronary angiography within 48 h of presentation. Patency of the IRA was used to assess successful thrombolysis. RESULTS The mean pain-to-needle time was 3.24 h. 76 patients (76%) treated with thrombolysis had patent arteries with thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) 2 or 3 flow. In subgroup analysis of time from the index event, patency rates were 83.3%, 77.5%, 68.7% and 40% in patients presenting within 0-2, 2-4, 4-6 and 6-12 h, respectively. In subgroup analysis, all patients less than 30 years of age had patent arteries with TIMI 2 or 3 flow. Coronary angiography showed the IRA was the left anterior descending artery (LAD) in 55%, the right coronary artery (RCA) in 33% and the left circumflex artery (LCX) in 12%. The patency rates of the LAD, RCA and LCX were 74.5%, 69.6% and 100%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS We found STK to be as effective as newer thrombolytic agents reported in other studies. In patients with AMI thrombolysed within 4 h, STK results in higher patency in young compared to older patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Gokhroo
- Department of Cardiology , Institute of Cardiology, JLN Medical College and Associated Group of Hospitals , Ajmer, Rajasthan , India
| | - Sajal Gupta
- Department of Cardiology , Institute of Cardiology, JLN Medical College and Associated Group of Hospitals , Ajmer, Rajasthan , India
| | - Devendra Singh Bisht
- Department of Cardiology , Institute of Cardiology, JLN Medical College and Associated Group of Hospitals , Ajmer, Rajasthan , India
| | - Deepak Padmanabhan
- Department of Cardiology , Institute of Cardiology, JLN Medical College and Associated Group of Hospitals , Ajmer, Rajasthan , India
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4
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Acute Coronary Syndromes and Acute Myocardial Infarction. Crit Care Med 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-032304841-5.50033-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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5
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Wong CK, Gao W, Raffel OC, French JK, Stewart RA, White HD. Initial Q waves accompanying ST-segment elevation at presentation of acute myocardial infarction and 30-day mortality in patients given streptokinase therapy: an analysis from HERO-2. Lancet 2006; 367:2061-7. [PMID: 16798389 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68929-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of pathological Q waves in the infarct leads on the surface electrocardiogram in an ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction indicates myocardial necrosis. Clinically it might be difficult to ascertain the onset of acute myocardial infarction. Our aim was to assess whether the presence or absence of Q waves at presentation could be used as an indicator of the duration of acute myocardial infarction and predict mortality. METHODS 15,222 patients with ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction and normal intraventricular conduction were randomly assigned streptokinase and aspirin plus bivalirudin or unfractionated heparin in the HERO-2 trial; randomisation did not alter 30-day mortality. 10,244 patients (67%) had Q waves in the infarct territory at the time of randomisation, and 4978 (33%) did not. The primary endpoint was 30-day mortality. FINDINGS There were more deaths at 30 days in patients with initial Q waves than in those without (1044 [10%] vs 344 [7%], p<0.0001). These findings were similar in patients with a first acute myocardial infarction and when stratified by time to randomisation (0-2, >2-4, >4 h) and by acute myocardial infarction location (anterior or inferior). Both the presence of initial Q waves and time to randomisation were positive univariate predictors, but only the presence of initial Q waves independently predicted 30-day mortality on multivariate analysis (adjusted OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.25-1.65 with clinical indices, and 1.31, 1.12-1.54 with clinical plus ST indices included as predictors). INTERPRETATION The presence of Q waves in the infarct leads at presentation of ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction independently predicts higher 30-day mortality in patients treated with fibrinolytic therapy. Therefore, a more aggressive approach to reperfusion might be warranted in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheuk-Kit Wong
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Green Lane Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
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6
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7
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Zahn R, Vogt A, Zeymer U, Gitt AK, Seidl K, Gottwik M, Weber MA, Niederer W, Mödl B, Engel HJ, Tebbe U, Senges J. In-hospital time to treatment of patients with acute ST elevation myocardial infarction treated with primary angioplasty: determinants and outcome. Results from the registry of percutaneous coronary interventions in acute myocardial infarction of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Leitender Kardiologischer Krankenhausarzte. Heart 2005; 91:1041-6. [PMID: 16020592 PMCID: PMC1769038 DOI: 10.1136/hrt.2004.045336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the predictors of time between presentation and primary angioplasty and the influence of this delay time on in-hospital mortality in clinical practice. DESIGN Analysis of data from the registry of percutaneous coronary interventions in acute myocardial infarction of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Leitender Kardiologischer Krankenhausärzte (ALKK). PATIENTS Data of 4815 patients registered at 80 hospitals between 1994 and 2000 were analysed. RESULTS Mean age of the patients was 61.4 (12.5) years. Cardiogenic shock was present in 14.1%. Mean time from admission to primary angioplasty ("door to angiography" time) was 83 (122) minutes. Logistic regression analysis showed the presence of a bundle branch block (odds ratio (OR) 1.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.15 to 3.29), prior coronary artery bypass grafting (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.08 to 2.59), pre-hospital delay > 3 hours (OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.37 to 1.89), and female sex (OR 1.21, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.45) to be independently associated with longer door to angiography times, whereas a higher hospital volume of performing primary angioplasty (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.62) and the year of the investigation (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.00) were independently associated with shorter door to angiography times. Independent predictors of in-hospital mortality were cardiogenic shock (41.6% v 4.0% without cardiogenic shock, p < 0.0001), technical success (29.2% with TIMI (thrombolysis in myocardial infarction) flow < 3 v 6.5% with TIMI flow 3, p < 0.0001), age (16.5% > or = 70 years v 6.6% < 70, p < 0.0001), three vessel disease (16.5% v 6.8% with < 3 vessel disease, p < 0.0001), anterior location of infarction (12% v 7.4% without anterior infarction, p < 0.0001), year of inclusion (adjusted OR 0.92 per year, p = 0.011), and volume of primary angioplasty at the hospital (11% for < 20 angioplasty procedures/year v 8.3% for > or = 20/year, p = 0.027) but not the door to angiography time (adjusted OR 1.14 per tertile, p = 0.397). CONCLUSIONS In current clinical practice in Germany median door to angiography time is quite short (83 (122) minutes). Some patients and hospital factors are independently associated with a longer door to angiography time. Within the observed short in-hospital delays door to angiography time did not influence in-hospital mortality. However, efforts to keep them as short as possible should be continued.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Zahn
- Herzzentrum, Kardiologie, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
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8
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Gibson CM, Murphy SA, Kirtane AJ, Giugliano RP, Cannon CP, Antman EM, Braunwald E. Association of duration of symptoms at presentation with angiographic and clinical outcomes after fibrinolytic therapy in patients with st-segment elevation myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 44:980-7. [PMID: 15337207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2004] [Revised: 05/06/2004] [Accepted: 05/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We sought to determine if an underlying mechanism of the association between prolonged symptom-to-treatment times and adverse outcomes may be an association of symptom-to-treatment times with impaired Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction myocardial perfusion grades (TMPGs). BACKGROUND Prolonged symptom duration among ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients undergoing fibrinolytic therapy is associated with adverse outcomes. METHODS Angiography was performed 60 min after fibrinolytic administration in 3,845 Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) trial patients. RESULTS The median time from symptom onset to treatment was longer among patients with impaired myocardial perfusion (3.0 h for TMPG 0/1 vs. 2.7 h for TMPG 2/3; p = 0.001). In a multivariate model, impaired tissue perfusion (TMPG 0/1) remained associated with increased time to treatment (odds ratio 1.14 per hour of delay; p = 0.007) even after adjusting for Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction flow grade (TFG) 3, left anterior descending infarct location, and baseline clinical characteristics. Impaired myocardial perfusion after rescue/adjunctive percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was associated with longer median times to treatment (3.0 h for TMPG 2/3 vs. 2.7 h for TMPG 0/1; p = 0.017), as was abnormal epicardial flow after rescue/adjunctive PCI (3.3 h for TFG 0/1/2 vs. 2.8 h for TFG 3; p = 0.005). Thirty-day mortality was associated with longer time from onset of symptoms to treatment (6.6% mortality for time to treatment >4 h vs. 3.3%; p < 0.001), even among patients undergoing rescue PCI. CONCLUSIONS A prolonged symptom to treatment time among STEMI patients is associated with impaired myocardial perfusion independent of epicardial flow both immediately after fibrinolytic administration and after rescue/adjunctive PCI. These data provide a pathophysiologic link between prolonged symptoms due to vessel occlusion, impaired myocardial perfusion, and poor clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Michael Gibson
- TIMI Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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9
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Leach JK, Patterson E, O'Rear EA. Distributed intraclot thrombolysis: mechanism of accelerated thrombolysis with encapsulated plasminogen activators. J Thromb Haemost 2004; 2:1548-55. [PMID: 15333029 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2004.00884.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The delivery of encapsulated plasminogen activators has demonstrated enhanced thrombolysis in vivo in several models. The mechanism of such improvement has not previously been established. OBJECTIVES We explored in vitro the mechanism by which microencapsulation of streptokinase in polymeric microparticles accelerates clot digestion and reduces reperfusion times by as much as an order of magnitude in vivo. METHODS The efficacy of microencapsulated streptokinase (MESK) was directly compared with identical dosages of unencapsulated streptokinase (FREE SK) at three initial pressure drops using clots formed of plasma or whole blood in 0.2-cm inner diameter glass capillary tubes. RESULTS MESK demonstrated accelerated flow restoration compared with FREE SK for each condition in plasma (23.8 +/- 4.5% faster) and whole blood clots (17.2 +/- 9.2% faster). Images collected by light microscopy show sites of thrombolysis internal to the clot only with MESK while the spatial distribution of fluorescently labeled streptokinase by confocal microscopy confirms greater penetration of the encapsulated agent compared with unencapsulated streptokinase. Digestion thus proceeds in three dimensions rather than restricted to a two-dimensional lysis front. CONCLUSIONS The improved clot penetration with MESK establishes enhanced transport with encapsulation and the concept of distributed intraclot thrombolysis as a basis for the accelerated dissolution observed with encapsulated plasminogen activators in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Leach
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
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10
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De Luca G, Ernst N, Zijlstra F, van 't Hof AWJ, Hoorntje JCA, Dambrink JHE, Gosslink ATM, de Boer MJ, Suryapranata H. Preprocedural TIMI flow and mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated by primary angioplasty. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43:1363-7. [PMID: 15093868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2003.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2003] [Revised: 09/20/2003] [Accepted: 11/26/2003] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of preprocedural Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow on one-year mortality in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) treated by primary angioplasty. BACKGROUND Although there is an excellent outcome conferred by primary angioplasty in patients with STEMI, the prognostic role of early recanalization in these patients has yet to be investigated. METHODS Our population is composed of 1,791 patients with acute myocardial infarction treated by primary angioplasty at our institution from 1994 to 2001. All angiographic, clinical, and follow-up data were prospectively collected. According to the TIMI risk score, patients were stratified in low- and high-risk groups. RESULTS Preprocedural TIMI flow was related to postprocedural TIMI flow grade 3 (p = 0.002), myocardial blush grade 2 to 3 (p < 0.001), enzymatic infarct size (p < 0.001), predischarge ejection fraction (p < 0.001), and one-year mortality (p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that preprocedural TIMI flow grade 3 was an independent predictor of one-year survival in high-risk patients (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study shows that preprocedural TIMI flow grade 3 is an independent predictor of one-year survival in high-risk patients with acute myocardial infarction treated by primary angioplasty. These data suggest that all efforts should be made to obtain early and optimal restoration of antegrade flow, particularly in high-risk patients and when transportation to tertiary centers, with a conceivable further time delay, is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe De Luca
- ISALA Klinieken, Hospital De Weezenlanden, Zwolle, The Netherlands
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11
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Kastrati A, Mehilli J, Nekolla S, Bollwein H, Martinoff S, Pache J, Schühlen H, Seyfarth M, Gawaz M, Neumann FJ, Dirschinger J, Schwaiger M, Schömig A. A randomized trial comparing myocardial salvage achieved by coronary stenting versus balloon angioplasty in patients with acute myocardial infarction considered ineligible for reperfusion therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43:734-41. [PMID: 14998609 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2003.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2003] [Revised: 07/24/2003] [Accepted: 07/29/2003] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We assessed myocardial salvage achieved by reperfusion with percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) and compared stenting with balloon angioplasty (PTCA) in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) ineligible for thrombolysis. BACKGROUND A substantial proportion of patients with AMI are currently considered ineligible for thrombolysis, and reperfusion treatment is frequently not recommended for them. It is not known whether these patients benefit from PCI. METHODS The Stent or PTCA for Occluded Coronary Arteries in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction Ineligible for Thrombolysis (STOPAMI-3) trial, a randomized, open-label study, included 611 patients with AMI who were ineligible for thrombolysis (lack of ST-segment elevation on the electrocardiogram, late presentation >12 h after symptom onset, and contraindications to thrombolysis). Patients were randomly assigned to receive either coronary artery stenting (n = 305) or PTCA (n = 306). Scintigraphic myocardial salvage index (proportion of the initial myocardial perfusion defect that was salvaged by reperfusion) was the primary end point of the study. RESULTS A considerable myocardial salvage was achieved with both stenting and PTCA. In patients assigned to receive stenting, the median size of the salvage index was 0.54 (25th and 75th percentiles, 0.29 and 0.87), as compared with a median of 0.50 (25th and 75th percentiles, 0.26 and 0.82) in the group assigned to receive PTCA (p = 0.20). Mortality at six months was 8.2% in the group of patients assigned to receive stenting and 9.2% in the group of patients assigned to receive PTCA (p = 0.69). CONCLUSIONS Patients with AMI who are currently considered ineligible for thrombolysis by conventional guidelines may greatly benefit from primary PCI. The benefit seems to be comparable when a strategy of stenting is compared with a strategy of PTCA in these patients.
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12
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Gill S, Kristensen SR, Haastrup B, Haghfelt T. Clinical usefulness of a functional test of neutralising streptokinase antibodies for the prediction of the thrombolytic effect of streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction. Cardiology 2004; 100:36-40. [PMID: 12975544 DOI: 10.1159/000072390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2003] [Accepted: 06/14/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether the occurrence of neutralising streptokinase (SK) antibodies, as assessed by a new bedside test, was related to the effect of SK in acute myocardial infarction (AMI), assessed with continuous vectorcardiography (VCG). Twenty-eight patients with ST elevation, admitted </= 6 h after the onset of symptoms, treated with 1.5 MIU SK were included. The level of SK antibodies was assessed by the TAS Streptokinase Test Panel, measuring the lysis time of clotted fibrin in the sample. Clot lysis time was negatively correlated to ST vector magnitude (ST-VM) recovery at 90 min (r(S) = -0.40, p = 0.03), and clot lysis time was positively correlated to time to reperfusion, (r(S) = 0.42, p = 0.03). The predictive values of the test, however, were low. In conclusion, as the prediction of reperfusion in AMI after SK by the new test was poor, we cannot recommend it for clinical decision-making prior to the choice of the thrombolytic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Gill
- Department of Cardiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark.
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13
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Steg PG, Bonnefoy E, Chabaud S, Lapostolle F, Dubien PY, Cristofini P, Leizorovicz A, Touboul P. Impact of Time to Treatment on Mortality After Prehospital Fibrinolysis or Primary Angioplasty. Circulation 2003; 108:2851-6. [PMID: 14623806 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000103122.10021.f2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
CAPTIM was a randomized trial comparing prehospital thrombolysis with transfer to an interventional facility (and, if needed, percutaneous intervention) with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Because the benefit of thrombolysis is maximal during the first 2 hours after symptom onset, and because prehospital thrombolysis can be implemented earlier than PCI, this analysis studied the relationship between the effect of assigned treatment and the time elapsed from symptom onset.
Methods and Results—
Randomization within 2 hours (n=460) or ≥2 hours (n=374) after symptom onset had no impact on the effect of treatment on the 30-day combined primary end point of death, nonfatal reinfarction, and disabling stroke. However, patients randomized <2 hours after symptom onset had a strong trend toward lower 30-day mortality with prehospital thrombolysis compared with those randomized to primary PCI (2.2% versus 5.7%,
P
=0.058), whereas mortality was similar in patients randomized ≥2 hours (5.9% versus 3.7%,
P
=0.47). There was a significant interaction between treatment effect and delay with respect to 30-day mortality (hazard ratio 4.19, 95% CI 1.033 to 17.004,
P
=0.045). Among patients randomized in the first 2 hours, cardiogenic shock was less frequent with lytic therapy than with primary PCI (1.3% versus 5.3%,
P
=0.032), whereas rates were similar in patients randomized later.
Conclusions—
Time from symptom onset should be considered when one selects reperfusion therapy in STEMI. Prehospital thrombolysis may be preferable to primary PCI for patients treated within the first 2 hours after symptom onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Gabriel Steg
- Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital Bichat, 46 rue Henri Huchard, 75877 Paris Cedex 18, France.
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Nakatani D, Sato H, Kinjo K, Mizuno H, Hishida E, Hirayama A, Mishima M, Ito H, Matsumura Y, Hori M. Effect of successful late reperfusion by primary coronary angioplasty on mechanical complications of acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2003; 92:785-8. [PMID: 14516876 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9149(03)00883-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that early treatment decreases, but late treatment increases, the risk of mechanical complications for a thrombolytic strategy. However, few studies have evaluated whether late reperfusion (LR) by primary coronary angioplasty decreases the risk of mechanical complications. A total of 2,209 patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with primary coronary angioplasty within 24 hours after the onset of symptoms were divided into 3 groups: early reperfusion (ER; < or =12 hours, n = 1,647), LR (>12 hours, n = 219), and failed reperfusion (FR; n = 343). We evaluated the incidence, risk ratio, and predictors of mechanical complications. The overall incidence of mechanical complications was 2.0%. The incidence of mechanical complications was highest in the FR group (ER 1.4%, LR 1.8%, FR 5.0%; p <0.01). After adjusting for clinical variables, the risk ratio for mechanical complications increased in the FR group compared with the LR group (risk ratio 7.34, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02 to 52.80; p = 0.04). Predictors of an increased risk of mechanical complications by multivariate analysis were age > or =70 years (odds ratio [OR] 3.68, 95% CI 1.56 to 8.64; p <0.01), Killip class > or =II (OR 3.73, 95% CI 1.53 to 9.12; p <0.01), absence of collateral vessels (OR 4.09, 95% CI 1.17 to 14.26; p = 0.03), and FR (OR 2.68, 95% CI 1.09 to 6.61; p = 0.03). In conclusion, successful LR by primary coronary angioplasty is associated with the reduced risk of mechanical complications in patients with acute myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisaku Nakatani
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
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15
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Schömig A, Ndrepepa G, Mehilli J, Schwaiger M, Schühlen H, Nekolla S, Pache J, Martinoff S, Bollwein H, Kastrati A. Therapy-dependent influence of time-to-treatment interval on myocardial salvage in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with coronary artery stenting or thrombolysis. Circulation 2003; 108:1084-8. [PMID: 12925458 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000086346.32856.9c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between myocardial salvage and time-to-treatment interval in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) treated with coronary artery stenting or thrombolysis has not been studied. METHODS AND RESULTS This study analyzed 264 patients with AMI randomized to coronary stenting (133 patients) or thrombolysis (131 patients) in the setting of 2 randomized trials. Patients were divided into the following 3 groups defined by tertiles of the time-to-treatment interval: lower tertile (<165 minutes), middle tertile (165 to 280 minutes), and upper tertile (>280 minutes). Paired scintigraphic examinations were performed to obtain salvage index, which was the primary end point of the study. In the group with thrombolysis, the salvage index (median [25th; 75th] percentile) was 0.45 (0.16; 0.83) in the lower, 0.29 (0.17; 0.48) in the middle, and 0.20 (0.04; 0.46) in the upper tertile (P=0.03). In the group with stenting, the salvage index was 0.56 (0.49; 0.75) in the lower, 0.57 (0.36; 0.73) in the middle, and 0.57 (0.32; 0.75) in the upper tertile (P=0.59). In patients treated with stenting, the salvage index was greater than in patients treated with thrombolysis in the lower (0.56 versus 0.45, P=0.09), middle (0.57 versus 0.29, P=0.0003), and upper (0.57 versus 0.20, P=0.0005) tertiles of the time-to-treatment interval. CONCLUSIONS The influence of the time-to-treatment interval on the myocardial salvage in patients with AMI depends on the type of reperfusion therapy. Coronary artery stenting was superior to thrombolysis independent of the time-to-treatment intervals, and the difference in benefit increased with more prolonged time from symptom onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Schömig
- Deutsches Herzzentrum and 1. Medizinische Klinik rechts der Isar, München, Germany.
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16
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Juliard JM, Feldman LJ, Golmard JL, Himbert D, Benamer H, Haghighat T, Karila-Cohen D, Aubry P, Vahanian A, Steg PG. Relation of mortality of primary angioplasty during acute myocardial infarction to door-to-Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) time. Am J Cardiol 2003; 91:1401-5. [PMID: 12804723 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9149(03)00388-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
For primary angioplasty of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), the relation of treatment benefit and time has been debated. The present study aimed to evaluate, in a single-center cohort of patients with ST-segment elevation AMI, which time intervals were carefully and consistently measured, and the relations among ischemic time, in-hospital delays, and in-hospital survival. We included 499 patients (mean age 59 years; 80% men) who underwent successful primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) for AMI admitted < or =6 hours after symptom onset. The population was divided into tertiles with respect to time between onset of symptoms and admission, onset of symptoms to Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) grade 3 flow, and time from admission to TIMI grade 3 flow. Univariate analysis followed by multiple logistic regression was performed using the variables linked to mortality in the univariate analysis to assess the relation between predictor variables and in-hospital mortality. The in-hospital mortality rate was 3.2%. There was no significant relation between the various tertiles of time intervals and in-hospital mortality. After linear logistic regression, only age (odds ratio [OR] 1.79 per 10 years), female gender (OR 3.56), and door-to-TIMI 3 time (OR 1.27 per 15 minutes) were independently correlated with in-hospital mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Juliard
- Cardiology Department, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, 46 rue Henri Huchard, 75877 Paris Cedex 18, France.
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17
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Wong C, French JK, Zambanini A, Andrews J, Aylward PE, Adgey AA, Frey MJ, White HD. Relation of pathologic Q waves at presentation and time to streptokinase therapy with early changes in infarct-related artery flow and ventricular wall motion. Am J Cardiol 2001; 88:558-61. [PMID: 11524070 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9149(01)01740-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Wong
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Green Lane Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
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18
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Zahn R, Schiele R, Gitt AK, Schneider S, Seidl K, Voigtländer T, Gottwik M, Altmann E, Gieseler U, Rosahl W, Wagner S, Senges J. Impact of prehospital delay on mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with primary angioplasty and intravenous thrombolysis. Am Heart J 2001; 142:105-11. [PMID: 11431665 DOI: 10.1067/mhj.2001.115585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with thrombolysis, longer times to treatment are associated with increasingly worse clinical outcome. This relation may be different for treatment with primary angioplasty. METHODS We analyzed the pooled data of the German acute myocardial infarction registries Maximal Individual Therapy in Acute Myocardial Infarction (MITRA) and Myocardial Infarction Registry (MIR) to determine the influence of prehospital delays on hospital mortality rates. Primary angioplasty was performed in 1063 patients and thrombolysis in 7552 patients. RESULTS In patients treated with thrombolysis, in-hospital time to treatment was constantly 30 minutes median. In patients treated with primary angioplasty, in-hospital time to treatment increased from 60 minutes median up to 87 minutes median with increasing prehospital delay. Hospital mortality rates slightly decreased with increasing prehospital delays in patients treated with primary angioplasty (P for trend =.02). However, in patients treated with thrombolysis, mortality rate was nonsignificantly increased (P for trend =.11). Logistic regression analysis showed no significant difference in mortality rates between primary angioplasty and thrombolysis for prehospital delays of <3 hours. However, when prehospital delay was >3 hours, thrombolysis was independently associated with a higher mortality rate compared with primary angioplasty. CONCLUSIONS Compared with thrombolysis, primary angioplasty is independently associated with a lower mortality rate in prehospital delays of >3 hours. The reason for this may be a time-dependent loss of efficacy to achieve reperfusion for thrombolysis but not for primary angioplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Zahn
- Herzzentrum Ludwigshafen, Kardiologie, Germany.
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19
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Sobel BE. Fibrin specificity of plasminogen activators, rebound generation of thrombin, and their therapeutic implications. Coron Artery Dis 2001; 12:323-32. [PMID: 11428542 DOI: 10.1097/00019501-200106000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Optimal induction of coronary thrombolysis depends in part upon the nature of the specific plasminogen activator used. The two general classes of plasminogen activators available clinically differ in a fundamental respect delineated by the term, clot selectivity. Clot selective agents are less prone to induce plasminemia and consequent occult activation of the coagulation cascade than are non-selective agents. However, under clinical conditions, all plasminogen activators result in some activation of the cascade with consequent generation of thrombin. Accordingly, optimal therapy requires the use of conjunctive anticoagulation to preclude the deleterious effects of rebound generation of thrombin, which has been well documented biochemically. The potential value of antiplatelet agents that can attenuate the positive feedback loop between activation of platelets and markedly amplified generation of thrombin in the setting of coronary thrombolysis is under active exploration. With appropriate monitoring of the efficacy of such agents in vivo it should be possible to enhance even further the benefits that can be conferred by pharmacologically induced coronary thrombolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Sobel
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, College of Medicine, Burlington, USA
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20
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Brener SJ, Ellis SG, Sapp SK, Betriu A, Granger CB, Burchenal JE, Moliterno DJ, Califf RM, Topol EJ. Predictors of death and reinfarction at 30 days after primary angioplasty: the GUSTO IIb and RAPPORT trials. Am Heart J 2000; 139:476-81. [PMID: 10689262 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-8703(00)90091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thirty-day death among recipients of fibrinolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction (MI) is tightly correlated with easily obtainable key demographic and clinical parameters such as age, blood pressure, heart rate, and infarct location. Similar data for primary angioplasty are not available. METHODS AND RESULTS Data from 2 large, contemporary, primary angioplasty trials were formally combined and analyzed with respect to death and death/repeat MI at 30 days through the use of multivariate logistic regression models. The 1048 patients had a median age of 62 years, and 26% were women. Thirty-eight percent had an anterior infarction. The patients underwent angioplasty at a median delay from symptom onset of 3.8 hours. Death was independently predicted by increasing age (adjusted odds ratio [OR] per decade 2.32, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.60 to 3.42), whereas a history of smoking (OR 0.29, CI 0.13 to 0.64), Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow grade 3 after angioplasty (OR vs TIMI <3 0.21, CI 0.10 to 0.45) and higher systolic blood pressure (OR per 10 mm Hg 0.73, CI 0.62 to 0. 87) were associated with lower mortality rates. Death or repeat MI was independently associated with increasing age (OR per decade 1.40, CI 1.13 to 1.76) and anterior location of the index MI (OR 1.89, CI 1.12 to 3.20). TIMI grade 3 flow (OR vs TIMI <3 0.40, CI 0.23 to 0. 68) and higher systolic blood pressure (OR per 10 mm Hg 0.79, CI 0. 71 to 0.89) were associated with a lower incidence of death/repeat MI. Time to angioplasty, heart rate, extent of coronary artery disease, participation in 1 of the 2 trials, and all common coronary risk factors did not significantly predict outcome. CONCLUSIONS Death and reinfarction after primary angioplasty are predominantly predicted by age, hemodynamic instability, and the attainment of TIMI 3 flow in the infarct artery.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Brener
- The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
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21
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Wegscheider K, Neuhaus KL, Dissmann R, Tebbe U, Zeymer U, Schröder R. [Prognostic significance of ST segment change in acute myocardial infarct]. Herz 1999; 24:378-88. [PMID: 10505288 DOI: 10.1007/bf03043929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The extent of ST segment elevation resolution (STR) 180 minutes after initiation of streptokinase treatment for acute myocardial infarction within 6 hours after onset of symptoms is an excellent early prognostic indicator that can be easily determined in all patients. This presentation is based on a meta-analysis from 3 thrombolysis studies including 3,912 patients. About 50% of patients had complete STR (> or = 70%). They had small enzymatic infarct sizes and well preserved left ventricular function associated with an excellent chance of survival. Patients with partial STR (< 70 to 30%) developed larger infarcts, but had still a relatively low mortality. To assess the optimal cut-off point that best predicts an increased mortality risk, the squared standardized log odds ratio statistics as a function of the hypothetical cut-off points in STR was used. A cut-off point around 30% STR was associated with an extraordinarily strong predictive power. The 35-day cardiac mortality with STR < 30% was 12.7% as compared to 2.1% for patients who had complete STR and 4.2% for those who had partial STR. Based on STR, age, medical history, and simple parameters at admission, a low risk population can be defined that includes about 50% of all patients aged < or = 70 years, and 20% of older patients. The 35-day and 1-year mortality rates for the group of younger patients was 1.4% and 2.7%, respectively, and for the older age group 5.0% and 7.9%. It appears highly unlikely that aggressive testing and interventions would have any measurable beneficial effect on such a good outcome. In thrombolytic therapy comparative trials STR may perform well as a surrogate endpoint, since it is more powerful than 90 minutes post-thrombolytic patency rates and early mortality, in a statistical sense. This is especially true for Phase-II dose-finding studies and the use as a surrogate or even primary endpoint in phase-III trials. In addition, STR may be very helpful for safety monitoring, interim analyses, and subgroup analyses in megatrials with the endpoint mortality. Use of STR can result in a substantial reduction in the required sample size. However, at least 1 pivotal mortality trial cannot be replaced by STR trials, since STR does not reflect the risk of intracranial hemorrhages and other bleeding complications.
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22
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Chamberlain D. Pre-hospital thrombolysis. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 1999; 12:179-82. [PMID: 17013311 DOI: 10.1097/00001503-199904000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The administration of thrombolytic drugs outside hospital by emergency physicians is becoming more common. However, few in Europe live in areas where such a service is provided. The data suggest that the advantages can be appreciable in some circumstances but that the strategy may not be universally applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Chamberlain
- Centre for Applied Public Health Medicine, University of Wales, Cardiff, UK.
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23
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Juliard JM, Himbert D, Cristofini P, Desportes JC, Magne M, Golmard JL, Aubry P, Benamer H, Boccara A, Karrillon GJ, Steg PG. A matched comparison of the combination of prehospital thrombolysis and standby rescue angioplasty with primary angioplasty. Am J Cardiol 1999; 83:305-10. [PMID: 10072213 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9149(98)00858-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study sought to assess the rate of acute Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) trial grade 3 patency that can be achieved with the combination of prehospital thrombolysis and standby rescue angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction. No large angiographic study has been performed after prehospital thrombolysis to determine the 90-minute TIMI 3 patency rate in the infarct-related artery. Hospital outcome and artery patency were compared to 170 matched patients treated with primary angioplasty. Prehospital thrombolysis was applied 151+/-61 minutes after the onset of pain in 170 patients (56+/-12 years, 86% men), using recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator, streptokinase, or eminase. Emergency 90-minute angiography was performed in every case. All patients in whom thrombolysis failed underwent rescue angioplasty. After thrombolysis alone, TIMI grade 3 flow in the infarct-related artery was observed in 108 patients (64%), TIMI grade 2 in 12 (7%), and TIMI grade 0 or 1 in 50 (29%). Rescue angioplasty was successful in 47 of 50 attempts. Overall, TIMI 3 patency was achieved in 91%, and additionally TIMI 2 flow in 7% of patients, an average of 113+/-39 minutes after thrombolysis and 55+19 minutes after admission. Therefore, < 2 hours after thrombolysis, only 2% of patients had persistent occlusion (TIMI 0 or 1) of the infarct-related artery. In-hospital mortality was 4% overall (7 of 170), and 3% in the 155 patients in whom TIMI 3 was obtained during the acute phase. Severe hemorrhagic complications occurred in 14 patients (8%) with 2 fatal cerebral hemorrhages (7% of patients required transfusions). The matched comparison with primary PTCA showed no significant difference in hospital outcome. Combined prehospital thrombolysis, 90-minute angiography, and rescue angioplasty yield a high rate of acute TIMI 3 patency rate early after thrombolysis and hospital admission. A randomized, prospective comparison between these 2 reperfusion strategies may be now warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Juliard
- Cardiology Department, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
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24
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25
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Brodie BR, Stuckey TD, Wall TC, Kissling G, Hansen CJ, Muncy DB, Weintraub RA, Kelly TA. Importance of time to reperfusion for 30-day and late survival and recovery of left ventricular function after primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 32:1312-9. [PMID: 9809941 DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(98)00395-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate the importance of time to reperfusion for outcomes after primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. BACKGROUND Survival benefit of thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction is strongly dependent on time to treatment. Recent observations suggest that time to treatment may be less important for survival with primary angioplasty. METHODS Consecutive patients (n=1,352) with acute myocardial infarction treated with primary angioplasty were followed for up to 13 years. Paired acute and follow-up ejection fraction data were obtained at cardiac catheterization in 606 patients. RESULTS Reperfusion was achieved within 2 h in 164 patients (12%). Thirty-day mortality was lowest with early reperfusion (4.3% at <2 h vs. 9.2% at > or = 2 h, p=0.04) and was relatively independent of time to reperfusion after 2 h (9.0% at 2 to 4 h, 9.3% at 4 to 6 h, 9.5% at >6 h). Thirty-day-plus late cardiac mortality was also lowest with early reperfusion (9.1% at <2 h vs. 16.3% at > or = 2 h, p=0.02) and relatively independent at time to reperfusion after 2 h (16.4% at 2 to 4 h, 16.9% at 4 to 6 h, 15.6% at >6 h). Improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction was greatest in the early reperfusion group and relatively modest after 2 h (6.9% at <2 h vs. 3.1% at > or =2 h, p=0.007). CONCLUSIONS Time to reperfusion, up to 2 h, is important for survival and recovery of left ventricular function. After 2 h, recovery of left ventricular function is modest and survival is relatively independent of time to reperfusion. These data suggest that factors other than myocardial salvage may be responsible for survival benefit in patients treated with primary angioplasty after 2 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Brodie
- Department of Medicine, The Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, USA
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26
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Abstract
The GUSTO trial and an Australian consensus meeting in 1993 led to the recommendation that recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (r-TPA) was the preferred thrombolytic in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and ST segment elevation under the age of 75, whose infarction was anterior, who could be treated within four hours of the onset of symptoms and who did not have a contraindication to thrombolysis. Available data suggest that streptokinase (SK) should not be administered in a patient who has received this drug three days or more previously. New data on the risks of stroke confirm that the use of r-TPA is associated with a higher risk of intracranial haemorrhage than SK, and those with a high risk profile for intracranial haemorrhage (hypertension and advanced age) should receive SK rather than r-TPA. It may be justified to give r-TPA to any patient with a large infarct regardless of location, within four hours of the onset of infarction in an attempt to achieve TIMI flow grade 3 (complete) reperfusion, reduce mortality and improve left ventricular function and clinical outcomes. The focus for the future will be on how to treat more patients earlier with thrombolytic agents, rather than the choice of agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hunt
- Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Vic
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