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Carmo GP, Grigioni J, Fernandes FAO, Alves de Sousa RJ. Biomechanics of Traumatic Head and Neck Injuries on Women: A State-of-the-Art Review and Future Directions. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12010083. [PMID: 36671775 PMCID: PMC9855362 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The biomechanics of traumatic injuries of the human body as a consequence of road crashes, falling, contact sports, and military environments have been studied for decades. In particular, traumatic brain injury (TBI), the so-called "silent epidemic", is the traumatic insult responsible for the greatest percentage of death and disability, justifying the relevance of this research topic. Despite its great importance, only recently have research groups started to seriously consider the sex differences regarding the morphology and physiology of women, which differs from men and may result in a specific outcome for a given traumatic event. This work aims to provide a summary of the contributions given in this field so far, from clinical reports to numerical models, covering not only the direct injuries from inertial loading scenarios but also the role sex plays in the conditions that precede an accident, and post-traumatic events, with an emphasis on neuroendocrine dysfunctions and chronic traumatic encephalopathy. A review on finite element head models and finite element neck models for the study of specific traumatic events is also performed, discussing whether sex was a factor in validating them. Based on the information collected, improvement perspectives and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo P. Carmo
- Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jeroen Grigioni
- Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Fábio A. O. Fernandes
- Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- LASI—Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal
| | - Ricardo J. Alves de Sousa
- Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- LASI—Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-234-370-200
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Cho T, Kreatsoulas D, Fritz J, McGregor JM, Hardesty DA. An institutional review of hospital resource utilization and patient radiation exposure in shunted idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Neurosurg Rev 2021; 44:3359-3373. [PMID: 33611722 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-021-01502-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) frequently utilize healthcare services and undergo radiological studies to assess refractory headache symptoms despite cerebrospinal fluid diversion. To delineate the clinical utility of different imaging modalities and to estimate cumulative patient radiation exposure in shunted patients with IIH, we retrospectively reviewed 100 randomly selected patients with IIH and a prior cerebrospinal fluid diversion procedure treated at our institution between July 2010 and August 2018. Patients had an average of 16.3 office (SD ± 13.8), 12.4 emergency department (± 21.0), and 4.6 inpatient (± 5.1) encounters over an average 4.8 years of follow-up. Patients underwent an average of 9.0 head CTs (± 8.1), 10.3 shunt series x-rays (± 11.2), and 4.3 MRIs (± 3.7). Approximated radiation exposure per patient was 21.4 mSv (± 18.7). Radiological studies performed for acute symptoms usually demonstrated no actionable findings (82.5% CTs, 97.5% shunt series x-rays, and 79.6% MRIs). Shunted IIH patients undergo numerous radiological studies and are subject to considerable levels of radiation, yet imaging shows actionable findings in less than 10% percent of radiographic studies. IIH patients may benefit from radiation-reducing protocols and the use of alternative imaging to assess symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Cho
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Daniel Kreatsoulas
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 410 W. 10th Avenue, Doan Hall, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Joel Fritz
- Department of Radiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - John M McGregor
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 410 W. 10th Avenue, Doan Hall, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Douglas A Hardesty
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 410 W. 10th Avenue, Doan Hall, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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Biegon A. Considering Biological Sex in Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2021; 12:576366. [PMID: 33643182 PMCID: PMC7902907 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.576366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Published epidemiological studies of traumatic brain injury (TBI) of all severities consistently report higher incidence in men. Recent increases in the participation of women in sports and active military service as well as increasing awareness of the very large number of women who sustain but do not report TBI as a result of intimate partner violence (IPV) suggest that the number of women with TBI is significantly larger than previously believed. Women are also grossly under-represented in clinical and natural history studies of TBI, most of which include relatively small numbers of women, ignore the role of sex- and age-related gonadal hormone levels, and report conflicting results. The emerging picture from recent studies powered to detect effects of biological sex as well as age (as a surrogate of hormonal status) suggest young (i.e., premenopausal) women are more likely to die from TBI relative to men of the same age group, but this is reversed in the 6th and 7th decades of life, coinciding with postmenopausal status in women. New data from concussion studies in young male and female athletes extend this finding to mild TBI, since female athletes who sustained mild TBI are significantly more likely to report more symptoms than males. Studies including information on gonadal hormone status at the time of injury are still too scarce and small to draw reliable conclusions, so there is an urgent need to include biological sex and gonadal hormone status in the design and analysis of future studies of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Biegon
- Department of Radiology and Neurology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, United States
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Garone G, Suppiej A, Vanacore N, La Penna F, Parisi P, Calistri L, Palmieri A, Verrotti A, Poletto E, Rossetti A, Cordelli DM, Velardita M, d'Alonzo R, De Liso P, Gioè D, Marin M, Zagaroli L, Grosso S, Bonfatti R, Mencaroni E, Masi S, Bellelli E, Da Dalt L, Raucci U. Characteristics of Acute Nystagmus in the Pediatric Emergency Department. Pediatrics 2020; 146:peds.2020-0484. [PMID: 32732262 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2020-0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Acute nystagmus (AN) is an uncommon neurologic sign in children presenting to pediatric emergency departments. We described the epidemiology, clinical features, and underlying causes of AN in a large cohort of children, aiming at identifying features associated with higher risk of severe underlying urgent conditions (UCs). METHODS Clinical records of all patients aged 0 to 18 years presenting for AN to the pediatric emergency departments of 9 Italian hospitals in an 8-year period were retrospectively reviewed. Clinical and demographic features and the underlying causes were analyzed. A logistic regression model was applied to detect predictive variables associated with a higher risk of UCs. RESULTS A total of 206 patients with AN were included (male-to-female ratio: 1.01; mean age: 8 years 11 months). The most frequently associated symptoms were headache (43.2%) and vertigo (42.2%). Ataxia (17.5%) and strabismus (13.1%) were the most common neurologic signs. Migraine (25.7%) and vestibular disorders (14.1%) were the most common causes of AN. Idiopathic infantile nystagmus was the most common cause in infants <1 year of age. UCs accounted for 18.9% of all cases, mostly represented by brain tumors (8.3%). Accordant with the logistic model, cranial nerve deficits, ataxia, or strabismus were strongly associated with an underlying UC. Presence of vertigo or attribution of a nonurgent triage code was associated with a reduced risk of UCs. CONCLUSIONS AN should be considered an alarming finding in children given the risk of severe UCs. Cranial nerve palsy, ataxia, and strabismus should be considered red flags during the assessment of a child with AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Garone
- University Hospital Pediatric Department, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Tor Vergata University, Rome Italy;
| | - Agnese Suppiej
- Neurophtalmology Programme, Padova Paediatric University Hospital, Padova, Italy.,Pediatric Section, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Nicola Vanacore
- National Centre for Epidemiology, Surveillance, and Health Promotion, National Institutes of Health, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Pasquale Parisi
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University and Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Calistri
- Pediatric Emergency Unit, Anna Meyer's Children Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Antonella Palmieri
- Pediatric Emergency Department, Giannina Gaslini Children's Hospital, Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Healthcare, Genova, Italy
| | - Alberto Verrotti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Elisa Poletto
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Annalisa Rossetti
- Clinical Pediatrics, Department of Molecular Medicine and Development, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Duccio Maria Cordelli
- Child Neurology Unit, Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital and University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mario Velardita
- Pediatric Operative Unit, Gravina Hospital, Caltagirone, Catania, Italy; and
| | - Renato d'Alonzo
- Pediatric Clinic, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital and Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paola De Liso
- Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Gioè
- Pediatric Emergency Unit, Anna Meyer's Children Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Marta Marin
- Pediatric Emergency Department, Giannina Gaslini Children's Hospital, Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Healthcare, Genova, Italy
| | - Luca Zagaroli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Salvatore Grosso
- Clinical Pediatrics, Department of Molecular Medicine and Development, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Rocco Bonfatti
- Child Neurology Unit, Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital and University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Mencaroni
- Pediatric Clinic, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital and Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefano Masi
- Pediatric Emergency Unit, Anna Meyer's Children Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Liviana Da Dalt
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Murphy S, Friesner DL, Rosenman R, Waslo CS, Au J, Tanne E. Emergency department utilization among individuals with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Int J Health Care Qual Assur 2019; 32:152-163. [PMID: 30859875 DOI: 10.1108/ijhcqa-04-2017-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) can be a debilitating disorder that is difficult to identify and treat. Failure to adequately manage IIH symptoms may force patients to present at emergency departments (EDs) seeking symptom relief. The purpose of this paper is to empirically characterize ED use by previously diagnosed IIH patients. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH Patients diagnosed with IIH, and who registered with the Intracranial Hypertension Registry by 2014, were solicited for study inclusion. A survey was designed to elicit ED use during the period 2010-2012. Information on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, IIH signs and symptoms, time since diagnosis, perspectives of ED use and quality of life was collected. Quality of life was assessed using an adaptation of the Migraine-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and nonparametric hypothesis tests. FINDINGS In total, 39 percent of IIH patients used emergency services over the study period; those that did used the services intensely. These patients were more likely to be non-white, live in households making less than $25,000 annually, have public insurance and have received a diversional shunt procedure. Patients who used the ED were less likely to live in households making $100,000, or more, annually and have private insurance. Participants who used the ED had significantly lower quality-of-life scores, were younger and had been diagnosed with IIH for less time. ORIGINALITY/VALUE ED staff and outside physicians can utilize the information contained in this study to more effectively recognize the unique circumstances of IIH patients who present at EDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Murphy
- Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Daniel L Friesner
- College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota, USA.,School of Economic Sciences, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Robert Rosenman
- School of Economic Sciences, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington, USA.,Initiative for Research and Education to Advance Community Health, Elson Floyd School of Medicine, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Carin S Waslo
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System , Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Johnathan Au
- Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science , Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Emanuel Tanne
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland, Oregon, USA.,Intracranial Hypertension Research Foundation, Vancouver, Washington, USA
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Sachdeva V, Vasseneix C, Hage R, Bidot S, Clough LC, Wright DW, Newman NJ, Biousse V, Bruce BB. Optic nerve head edema among patients presenting to the emergency department. Neurology 2018; 90:e373-e379. [PMID: 29305439 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000004895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency of and predictive factors for optic nerve head edema (ONHE) among patients with headache, neurologic deficit, visual loss, or elevated blood pressure in the emergency department (ED). METHODS Cross-sectional analysis was done of patients with ONHE in the prospective Fundus Photography vs Ophthalmoscopy Trial Outcomes in the Emergency Department (FOTO-ED) study. Demographics, neuroimaging results, management, and patient disposition were collected. Patients in the ONHE and non-ONHE groups were compared with bivariate and logistic regression analyses. RESULTS Of 1,408 patients included, 37 (2.6%, 95% confidence interval 1.9-3.6) had ONHE (median age 31 [interquartile range 26-40] years, women 27 [73%], black 28 [76%]). ONHE was bilateral in 27 of 37 (73%). Presenting complaints were headache (18 of 37), visual loss (10 of 37), acute neurologic deficit (4 of 37), elevated blood pressure (2 of 37), and multiple (3 of 37). The most common final diagnoses were idiopathic intracranial hypertension (19 of 37), CSF shunt malfunction/infection (3 of 37), and optic neuritis (3 of 37). Multivariable logistic regression found that body mass index ≥35 kg/m2 (odds ratio [OR] 1.9, p = 0.0002), younger age (OR 0.5 per 10-year increase, p < 0.0001), and visual loss (OR 5, p = 0.0002) were associated with ONHE. Patients with ONHE were more likely to be admitted (62% vs 19%), to be referred to other specialists (100% vs 54%), and to receive neuroimaging (89% vs 63%) than patients without ONHE (p < 0.001). Fundus photographs in the ED allowed initial diagnosis of ONHE for 21 of 37 (57%) patients. Detection of ONHE on ED fundus photography changed the final diagnosis for 10 patients. CONCLUSIONS One in 38 patients (2.6%) presenting to the ED with a chief complaint of headache, neurologic deficit, visual loss, or elevated blood pressure had ONHE. Identification of ONHE altered patient disposition and contributed to the final diagnosis, confirming the importance of funduscopic examination in the ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virender Sachdeva
- From the Departments of Ophthalmology (V.S., C.V., R.H., S.B., L.C.C., N.J.N., V.B., B.B.B.), Emergency Medicine (D.W.W.), Neurology (N.J.N., V.B., B.B.B.), Neurological Surgery (N.J.N.), and Epidemiology (B.B.B.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Caroline Vasseneix
- From the Departments of Ophthalmology (V.S., C.V., R.H., S.B., L.C.C., N.J.N., V.B., B.B.B.), Emergency Medicine (D.W.W.), Neurology (N.J.N., V.B., B.B.B.), Neurological Surgery (N.J.N.), and Epidemiology (B.B.B.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Rabih Hage
- From the Departments of Ophthalmology (V.S., C.V., R.H., S.B., L.C.C., N.J.N., V.B., B.B.B.), Emergency Medicine (D.W.W.), Neurology (N.J.N., V.B., B.B.B.), Neurological Surgery (N.J.N.), and Epidemiology (B.B.B.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Samuel Bidot
- From the Departments of Ophthalmology (V.S., C.V., R.H., S.B., L.C.C., N.J.N., V.B., B.B.B.), Emergency Medicine (D.W.W.), Neurology (N.J.N., V.B., B.B.B.), Neurological Surgery (N.J.N.), and Epidemiology (B.B.B.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Lindsay C Clough
- From the Departments of Ophthalmology (V.S., C.V., R.H., S.B., L.C.C., N.J.N., V.B., B.B.B.), Emergency Medicine (D.W.W.), Neurology (N.J.N., V.B., B.B.B.), Neurological Surgery (N.J.N.), and Epidemiology (B.B.B.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - David W Wright
- From the Departments of Ophthalmology (V.S., C.V., R.H., S.B., L.C.C., N.J.N., V.B., B.B.B.), Emergency Medicine (D.W.W.), Neurology (N.J.N., V.B., B.B.B.), Neurological Surgery (N.J.N.), and Epidemiology (B.B.B.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Nancy J Newman
- From the Departments of Ophthalmology (V.S., C.V., R.H., S.B., L.C.C., N.J.N., V.B., B.B.B.), Emergency Medicine (D.W.W.), Neurology (N.J.N., V.B., B.B.B.), Neurological Surgery (N.J.N.), and Epidemiology (B.B.B.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Valérie Biousse
- From the Departments of Ophthalmology (V.S., C.V., R.H., S.B., L.C.C., N.J.N., V.B., B.B.B.), Emergency Medicine (D.W.W.), Neurology (N.J.N., V.B., B.B.B.), Neurological Surgery (N.J.N.), and Epidemiology (B.B.B.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Beau B Bruce
- From the Departments of Ophthalmology (V.S., C.V., R.H., S.B., L.C.C., N.J.N., V.B., B.B.B.), Emergency Medicine (D.W.W.), Neurology (N.J.N., V.B., B.B.B.), Neurological Surgery (N.J.N.), and Epidemiology (B.B.B.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.
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7
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Sankey EW, Elder BD, Liu A, Carson KA, Goodwin CR, Jusué-Torres I, Rigamonti D. Predictors of admission and shunt revision during emergency department visits for shunt-treated adult patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. J Neurosurg 2017; 127:233-239. [DOI: 10.3171/2016.5.jns151303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVEFactors associated with emergency department admission and/or shunt revision for idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) are unclear. In this study, the associations of several factors with emergency department admission and shunt revision for IIH were explored.METHODSThe authors performed a retrospective review of 31 patients (169 total emergency department visits) who presented to the emergency department for IIH-related symptoms between 2003 and 2015. Demographics, comorbidities, symptoms, IIH diagnosis and treatment history, ophthalmological examination, diagnostic lumbar puncture (LP), imaging findings, and data regarding admission and management decisions were collected. Multivariable general linear models regression analysis was performed to assess the predictive factors associated with admission and shunt revision.RESULTSThirty-one adult patients with a history of shunt placement for IIH visited the emergency department a total of 169 times for IIH-related symptoms, with a median of 3 visits (interquartile range 2–7 visits) per patient. Five patients had more than 10 emergency department visits. Baseline factors associated with admission included male sex (OR 10.47, 95% CI 2.13–51.56; p = 0.004) and performance of an LP (OR 3.10, 95% CI 1.31–7.31; p = 0.01). Contrastingly, older age at presentation (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.90–0.99; p = 0.01), and a greater number of prior emergency department visits (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.89–0.99; p = 0.02) were slightly protective against admission. The presence of papilledema (OR 11.62, 95% CI 3.20–42.16; p < 0.001), Caucasian race (OR 40.53, 95% CI 2.49–660.09 p = 0.009), and systemic hypertension (OR 7.73, 95% CI 1.11–53.62; p = 0.03) were independent risk factors for shunt revision. In addition, a greater number of prior emergency department visits (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.77–0.96; p = 0.009) and older age at presentation (OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.87–0.99; p = 0.02) were slightly protective against shunt revision, while there was suggestive evidence that presence of a programmable shunt (OR 0.23, 95% CI 0.05–1.14; p = 0.07) was a protective factor against shunt revision. Of note, location of the proximal catheter in the ventricle or lumbar subarachnoid space was not significantly associated with admission or shunt revision in the multivariable analyses.CONCLUSIONSThe decision to admit a shunt-treated patient from the emergency department for symptoms related to IIH is challenging. Knowledge of factors associated with the need for admission and/or shunt revision is required. In this study, factors such as male sex, younger age at presentation, lower number of prior emergency department visits, and performance of a diagnostic LP were independent predictors of admission. In addition, papilledema was strongly predictive of the need for shunt revision, highlighting the importance of an ophthalmological examination for shunt-treated adults with IIH who present to the emergency department.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W. Sankey
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; and
| | - Benjamin D. Elder
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; and
| | - Ann Liu
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; and
| | - Kathryn A. Carson
- 2Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - C. Rory Goodwin
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; and
| | | | - Daniele Rigamonti
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; and
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8
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Liu A, Elder BD, Sankey EW, Goodwin CR, Jusué-Torres I, Rigamonti D. The Utility of Computed Tomography in Shunted Patients with Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Presenting to the Emergency Department. World Neurosurg 2015; 84:1852-6. [PMID: 26283484 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shunted patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) often present to the emergency department (ED) for symptoms related to their disease. Although brain imaging with computed tomography (CT) is often performed, particularly in the current medicolegal environment, its utility during these ED visits is unclear. METHODS The ED visits of all shunted adult patients with IIH from 2003-2015 were retrospectively reviewed. ED visits not related to IIH were excluded from our study. RESULTS Thirty-one patients visited the ED 171 times for IIH symptoms. Five patients had greater than 10 ED visits. Twenty-five (81%) patients had 131 visits involving a CT scan, while six (19%) patients were not scanned. The majority of scans (n = 126, 96%) showed no change; five (4%) scans detected new noncritical pathologies. On the basis of CT findings alone, treatment changes occurred in three (2.3%) instances. Of the 131 visits with a CT scan, twenty-five (19%) visits resulted in management changes; of the 40 ED visits without a CT scan, four (10%) visits resulted in a management change (P = 0.23). CONCLUSIONS In our cohort, CT imaging rarely showed a change in pathology or affected the management of patients with IIH. There was no difference in the rate of management changes between those patients who underwent a CT scan and those who did not. Given the risk of cumulative radiation exposure and cost of CT scans, CT imaging should be used when there is concern for visual dysfunction and the utility of CT imaging in the ED for the workup of other symptoms related to IIH must be explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Benjamin D Elder
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | - Eric W Sankey
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - C Rory Goodwin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ignacio Jusué-Torres
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniele Rigamonti
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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9
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Medical and Nonstroke Neurologic Causes of Acute, Continuous Vestibular Symptoms. Neurol Clin 2015; 33:699-716, xi. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ncl.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Koerner JC, Friedman DI. Inpatient and emergency service utilization in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. J Neuroophthalmol 2015; 34:229-32. [PMID: 25136774 DOI: 10.1097/wno.0000000000000073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) are diagnosed in the emergency department (ED) or visit the ED during the course of their illness. We studied the use of inpatient and emergency services, determined what procedures and tests were provided at those encounters, evaluated how these variables changed over the study period and examined the coding validity of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9 code for IIH (348.2) for adult patients seen in our affiliated EDs and inpatient services. METHODS Retrospective review of medical records over a 11-year period (2000-2011). RESULTS We were able to analyze 137 encounters from 51 patients. Sixty-eight percent of encounters were to the ED and 40% of those patients were subsequently admitted to the hospital. The most common symptoms were headaches (96%), vision change (53%), and photophobia (27%). Recurrent symptoms accounted for 43% of encounters, followed by surgical complications (26%) and initial presentation (12%). Four patients (25% of the patients who received a diagnosis in the ED) were misdiagnosed at their initial presentation and correctly diagnosed on a subsequent ED visit. The number of ED visits more than doubled over the study period. The ICD-9 code had a low positive predictive value (55%) for identifying patients with IIH. CONCLUSIONS The ED was commonly used by patients with IIH, with a mean of 2.7 visits per patient. The rate of a missed diagnosis was similar to another published series and is concerning for potentially permanent visual loss in undiagnosed patients. In our experience, the ICD-9 code vastly overestimated the number of ED and inpatient encounters attributable to IIH. This has important implications for research studies, particularly those relying on national inpatient databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagger C Koerner
- University of Rochester (JCK), Rochester, New York; and Departments of Neurology & Neurotherapeutics and Ophthalmology (DIF), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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Schoen JC, Campbell RL, Sadosty AT. Headache in pregnancy: an approach to emergency department evaluation and management. West J Emerg Med 2015; 16:291-301. [PMID: 25834672 PMCID: PMC4380381 DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2015.1.23688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Headache is a common presenting complaint in the emergency department. The differential diagnosis is broad and includes benign primary causes as well as ominous secondary causes. The diagnosis and management of headache in the pregnant patient presents several challenges. There are important unique considerations regarding the differential diagnosis, imaging options, and medical management. Physiologic changes induced by pregnancy increase the risk of cerebral venous thrombosis, dissection, and pituitary apoplexy. Preeclampsia, a serious condition unique to pregnancy, must also be considered. A high index of suspicion for carbon monoxide toxicity should be maintained. Primary headaches should be a diagnosis of exclusion. When advanced imaging is indicated, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) should be used, if available, to reduce radiation exposure. Contrast agents should be avoided unless absolutely necessary. Medical therapy should be selected with careful consideration of adverse fetal effects. Herein, we present a review of the literature and discuss an approach to the evaluation and management of headache in pregnancy
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Schoen
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Emergency Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Ronna L Campbell
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Emergency Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Annie T Sadosty
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Emergency Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
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Standridge SM. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension in children: a review and algorithm. Pediatr Neurol 2010; 43:377-90. [PMID: 21093727 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Revised: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This updated review of pediatric idiopathic intracranial hypertension focuses on epidemiology, clinical presentations, diagnostic criteria, evaluation, clinical course, and treatment. General guidelines for the clinical management of idiopathic intracranial hypertension are discussed. A new algorithm outlines an efficient management strategy for the initial diagnostic evaluation of children with signs or symptoms of intracranial hypertension. This algorithm provides a systematic approach to initial evaluation and management, and identifies important decision-making factors. The risk of permanent visual loss with idiopathic intracranial hypertension necessitates a prompt, thorough collaborative approach in the management of patients. Although idiopathic intracranial hypertension has been recognized for over a century, the need remains for prospectively collected data to promote a better understanding of the etiology, risk factors, evaluative methods, and effective treatments for children with this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Standridge
- Department of Child Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA.
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Yuh EL, Dillon WP. Intracranial Hypotension and Intracranial Hypertension. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2010; 20:597-617. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nic.2010.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Digre KB, Nakamoto BK, Warner JEA, Langeberg WJ, Baggaley SK, Katz BJ. A comparison of idiopathic intracranial hypertension with and without papilledema. Headache 2009; 49:185-93. [PMID: 19222592 PMCID: PMC4326261 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2008.01324.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare clinical features, visual characteristics, and treatment of idiopathic intracranial hypertension patients with and without papilledema. BACKGROUND Idiopathic intracranial hypertension does not often occur without papilledema. This study estimates the prevalence and compares the clinical characteristics of idiopathic intracranial hypertension patients with and without papilledema. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional analysis of all idiopathic intracranial hypertension patients diagnosed at the University of Utah Neuro-Ophthalmology Unit between 1990 and 2003. Patient records were reviewed for presence of papilledema and other signs, symptoms, and treatment characteristics. Each patient without papilledema was matched to the patient with papilledema who was closest to his/her age and sex. McNemar's and Wilcoxon-signed rank sum tests were used to compare characteristics between matched pairs. RESULTS Among all patients (n = 353), the prevalence of those without papilledema was 5.7% (n = 20). Patients without papilledema reported photopsias (20%), and were found to have spontaneous venous pulsations (75%) and non-physiologic visual field constriction (20%) more often than did those with papilledema. Mean opening pressure, although above normal, was lower in patients without papilledema (mean = 309 mm cerebrospinal fluid) compared with those with papilledema (mean = 373 mm cerebrospinal fluid, P = .031). Idiopathic intracranial hypertension patients without papilledema had more frequent diagnostic lumbar punctures than did patients with papilledema. Visual acuities and treatment were similar between groups. CONCLUSIONS The clinical presentation of idiopathic intracranial hypertension without papilledema is only somewhat different from that of idiopathic intracranial hypertension with papilledema. The lower opening pressure in patients without papilledema may explain variations in symptoms and signs between the 2 groups. When there are visual field changes in idiopathic intracranial hypertension without papilledema, non-physiologic visual loss should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen B Digre
- Department of Ophthalmology, John A Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Mercille
- Resident in Ophthalmology, Pediatric and Neuro-Ophthalmology Sections, Ste-Justine Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Soto FC, Antozzi P, Szomstein S, Cho MY, Zundel N, Locatelli E, Rosenthal RJ. Indication for emergent gastric bypass in a patient with severe idiopathic intracranial hypertension: case report and review of the literature. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2006; 1:503-5. [PMID: 16925278 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2005.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2005] [Revised: 06/24/2005] [Accepted: 06/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Flavia C Soto
- The Bariatric Institute, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, 33331, USA
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Wiese AJ, Muir WW, Wittum TE. Characteristics of pain and response to analgesic treatment in dogs and cats examined at a veterinary teaching hospital emergency service. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005; 226:2004-9. [PMID: 15989182 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2005.226.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence and characteristics of pain in dogs and cats examined by an emergency service at a veterinary teaching hospital and evaluate the response of dogs and cats with signs of pain to analgesic treatment. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. ANIMALS 317 dogs and 112 cats. PROCEDURE A questionnaire was used to categorize the characteristics of pain. The location, cause, and signs of pain were determined by obtaining a thorough history and conducting a physical examination. Pain was categorized by type (superficial somatic, deep somatic, or visceral), mechanism (inflammatory, neuropathic, or both), severity (mild, moderate, or severe), and duration. Evidence for primary or secondary hypersensitivity and hyposensitivity to manipulation was determined. The response to single or multiple analgesic drug administration was assessed. RESULTS 179 (56%) dogs and 60 (54%) cats had signs of pain. In most of these dogs and cats, pain was classified as acute (< 24 hours' duration) and of moderate severity and was associated with primary hypersensitivity. Most dogs had deep somatic pain; most cats had visceral pain. Inflammation was the most common mechanism. One hundred nineteen (66%) dogs and 41 (68%) cats were treated with analgesic drugs. Analgesic treatment was considered effective in 73 (61%) dogs and 31 (76%) cats. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggest that moderate to severe acute somatic pain caused by inflammation is common in dogs and cats examined by an emergency service and that a combination of multiple analgesic drugs is more effective than any single analgesic drug in the treatment of pain in these dogs and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J Wiese
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1089, USA
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Aygun D, Bildik F. Clinical warning criteria in evaluation by computed tomography the secondary neurological headaches in adults. Eur J Neurol 2003; 10:437-42. [PMID: 12823497 DOI: 10.1046/j.1468-1331.2003.00645.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Our aims were to investigate the frequency of intracranial lesions detected by cranial computed tomography (CT-scan) amongst adult patients who had clinical warning criteria (CWC) for secondary neurological headaches and to determine the importance of CWC in predicting a possible lesion on CT-scan. Seventy consecutive patients with headache exhibiting CWC were included in this prospective study. The CWC included: (i) increase in the intensity and frequency of headache; (ii) abrupt onset of headache; (iii) persistence of headache despite analgesics; (iv) alteration of the characteristics of headache; and (v) presence of focal neurological symptoms or findings. The mean age of the patients was 46.5 years; the female-to-male ratio was 1.5. Of the patients, 35.7% had a neurological cause identified by CT-scan, and 64.3% had normal CT-scan. In the patients without lesion, of headaches, 64.4% were primary, and 35.6% were from undefined headache group. Although, of the above criteria, only the 5th was different markedly in the patients with lesion than the patients without lesion, in evaluation by CT-scan the secondary neurological headaches in adults, all CWC should look for absolutely in their history and physical examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Aygun
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical School, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey.
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Farin A, Deutsch R, Biegon A, Marshall LF. Sex-related differences in patients with severe head injury: greater susceptibility to brain swelling in female patients 50 years of age and younger. J Neurosurg 2003; 98:32-6. [PMID: 12546349 DOI: 10.3171/jns.2003.98.1.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT The goal of this study was to study the influence of sex and age on factors affecting patient outcome in severe head injury. METHODS Data from the prospectively conducted international trial of tirilazad mesylate in patients with head injury were analyzed retrospectively. Included were 957 patients, 23% of whom were female and all of whom were between the ages of 15 and 79 years. All patients presented with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores between 3 and 8 and evidence of structural brain damage and/or subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) on the initial CT scan. Frequencies of recognized risk factors, including brain swelling, intracranial hypertension, systemic hypotension, advanced age, SAH, and injury severity (based on GCS scores), as well as dichotomized Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) scores (good recovery or moderate disability compared with severe disability, persistent vegetative state, or death) obtained 6 months postinjury were compared between male and female patients. CONCLUSIONS Overall significantly greater frequencies of brain swelling and intracranial hypertension were found in female compared with male patients (35% compared with 24% [p < 0.0008] and 39 compared with 31% [p < 0.03], respectively). The highest rates were found in female patients younger than 51 years old (38% compared with 24% [p < 0.002] and 40% compared with 30% [p < 0.02], respectively, in male patients younger than 51 years of age). This effect was independent of injury severity (GCS) scores, which were not different in male and female patients. Female patients younger than 50 years tended to have worse outcomes, but the difference was not statistically significant. Thus, female patients who sustain severe head injury, especially (presumably) premenopausal ones aged 50 years and younger, are significantly more likely to experience brain swelling and intracranial hypertension than male patients with a comparable injury severity, suggesting that younger women may benefit from more aggressive monitoring and treatment of intracranial hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Farin
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California School of Medicine, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Abstract
Intracranial hypertension develops from the initial cerebral effect of increased intracranial pressure and becomes symptomatical; then it acquires its individuality, surpassing the initial disease. The intracranial hypertension syndrome corresponds to the stage at which the increases in intracranial pressure (ICP) can be compensated and the ICH disease is in its acute form, equivalent to a decompensated ICH syndrome. Based on the etiopathogenesis of intracranial hypertension, a new classification is proposed: parenchymatous intracranial hypertension with an intrinsic cerebral cause; vascular intracranial hypertension, which has its etiology in disorders of the cerebral blood circulation; and essential or idiopathic intracranial hypertension, the former pseudotumor cerebri, an incomplete ICH syndrome. A synergetical pattern of the ICH is based on the relation between ICP and the period of high-pressure action: the critical pressure--time fluctuation causes the autoregulation of the cerebral blood flow to decrease or determines the brain herniation. The decompensation is a state of instability and appears when the intrinsic ratio of pressure--time fluctuation is changed: the high ICP lasts longer than the corresponding normal ICP, or the ICP is higher than the one that normally lasts the same period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Iencean
- Neurosurgery Department, Hospital 'Sf. Treime' Iasi, Romania.
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