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Daher M, Covarrubias O, Herber A, Oh I, Gianakos AL. Platelet-Rich Plasma vs Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy in the Treatment of Plantar Fasciitis at 3-6 Months: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Foot Ankle Int 2024; 45:796-803. [PMID: 38419209 DOI: 10.1177/10711007241231959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plantar fasciitis (PF) is a common foot disorder with variability in treatment strategy. Two effective management techniques include platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections and extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT). The purpose of this meta-analysis is to compare the effectiveness of PRP vs ESWT in the management of PF. METHODS A systematic search was performed of PubMed, Cochrane, and Google Scholar for randomized controlled trials comparing PRP to ESWT. Studies met inclusion criteria if mean and SDs for visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores and plantar fascia thickness (PFT) were reported. Mean differences were used to compare VAS pain score and PFT between PRP and ESWT. RESULTS Six randomized controlled trials, comparing a total of 214 subjects in the PRP group and 218 subjects in the ESWT group, were analyzed. A significantly greater statistical improvement was seen in the PRP group in VAS pain (mean difference = -0.67 [95% CI -1.16, -0.18], P = .007) and plantar fascia thickness (PFT) (mean difference = -0.56 [95% CI -0.77, -0.35], P < .001). CONCLUSION PRP had a statistically higher pain reduction than ESWT, but the difference does not reach clinical significance in this meta-analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Daher
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Oscar Covarrubias
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Agustin Herber
- School of Osteopathic medicine, Midwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Irvin Oh
- Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Arianna L Gianakos
- Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Chen B, Luo Y, Zhang Z, Lin S, Wang R, Li B. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy inhibits osteoclast differentiation by targeting NF-κB signaling pathway. J Orthop Surg Res 2023; 18:805. [PMID: 37891600 PMCID: PMC10612311 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-023-04166-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) has been reported to promote osteoblast differentiation. However, the role of ESWT on osteoclast differentiation is still elusive. METHODS This study analyzed the differentiation of osteoclasts in the shock wave group and the control group in vitro, and TRAP staining, RT-PCR, WB assays, and MTT assays were assessed between the two groups. Furthermore, we analyzed the bone formation in these two groups in vivo and micro-CT and trap staining were assessed between the two groups. RESULTS We found that ESWT inhibited osteoclast maturation in vitro and ESW treatment of femur promoted bone formation in vivo. Mechanically, osteoclast differentiation was inhibited as the number of impulses increased and ESWT decreased endogenous levels of NTAFc1 and P65 protein. CONCLUSIONS ESWT may be a potential therapy of osteoporosis through NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yeqiang Luo
- Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangdong Key Lab of Orthopedic Technology and Implant Materials, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongxiu Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shanghui Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangdong Key Lab of Orthopedic Technology and Implant Materials, Guangzhou, China
| | - Renkai Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangdong Key Lab of Orthopedic Technology and Implant Materials, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Baofeng Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
- Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangdong Key Lab of Orthopedic Technology and Implant Materials, Guangzhou, China.
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Dancy ME, Alexander AS, Clark CJ, Marigi EM, Hevesi M, Levy BA, Krych AJ, Okoroha KR. Gluteal Tendinopathy: Critical Analysis Review of Current Nonoperative Treatments. JBJS Rev 2023; 11:01874474-202310000-00006. [PMID: 37812677 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.rvw.23.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
» Gluteal tendinopathy/greater trochanteric pain syndrome (GTPS) is the most prevalent of all lower limb tendinopathies, affecting 1 in 4 women older than 50 years and commonly individuals within their fifth and sixth decades of life regardless of activity level.» The condition is believed to originate from age-related degenerative changes about the hip abductor tendon insertions and the surrounding bursae, and is exacerbated by congenital and acquired abnormal hip biomechanics.» Treatment of gluteal tendinopathy/GTPS often begins with noninvasive nonoperative modalities such as activity modifications, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and physical therapy. For recalcitrant symptoms, additional nonoperative therapies have been used; however, there remains a lack of comparative efficacy between these adjunct treatments.» In this article, we examine the available literature regarding the nonoperative management of gluteal tendinopathy/GTPS and provide insight into the effectiveness of current treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malik E Dancy
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Luo J, Wang Z, Tang C, Yin Z, Huang J, Ruan D, Fei Y, Wang C, Mo X, Li J, Zhang J, Fang C, Li J, Chen X, Shen W. Animal model for tendinopathy. J Orthop Translat 2023; 42:43-56. [PMID: 37637777 PMCID: PMC10450357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tendinopathy is a common motor system disease that leads to pain and reduced function. Despite its prevalence, our mechanistic understanding is incomplete, leading to limited efficacy of treatment options. Animal models contribute significantly to our understanding of tendinopathy and some therapeutic options. However, the inadequacies of animal models are also evident, largely due to differences in anatomical structure and the complexity of human tendinopathy. Different animal models reproduce different aspects of human tendinopathy and are therefore suitable for different scenarios. This review aims to summarize the existing animal models of tendinopathy and to determine the situations in which each model is appropriate for use, including exploring disease mechanisms and evaluating therapeutic effects. Methods We reviewed relevant literature in the PubMed database from January 2000 to December 2022 using the specific terms ((tendinopathy) OR (tendinitis)) AND (model) AND ((mice) OR (rat) OR (rabbit) OR (lapin) OR (dog) OR (canine) OR (sheep) OR (goat) OR (horse) OR (equine) OR (pig) OR (swine) OR (primate)). This review summarized different methods for establishing animal models of tendinopathy and classified them according to the pathogenesis they simulate. We then discussed the advantages and disadvantages of each model, and based on this, identified the situations in which each model was suitable for application. Results For studies that aim to study the pathophysiology of tendinopathy, naturally occurring models, treadmill models, subacromial impingement models and metabolic models are ideal. They are closest to the natural process of tendinopathy in humans. For studies that aim to evaluate the efficacy of possible treatments, the selection should be made according to the pathogenesis simulated by the modeling method. Existing tendinopathy models can be classified into six types according to the pathogenesis they simulate: extracellular matrix synthesis-decomposition imbalance, inflammation, oxidative stress, metabolic disorder, traumatism and mechanical load. Conclusions The critical factor affecting the translational value of research results is whether the selected model is matched with the research purpose. There is no single optimal model for inducing tendinopathy, and researchers must select the model that is most appropriate for the study they are conducting. The translational potential of this article The critical factor affecting the translational value of research results is whether the animal model used is compatible with the research purpose. This paper provides a rationale and practical guide for the establishment and selection of animal models of tendinopathy, which is helpful to improve the clinical transformation ability of existing models and develop new models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchao Luo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
- Sports Medicine Institute of Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, 315825, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, 315825, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zetao Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
- Sports Medicine Institute of Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, 315825, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, 315825, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenqi Tang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
- Sports Medicine Institute of Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, 315825, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, 315825, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Binjiang Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zi Yin
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
- Sports Medicine Institute of Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiayun Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
- Sports Medicine Institute of Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, 315825, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, 315825, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dengfeng Ruan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
- Sports Medicine Institute of Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, 315825, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, 315825, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yang Fei
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
- Sports Medicine Institute of Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, 315825, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, 315825, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Canlong Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
- Sports Medicine Institute of Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, 315825, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, 315825, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xianan Mo
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiajin Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
- Sports Medicine Institute of Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, 315825, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, 315825, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Longquan People's Hospital, Zhejiang, 323799, China
| | - Cailian Fang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
- Sports Medicine Institute of Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, 315825, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, 315825, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianyou Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Huzhou University, Zhejiang University Huzhou Hospital, 313000, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
- Sports Medicine Institute of Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weiliang Shen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
- Sports Medicine Institute of Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, 315825, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical Research Center of Motor System Disease of Zhejiang Province, 315825, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Hogaboom N, Shaw J, Barrance P, Capella T, Malanga G. A pilot study testing an Achilles tendinopathy human cadaver model using intratendinous injection of collagenase. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2023; 107:106034. [PMID: 37413812 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2023.106034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Achilles tendinopathy is one of the most frequently occurring soft-tissue injuries. Despite decades of research, there is still much that is unknown about the progression of tendinopathy. Animal models, such as collagenase injection, allow researchers to gain insight into disease progression and investigate clinical interventions, yet are limited in their direct application to humans. Establishment of a cadaver model of tendinopathy would provide another method of investigating clinical interventions in human tissues. The purpose of this study is to develop such a model and evaluate biomechanical changes in cadaveric Achilles tendons using ultrasound elastography. METHODS Achilles tendons of five female foot/ankle cadavers were injected with two different concentrations (three with 10 mg/mL, two 20 mg/mL) of collagenase and incubated for 24 h. Ultrasound elastography images were collected at baseline, 16 and 24 h post-injection. Elasticity of tendons was calculated using a custom image analysis program. FINDINGS Elasticity decreased over time in both dosage groups. In the 10 mg/mL group, mean elasticity decreased from 642 ± 246 kPa at baseline to 392 ± 38.3 kPa at 16 h and 263 ± 87.3 kPa at 24 h. In the 20 mg/mL group, mean elasticity decreased from 628 ± 206 kPa at baseline to 176 ± 152 kPa at 16 h and 188 ± 120 kPa at 24 h. INTERPRETATION Injection of collagenase into cadaveric Achilles tendons resulted in decreases in elasticity. Decreases were observed in tendons that received injections with both 10 and 20 mg/mL collagenase dosages. Further biomechanical and histological testing is needed to evaluate this cadaveric tendinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Hogaboom
- Kessler Foundation, 1199 Pleasant Valley Way, West Orange, NJ 07052, USA; Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 183 South Orange Avenue, Suite F-1560, Newark, NJ 07101, USA.
| | - Jonathan Shaw
- Tendonova, 3050 Business Park Drive, Suite A-2, Norcross, GA 30071, USA
| | - Peter Barrance
- Kessler Foundation, 1199 Pleasant Valley Way, West Orange, NJ 07052, USA; Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 183 South Orange Avenue, Suite F-1560, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
| | - Teresa Capella
- New Jersey Regenerative Institute, 197 Ridgedale Avenue, Suite 210, Cedar Knolls, NJ 07927, USA
| | - Gerard Malanga
- Tendonova, 3050 Business Park Drive, Suite A-2, Norcross, GA 30071, USA; New Jersey Regenerative Institute, 197 Ridgedale Avenue, Suite 210, Cedar Knolls, NJ 07927, USA
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Verhoeven A, Huels N, Harms O. Novel approach for the treatment of canine elbow hygroma with extracorporeal shockwaves. TIERARZTLICHE PRAXIS. AUSGABE K, KLEINTIERE/HEIMTIERE 2023; 51:182-188. [PMID: 37567180 DOI: 10.1055/a-2110-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
A hygroma is a fluid filled cavity, which appears due to repetitive traumata over bony prominences. For canine elbow hygroma there is no satisfactory treatment option available. Small hygromas should not be treated at all. Larger hygromas that restrict the dog in daily life, are infected, painful, or ulcerated should be treated surgically with drainage or total excision. Surgical treatment of hygromas results in long rehabilitation times and is associated with a high complication rate. Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) is widely used in human and veterinary rehabilitation medicine since several years. Even the mechanisms of action are not fully understood it has a wide range of indications. ESWT provides anti-inflammatory effects, promotes microcirculation, and is used for pain relief. In this case series of 4 consecutive cases in 3 dogs we treated hygromas with extracorporeal shockwaves each for 3 to 6 times usually on a weekly basis. All hygromas regressed completely and no complications were noted. Overall ESWT seems to provide a safe, easy-to-use, as well as cost-effective alternative treatment option for canine elbow hygroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Verhoeven
- Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation
| | - Nikolaus Huels
- Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation
| | - Oliver Harms
- Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation
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Pandey S, Kumar N, Kumar A, Biswas A, Sinha U, Pandey J, Ghosh S, Das S, Johnson RA, Kumar R, E V A, Kumari K. Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy Versus Platelet Rich Plasma Injection in Patients of Chronic Plantar Fasciitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial From a Tertiary Center of Eastern India. Cureus 2023; 15:e34430. [PMID: 36874677 PMCID: PMC9980840 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.34430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Plantar fasciitis is a degenerative condition of the plantar fascia that leads to heel and sole pain. Physical modalities, physiotherapy, medication, and orthoses have been tried before as treatments. Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) and the injection of autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) are generally effective in the treatment of plantar fasciitis, which might be resistant to other conservative measures. The present study compares the efficacy of ESWT and PRP injection in respect of symptomatic relief, functional improvement, and change in plantar fascia thickness (PFT). Methods Seventy-two patients were enrolled and randomized into two groups. Patients in the first group received ESWT, whereas patients in the second group received PRP injections. Patients were evaluated using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score, along with PFT measurement (using ultrasonography) before the treatment and at days 15, 30, and 90 after the treatment. The X2 test was used to compare qualitative variables, and the paired T-test was used to evaluate quantitative data. Quantitative variables had a normal distribution with a standard deviation, and the significance level was set at P-value=0.05. Results On day 0, the mean VAS of the ESWT and PRP groups were 6.44±1.11 and 6.78±1.17, respectively (p=0.237). On day 15, the mean VAS of the ESWT and PRP groups were 4.67±1.45 and 6.67±1.35, respectively (p<0.001). At day 30, the mean VAS of the ESWT and PRP groups were 4.97±1.46 and 4.69±1.39, respectively (p=0.391). On day 90, the mean VAS of the ESWT and PRP groups were 5.47±1.63 and 3.36±0.96 (p<0.001). On day 0, the mean PFTs of the ESWT and PRP groups were 4.73±0.40 and 5.19±0.51, respectively (p<0.001). At day 15, the mean PFT of the ESWT and PRP groups were 4.64±0.46 and 5.11±0.62, respectively (p<0.001) which changed to 4.52±0.53 and 4.40±0.58 at day 30 (p<0.001), and to 4.40±0.50 and 3.82±0.45 at day 90 (p<0.001). The mean AOFAS of the ESWT and PRP groups were 68.39±5.88 and 64.86±8.95 on day 0 (p=0.115), 72.58±6.26 and 67.22±10.47 on day 15 (p=0.115), 73.22±6.92 and 74.72±7.52 on day 30 (p=0.276), and 72.75±7.90 and 81.08±6.01 on day 90, respectively (p<0.001). Conclusion Both PRP injection and ESWT are very effective methods to improve pain and cause reduced plantar fascia thickness in patients with chronic plantar fasciitis non-responsive to other conservative measures. PRP injection is more effective at a longer duration as compared to ESWT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Pandey
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Patna, IND
| | - Niraj Kumar
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Patna, IND
| | - Anjani Kumar
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Patna, IND
| | - Anurug Biswas
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Patna, IND
| | - Upasna Sinha
- Radiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Patna, IND
| | - Jyoti Pandey
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Patna, IND
| | - Srutarshi Ghosh
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Patna, IND
| | - Subha Das
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Patna, IND
| | - Renu A Johnson
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Patna, IND
| | - Ranjeet Kumar
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Patna, IND
| | - Anjusha E V
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Patna, IND
| | - Kalyani Kumari
- Paediatrics, Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital, Darbhanga, IND
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Poenaru D, Sandulescu MI, Cinteza D. Biological effects of extracorporeal shockwave therapy in tendons: A systematic review. Biomed Rep 2022; 18:15. [PMID: 36684664 PMCID: PMC9845689 DOI: 10.3892/br.2022.1597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracorporeal shockwave therapy was initially used for kidney stone disintegration and its application was then extended to calcific tendinitis. The therapeutic field expanded and included numerous types of tendinopathies, from shoulder to plantar fascia. The clinical benefits were documented in trials and the effects and mechanisms were studied on models including animal and human tendons. The present systematic review outlines a large spectrum of biological effects. First, an optimal dose is adapted for each species and each tendon; exceeding the optimal dose may lead to structural injury. Furthermore, the biological effects may be grouped into neovascularization induction, cellularity and extracellular matrix changes, metalloprotease and cytokine modulation, as well as lubricin production. As a result, the remodeled tendon displays improved biomechanical properties to resist stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Poenaru
- Department of Rehabilitation, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania,Correspondence to: Dr Daniela Poenaru, Department of Rehabilitation, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 37 Dionisie Lupu Street, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Miruna Ioana Sandulescu
- Doctoral School, Clinical Pharmacology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Delia Cinteza
- Department of Rehabilitation, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
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Chen Y, Lyu K, Lu J, Jiang L, Zhu B, Liu X, Li Y, Liu X, Long L, Wang X, Xu H, Wang D, Li S. Biological response of extracorporeal shock wave therapy to tendinopathy in vivo (review). Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:851894. [PMID: 35942112 PMCID: PMC9356378 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.851894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendinopathy is a degenerative disease of the tendons caused by prolonged overstretching or overuse of the tendons. It accounts for a large proportion of musculoskeletal disorders which can occur in all age groups. The management of tendinopathy is typically conservative. In clinical practice, when other conservative treatments fail, extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) is normally used as an efficient alternative to surgical management. Several basic studies have shown that ESWT with lower energy flux densities can produce some biological responses in vivo to tendinopathy and may accelerate the initiation of the healing process in injured tendons. ESWT has a positive impact on the interactive chain of biological response, enhancing the signaling pathways of angiogenesis through mechanical conduction, and promoting cell proliferation and collagen formation. Finally, it helps tissue regeneration by controlling inflammation. The purpose of this review is to summarize the biological responses generated by ESWT in tendinopathy through a comprehensive review of the published literature. Although ESWT has been used clinically for the treatment of tendinopathies for nearly decades, less is known about the experimental studies of its biological effects on tendon tissue. Further studies on the biological response of ESWT for tendon injuries in vivo are needed in the future in order to provide better management to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Chen
- School of Physical Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Kexin Lyu
- School of Physical Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jingwei Lu
- School of Physical Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Li Jiang
- School of Physical Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- School of Physical Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xueli Liu
- School of Physical Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yujie Li
- School of Physical Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xinyue Liu
- School of Physical Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Longhai Long
- The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Wang
- The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Houping Xu
- The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Houping Xu
| | - Dingxuan Wang
- School of Physical Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Dingxuan Wang
| | - Sen Li
- The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Sen Li
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Wuerfel T, Schmitz C, Jokinen LLJ. The Effects of the Exposure of Musculoskeletal Tissue to Extracorporeal Shock Waves. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051084. [PMID: 35625821 PMCID: PMC9138291 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) is a safe and effective treatment option for various pathologies of the musculoskeletal system. Many studies address the molecular and cellular mechanisms of action of ESWT. However, to date, no uniform concept could be established on this matter. In the present study, we perform a systematic review of the effects of exposure of musculoskeletal tissue to extracorporeal shock waves (ESWs) reported in the literature. The key results are as follows: (i) compared to the effects of many other forms of therapy, the clinical benefit of ESWT does not appear to be based on a single mechanism; (ii) different tissues respond to the same mechanical stimulus in different ways; (iii) just because a mechanism of action of ESWT is described in a study does not automatically mean that this mechanism is relevant to the observed clinical effect; (iv) focused ESWs and radial ESWs seem to act in a similar way; and (v) even the most sophisticated research into the effects of exposure of musculoskeletal tissue to ESWs cannot substitute clinical research in order to determine the optimum intensity, treatment frequency and localization of ESWT.
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Ahadi T, Hosseinverdi S, Raissi G, Sajadi S, Forogh B. Comparison of Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy and Blind Steroid Injection in Patients With Coccydynia: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2022; 101:417-422. [PMID: 34091468 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000001802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) emerged recently for the treatment of musculoskeletal conditions owing to its regenerative and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, the aim was to compare the efficacies of ESWT and steroid injection in patients with coccydynia. DESIGN Thirty-four patients with coccydynia were randomized into two groups. In the ESWT group, patients received radial shockwave for three weekly sessions. The second treatment group received an injection of steroid in the tip of the coccyx or sacrococcygeal junction. Outcome measures were visual analog scale, Short-Form Health Survey, and Dallas Pain Questionnaire. Visual analog scale was measured at baseline and 1 wk, 1 mo, 2 mos, and 6 mos after the intervention. Short-Form Health Survey and Dallas Pain Questionnaire were assessed before and 1 mo after treatment. RESULTS The visual analog scale score was significantly decreased in all follow-ups in both groups. There was also a significant decrease between 1 wk and three other posttreatment visits in the ESWT treatment group. Time and group interaction effect was significant on the visual analog scale (F2.64, 84.63 = 2.95, P = 0.043), in favor of ESWT. Concerning the Short-Form Health Survey and Dallas Pain Questionnaire, only some dimensions improved. CONCLUSIONS ESWT is an effective intervention in patients with coccydynia and had more long-lasting efficacy than steroid in terms of pain relief over 6 mos of observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tannaz Ahadi
- From the Neuromusculoskeletal Research Center, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (TA, GR, SS, BF), and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (SH), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Lee M, Journeay WS. Second-Order Peer Reviews of Clinically Relevant Articles for the Physiatrist: Is Shockwave Therapy With Eccentric Strengthening Superior to Eccentric Rehabilitation Alone for Treatment of Insertional Achilles Tendinopathy? Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2022; 101:e69-e71. [PMID: 35019872 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000001960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lee
- From the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (ML); Providence Healthcare-Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada (WSJ); Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (WSJ); and Department of Medicine, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Dalhousie University, Saint John, Canada (WSJ)
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13
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The Efficacy of Instrumental Physical Therapy through Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy in the Treatment of Plantar Fasciitis: An Umbrella Review. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12062841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Plantar fasciitis (PF) is the most common cause of heel pain in adults. Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) is a minimally invasive treatments commonly used for treating PF. Our aim is to provide a complete overview of which treatments have been compared to ESWT, with a focus on the modalities that have been used. (2) Methods: A thorough search of the literature was performed on Medline via Pubmed, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR) of the Cochrane Library and Physiotherapy Evidence Databases (PEDro) up to 18 November 2021. In the study were included only systematic reviews and meta-analysis in English language, published from 2010 to date. (3) Results: A total of 14 systematic reviews and meta-analysis were included in the umbrella review. A total of eight studies compared the efficacy of ESWT treatment with placebo, three studies compared ESWT with another therapy (two studies compared ESWT and corticosteroids, one study ESWT and ultrasound therapy), and three studies had more than one comparison. (4) Conclusions: When compared to placebo, ESWT demonstrated to be effective. More randomized trials with specific comparisons between different types and intensity of SW are needed to obtain more precise information on SW effectiveness.
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Mansur NSB, Matsunaga FT, Carrazzone OL, Schiefer Dos Santos B, Nunes CG, Aoyama BT, Dias Dos Santos PR, Faloppa F, Tamaoki MJS. Shockwave Therapy Plus Eccentric Exercises Versus Isolated Eccentric Exercises for Achilles Insertional Tendinopathy: A Double-Blinded Randomized Clinical Trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2021; 103:1295-1302. [PMID: 34029235 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.20.01826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There remains a lack of consensus regarding the treatment of Achilles insertional tendinopathy. The condition is typically treated with eccentric exercises despite the absence of satisfactory and sustained results. Shockwave therapy was presented as an alternative, but there is a paucity of literature, with good outcomes, supporting its use. The purpose of the present single-center, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized trial was to determine if the use of shockwave therapy in combination with eccentric exercises improves pain and function in patients with Achilles insertional tendinopathy. METHODS A total of 119 patients with Achilles insertional tendinopathy were evaluated and enrolled in the study from February 2017 to February 2019. Patients were allocated to 1 of 2 treatment groups, eccentric exercises with extracorporeal shockwave therapy (SWT group) and eccentric exercises with sham shockwave therapy (control group). Three sessions of radial shockwaves (or sham treatment) were performed every 2 weeks and eccentric exercises were undertaken for 3 months. The primary outcome was the Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment-Achilles questionnaire (VISA-A) at 24 weeks. Secondary outcomes included the visual analogue scale, algometry, the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score, and the 12-Item Short Form Health Survey. RESULTS Both groups showed significant improvement during the study period; however, there were no between-group differences in any of the outcomes (all p >0.05). At the 24-week evaluation, the SWT group exhibited a mean VISA-A of 63.2 (95% confidence interval, 8.0) compared with 62.3 (95% confidence interval, 6.9) in the control group (p = 0.876). There was a higher rate of failure (38.3%) but a lower rate of recurrence (17.0%) in the SWT group compared with the control group (11.5% and 34.6%, respectively; p = 0.002 and p = 0.047). There were no complications reported for either group. CONCLUSIONS Extracorporeal shockwave therapy does not potentiate the effects of eccentric strengthening in the management of Achilles insertional tendinopathy. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic Level I. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
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Chen YP, Lin CY, Kuo YJ, Lee OKS. Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy in the Treatment of Trigger Finger: A Randomized Controlled Study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2021; 102:2083-2090.e1. [PMID: 34029555 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2021.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the efficacy of extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) and to determine the ideal energy flux density of wide-focused ESWT in the treatment of trigger finger (TF). DESIGN Double-blind randomized controlled trial. SETTING A university hospital. PARTICIPANTS A total of 60 patients (N=60) with grade II TF according to the Quinnell classification were randomly and evenly allocated to 3 treatment groups. INTERVENTIONS Three treatment groups included a high-energy ESWT (HS) group (energy flux density of 0.01 mJ/mm2, 5.8 bar, 1500 impulses, once per week for 4wk), a low-energy ESWT (LS) group (energy flux density of 0.006 mJ/mm2, 3 bar, 1500 impulses, once per week for 4wk), and a sham intervention group (sham group). All participants received 6 months of follow-up after intervention when only painkillers were allowed as concomitant treatment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Clinical outcomes were followed at baseline and 1, 3, and 6 months after intervention, including pain score, frequency of triggering, severity of triggering, functional impact of triggering, and quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire (qDASH). RESULTS All groups showed significant improvements from baseline in all clinical parameters, except for functional impact of triggering, 6 months after the interventions. However, the HS group demonstrated a higher magnitude of improvement than the LS and sham groups. In addition, the HS group reported significantly lower pain (P=.01) and lower qDASH (P=.008) than the sham group 6 months after the interventions. No adverse effects were reported in the HS and LS groups within 6 months of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Wide-focused ESWT is a safe and effective but dose-dependent alternative facilitating pain relief and functional improvement in the treatment of grade II TF according to the Quinnell classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Pin Chen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei
| | - Chung-Ying Lin
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan
| | - Yi-Jie Kuo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei
| | - Oscar Kuang-Sheng Lee
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei; Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei; Department of Orthopedics, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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16
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Frederick SW, Cross AR. The effect of extracorporeal shockwave on liposomal bupivacaine in a tibial plateau leveling osteotomy model. Vet Surg 2020; 49:1503-1508. [PMID: 32870527 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of extracorporeal shock wave (ESWT) on liposomal bupivacaine in a tibial-plateau-leveling osteotomy model. STUDY DESIGN In vitro study. SAMPLE POPULATION Ten samples per group. METHODS In addition to a control group (sham treatment), five treatment groups were defined as A, energy (E) 3 (0.22 mJ/mm2 ), 360 pulses per minute (p/m); B, E6 (0.29 mJ/mm2 ), 360 p/m; C, E8 (0.39 mJ/mm2 ), 360 p/m; D, E6, 480 p/m; E, E8 480 p/m. Two-milliliter aliquots of liposomal bupivacaine were placed in a gelatin chamber and treated with 1000 pulses according to group. All samples remained in the chamber for 170 seconds to reflect the longest treatment group. Free bupivacaine concentrations were determined after treatment with high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS The median free bupivacaine concentration was reported as control, 1.90 mg/mL; A, 2.10 mg/mL; B, 2.03 mg/mL; C, 2.94 mg/mL; D, 2.71 mg/mL; E, 4.35 mg/mL. Groups C (P = .027), D (P = .034), and E (P = .002) were different from the control group. Groups C (P = .0025) and D (P = .0025) were different from group E. Additional intertreatment group differences were found. CONCLUSION Extracorporeal shock wave therapy caused a dose-dependent release of bupivacaine; however, there was no significant release of bupivacaine from liposomes when ESWT was applied at currently recommended therapeutic settings in this model. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This in vitro study provides evidence that concurrent electrohydraulic ESWT and liposomal bupivacaine is likely safe at currently recommended settings, however, higher energy and pulse frequency settings should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan R Cross
- BluePearl Veterinary Partners, Sandy Springs, Georgia
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Hasegawa M, Urits I, Orhurhu V, Orhurhu MS, Brinkman J, Giacomazzi S, Foster L, Manchikanti L, Kaye AD, Kaye RJ, Viswanath O. Current Concepts of Minimally Invasive Treatment Options for Plantar Fasciitis: a Comprehensive Review. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2020; 24:55. [PMID: 32785856 DOI: 10.1007/s11916-020-00883-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chronic foot pain constitutes a large portion of the chronic pain burden in the overall population. Plantar fasciitis is one of the most common and most easily identifiable causes of chronic foot pain. The syndrome has been estimated to cause 11 to 15% of foot pain visits, requiring professional care. Moreover, studies have suggested that 1 in 10 people will develop plantar fasciitis at some point in their life. Conservative management has been shown to be effective and considered first-line treatment. Minimally invasive treatment options are typically reserved for those who fail conservative management. With the advent of new techniques and improvements in current therapeutic options, there has been an expansion of available minimally invasive treatment options. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive update on the current understanding of minimally invasive treatments of plantar fasciitis. RECENT FINDINGS This review shows that conservative management continues to be the first-line therapy, whereas other treatment options were those who failed conservative management using modern techniques that have shown improving effectiveness, with successful restoration of patient functionality, recovery, and satisfaction. However, a multitude of these minimally invasive treatment options are evolving. CONCLUSION While conservative management continues to be the mainstay of treatment for plantar fasciitis, multiple minimally invasive treatment options are emerging with potential effectiveness in reducing pain and improving the function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Hasegawa
- Creighton University School of Medicine at Regional Campus St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Ivan Urits
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Vwaire Orhurhu
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mariam Salisu Orhurhu
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joseph Brinkman
- Creighton University School of Medicine at Regional Campus St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Stephen Giacomazzi
- Creighton University School of Medicine at Regional Campus St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Lukas Foster
- Creighton University School of Medicine at Regional Campus St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - Alan D Kaye
- Louisiana State University Health Science Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Rachel J Kaye
- Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Omar Viswanath
- Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.,Valley Anesthesiology and Pain Consultants, Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
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Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy Immediately Affects Achilles Tendon Structure and Widespread Pressure Pain Thresholds in Healthy People: A Repeated-Measures Observational Study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2020; 98:806-810. [PMID: 31021822 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000001203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Extracorporeal shockwave therapy is a common clinical treatment for tendinopathy, yet negative effects on tendon structure have been shown in animal studies. This study aimed to investigate the effect of extracorporeal shockwave therapy in healthy participants (i.e., no Achilles tendon pain or pathology). DESIGN This study examined the effect of three bouts of weekly extracorporeal shockwave therapy for 3 wks in 13 healthy participants. Outcomes measures assessed were as follows: (a) Achilles tendon structure, quantified using ultrasound tissue characterization (before and 3 hrs after extracorporeal shockwave therapy), (b) pressure pain thresholds, over the Achilles tendon and common extensor tendon origin (before, immediately after, and 3 hrs after extracorporeal shockwave therapy), and (c) hop pain (before and immediately after extracorporeal shockwave therapy). RESULTS There was a significant reduction in echo type I (P < 0.05) and increase in echo type II (P < 0.05) at 3 hrs after the first extracorporeal shockwave therapy session that recovered to baseline levels before week 2. There were no significant changes in ultrasound tissue characterization echo pattern observed in subsequent sessions. There were increased pressure pain thresholds immediately after extracorporeal shockwave therapy at the common extensor tendon origin but no significant change at the Achilles tendon. Pressure pain thresholds returned to baseline at 3 hrs after extracorporeal shockwave therapy. There were no significant changes in pressure pain threshold in subsequent sessions. CONCLUSIONS Extracorporeal shockwave therapy resulted in transient changes to tendon structure and widespread hyperalgesia.
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Vahdatpour B, Momeni F, Tahmasebi A, Taheri P. The Effect of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy in the Treatment of Patients with Trigger Finger. Open Access J Sports Med 2020; 11:85-91. [PMID: 32210646 PMCID: PMC7069581 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s232727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Trigger finger disorder is a sudden release or locking of a finger during flexion or extension. Regarding the complications and disadvantages mentioned for the methods used in the treatment of trigger finger disorder, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of extracorporeal shock wave therapy in the treatment of patients with trigger finger. Methods This study was an interventional study recruiting 19 patients with trigger finger disorder. Evaluation of pain severity, severity of triggering, and functional impact of triggering was carried out using the Visual Analogue Scale, Trigger Finger Score suggested by Quinnell, and Quick-Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) questionnaire, respectively, before intervention, immediately after intervention, and in 6 and 18 weeks after intervention. Each patient was treated with extracorporeal shock wave therapy in three sessions with a 1-week interval. Data were analyzed in Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software using ANOVA to monitor changes in pain severity, severity of triggering, and functional impact of triggering during follow-ups. Results There were statistically significant differences with regard to reduction of the pain severity, severity of triggering, and functional impact of triggering before intervention, immediately after intervention, and in 6 and 18weeks after intervention (P<0.01). However, the effect of extracorporeal shock wave therapy on reducing severity of triggering immediately after intervention did not yield a statistically significant difference compared to before intervention (P>0.01). Conclusion It seems that extracorporeal shock wave therapy leads to a reduction in pain severity, severity of triggering, and functional impact of triggering. These effects persisted until the 18th week after the intervention. It is recommended to use extracorporeal shock wave therapy in terms of a non-invasive intervention with no significant complications for patients with trigger finger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Vahdatpour
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Momeni
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Tahmasebi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Parisa Taheri
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Changes on Tendon Stiffness and Clinical Outcomes in Athletes Are Associated With Patellar Tendinopathy After Eccentric Exercise. Clin J Sport Med 2020; 30:25-32. [PMID: 31855909 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Eccentric exercise is commonly used as a form of loading exercise for individuals with patellar tendinopathy. This study investigated the change of mechanical properties and clinical outcomes and their interrelationships after a 12-week single-legged decline-board exercise with and without extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT). DESIGN Randomized controlled trial. SETTING Outpatient clinic of a university. PARTICIPANTS Thirty-four male in-season athletes with patellar tendinopathy for more than 3 months were randomized into exercise and combined groups. INTERVENTIONS The exercise group received a 12-week single-legged decline-squat exercise, and the combined group performed an identical exercise program in addition to a weekly session of ESWT in the initial 6 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Tendon stiffness and strain were examined using ultrasonography and dynamometry. Visual analog scale and Victoria Institute of Sports Assessment-patella (VISA-p) score were used to assess pain and dysfunction. These parameters were measured at preintervention and postintervention. RESULTS Significant time effect but no significant group effect on the outcome measures; significant reduction in tendon stiffness (P = 0.02) and increase in tendon strain (P = 0.00); and reduction of intensity of pain (P = 0.00) and dysfunction (P = 0.00) were observed. Significant correlations between changes in tendon stiffness and VISA-p score (ρ = -0.58, P = 0.05); alteration in tendon strain, pain intensity (ρ = -0.63, P = 0.03); and VISA-p score (ρ = 0.60, P = 0.04) were detected after the exercise program. CONCLUSIONS Eccentric exercise-induced modulation on tendon mechanical properties and clinical symptoms are associated in athletes with patellar tendinopathy.
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Mansur NSB, Baumfeld T, Villalon F, Aoyama BT, Matsunaga FT, Dos Santos PRD, Dos Santos BS, Tamaoki MJS. Shockwave Therapy Associated With Eccentric Strengthening for Achilles Insertional Tendinopathy: A Prospective Study. Foot Ankle Spec 2019; 12:540-545. [PMID: 30712379 DOI: 10.1177/1938640019826673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. The usual initial treatment for insertional Achilles tendinopathy is nonsurgical. Yet there is no standard conservative treatment for Achilles insertional tendinopathy. Shockwave therapy (SWT) has become a reliable option for the management of this illness over the past years. The aim of this study is to report the effectiveness of low-energy SWT associated with an eccentric strengthening protocol in 19 consecutive patients. Methods. This is a prospective study with 19 patients aged between 26 and 72 years diagnosed with insertional Achilles tendinopathy. The protocol consisted of SWT associated with eccentric exercises for 12 weeks. All patients were evaluated on the first day and after 24 weeks (final follow-up) with the Victorian Institute of Sports Assessment-Achilles (VISA-A) score, visual analogue scale (VAS), American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) questionnaire, and by algometry. At the last follow-up, patients were also assessed for adherence to the protocol, complications and final outcome (in their perception as success or fail). Results and Conclusion. Fifteen (79%) patients were fully adherent to the Alfredson protocol, and 13 (68%) patients considered the treatment protocol successful. At the last evaluation, patients demanded higher pressure on calcaneus to trigger pain (algometry 1), reported less pain when the algometer was applied with 3 kg (algometry 2), had less global pain (VAS), and had higher AOFAS and VISA-A scores. This study evidences that eccentric loading associated with SWT can dramatically improve patients' symptoms. We can conclude that eccentric loading associated with SWT is an effective treatment for Achilles insertional tendinopathy. Levels of Evidence: Therapeutic, Level III: Prospective cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiago Baumfeld
- UNIFESP-Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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22
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Zhang C, Duan L, Liu Q, Zhang W. Application of shear wave elastography and B-mode ultrasound in patellar tendinopathy after extracorporeal shockwave therapy. J Med Ultrason (2001) 2019; 47:469-476. [DOI: 10.1007/s10396-019-00979-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Cobden SB, Cobden A, Camurcu Y, Duman S, Ucpunar H, Dagistan H. Does radial extracorporeal shockwave therapy impair hearing function in patients with plantar fasciitis? Noise Health 2019; 21:169-172. [PMID: 32719304 PMCID: PMC7650857 DOI: 10.4103/nah.nah_6_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy (r-ESWT) is commonly used for the treatment of chronic plantar fasciitis. Previously in the urology literature, some studies reported hearing impairment after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. However, there is no study that evaluates the possible side effects of r-ESWT on the hearing function of patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of r-ESWT on the pure tone audiometry of the patients on whom r-ESWT was applied for chronic plantar fasciitis. Material and Methods: Patients with the diagnosis of plantar fasciitis who were treated with r-ESWT were included in this prospective case-control study. Before and after the r-ESWT application, all patients were consulted to our otolaryngology department for pure tone audiometric examination to detect any hearing impairment before and after the treatment. A control group was also constructed that consisted of patients who were admitted to our department for any complaint. Results: A total of 67 patients participated in the study. Radial ESWT group consisted of 47 patients (39 female, 8 male) with the mean age of 44.1 years. The control group consisted of 20 patients (12 female, 8 male) with the mean age of 36.9 years. We observed a 20-dB threshold shift at 8000Hz in 1 patient who had no clinical symptom. This patient had no threshold shift at the 1-month control audiometric measurement. Conclusion: According to the results acquired from this study, we can consider that r-ESWT treatment in patients with chronic plantar fasciitis has no markedly detrimental effect on the hearing function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serap Bulut Cobden
- Department of Otolaryngology Rhinology, Kayseri City Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Adem Cobden
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Kayseri City Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Yalkin Camurcu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Serda Duman
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Diyarbakır Selahaddin Eyyubi State Hospital, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Hanifi Ucpunar
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Hakan Dagistan
- Department of Otolaryngology Rhinology, Faculty of Medicine, Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
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Arıcan M, Turhan Y, Karaduman ZO. Plantar Fasiitte Radyal Ekstrakorporeal Şok Dalga Tedavisinde İki Farklı Doz Uygulamasının Karşılaştırmalı Klinik ve Fonksiyonel Sonuçları. KONURALP TIP DERGISI 2019. [DOI: 10.18521/ktd.525118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Carlisi E, Cecini M, Di Natali G, Manzoni F, Tinelli C, Lisi C. Focused extracorporeal shock wave therapy for greater trochanteric pain syndrome with gluteal tendinopathy: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil 2018; 33:670-680. [PMID: 30585498 DOI: 10.1177/0269215518819255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To investigate if focused extracorporeal shock wave therapy (f-ESWT) is an effective treatment in a population affected by greater trochanteric pain syndrome (GTPS). DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial, with blind outcome assessors. SETTING: Outpatients, University Hospital. SUBJECTS: A total of 50 patients affected by GTPS with gluteal tendinopathy. INTERVENTIONS: The study group was assigned to receive f-ESWT, the control group received ultrasound therapy (UST). MAIN MEASURES: We assessed hip pain and lower limb function by means of a numeric rating scale (p-NRS) and the Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS scale), respectively. The first follow-up evaluation (2M-FUP) was performed two months after the first treatment session, the second (6M-FUP) was carried out six months later. RESULTS: The mean age of the population was 61.24 (9.26) years. A marked prevalence of the female sex was recorded (44 subjects, 86%). The statistical analysis showed a significant pain reduction over time for the study group and the control group, the f-ESWT proving to be significantly more effective than UST ( P < 0.05) at the 2M-FUP (2.08 vs 3.36) and at the 6M-FUP (0.79 vs 2.03). A marked improvement of the LEFS total score was observed in both groups as well, but we found no statistical differences in the comparisons between groups. CONCLUSION: Our findings support the hypothesis that f-ESWT is effective in reducing pain, both in the short-term and in the mid-term perspective. We also observed a functional improvement in the affected lower limb, but, in this case, f-ESWT showed not to be superior to UST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ettore Carlisi
- 1 Rehabilitation Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Miriam Cecini
- 1 Rehabilitation Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,4 Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Natali
- 1 Rehabilitation Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Federica Manzoni
- 2 Clinical Epidemiology and Biometric Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,3 Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Carmine Tinelli
- 2 Clinical Epidemiology and Biometric Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudio Lisi
- 1 Rehabilitation Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Sansone V, Maiorano E, Galluzzo A, Pascale V. Calcific tendinopathy of the shoulder: clinical perspectives into the mechanisms, pathogenesis, and treatment. Orthop Res Rev 2018; 10:63-72. [PMID: 30774461 PMCID: PMC6209365 DOI: 10.2147/orr.s138225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcific tendinopathy (CT) of the shoulder is a common, painful condition characterized by the presence of calcium deposits in the rotator cuff tendons. Current theories indicate that CT may be the result of a cell-mediated process in which, after a stage of calcium deposition, calcifications are spontaneously resorbed. However, in a minority of cases, this self-healing process is somehow disrupted, resulting in symptoms. Recent literature shows an emerging role of biological and genetic factors underlying CT. This new evidence could supplement the classic mechanical theory of rotator cuff tendinopathy complicated by calcium precipitation, and it may also explain why the majority of the therapies currently in use are only able to provide partially satisfactory outcomes. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge about the pathological processes underlying CT of the shoulder and thereby justify the quest for advanced biological treatments of this condition when it becomes symptomatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Sansone
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Milan, .,Department of Orthopaedics, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy,
| | | | | | - Valerio Pascale
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Milan, .,Department of Orthopaedics, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy,
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27
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Hsu WH, Yu PA, Lai LJ, Chen CL, Kuo LT, Fan CH. Effect of Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy on Passive Ankle Stiffness in Patients With Plantar Fasciopathy. J Foot Ankle Surg 2018; 57:15-18. [PMID: 29108686 DOI: 10.1053/j.jfas.2017.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Plantar fasciopathy (PF) is the most common cause of heel pain. Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) improves the gait pattern in patients with PF. However, the effects of ESWT on the biomechanics of the ankle in these patients remains unclear. Sixteen participants were included in the present study. Of the 16 participants, 8 patients with PF were assigned to receive extracorporeal shockwave therapy, and 8 healthy participants served as an external control group. ESWT was applied to the PF group for 1500 pulses at an energy flux of 0.26 mJ/mm2 every 3 weeks for 3 sessions. The biomechanics of the ankle joints were then assessed using an isokinetic dynamometer, and a health-related quality of life questionnaire was administered at baseline and at the final follow-up session 12 weeks after the initial treatment. Passive stiffness was calculated and compared between the foot affected with PF, the opposite foot, and both feet of those in the healthy control group. The Kruskal-Wallis 1-way analysis of variance with repeated measures was performed, and statistical significance was considered present at the 5% (p ≤ .05) level. Ankle dorsiflexion in the affected limb increased from 14° ± 3° to 17° ± 2° after ESWT (p < .05). No statistically significant differences were noted in the strength of dorsiflexion or plantarflexion at baseline and after ESWT. However, a statistically significant increase in the ratio of strength in ankle dorsiflexion versus plantarflexion was found after ESWT (p < .05). No differences in the passive stiffness of the ankle joint were demonstrated. Patients reported an improved physical function score after ESWT (p < .05). An increased dorsiflexion/plantarflexion torque ratio and maximal dorsiflexion associated with decreased pain might contribute to the improved physical function after ESWT for PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsiu Hsu
- Associate Professor, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Chia Yi, Puzt City, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-An Yu
- Surgeon, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Chia Yi, Puzt City, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ju Lai
- Assistant Professor, School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Lung Chen
- Assistant Professor, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Chia Yi, Puzt City, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Tseng Kuo
- Assistant Professor, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Chia Yi, Puzt City, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hao Fan
- Clinical Investigator, Sports Medicine Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Chia Yi, Puzt City, Taiwan
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28
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Gutierrez-Nibeyro SD, McCoy AM, Selberg KT. Recent advances in conservative and surgical treatment options of common equine foot problems. Vet J 2018; 237:9-15. [PMID: 30089549 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Foot problems are very common causes of lameness in horses. With the recent diagnostic advances to evaluate and treat foot pathology as well as to monitor response to therapy, it is now possible to more accurately evaluate the effectiveness of many of these treatments. This review details some of the recent advances of the most common conservative and surgical treatment options for foot problems in horses, including an overview of evidence on the efficacy to support the use of these treatment options and on factors that may affect prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Gutierrez-Nibeyro
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - A M McCoy
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - K T Selberg
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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29
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Zissler A, Stoiber W, Pittner S, Sänger AM. Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy in Acute Injury Care: A Systematic Review. Rehabil Process Outcome 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1179572718765138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: We provide a systematic review of the literature to identify clinical studies assessing the effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) on acutely injured tissues of human subjects, also highlighting the biological mechanisms by which the technique is proposed to promote the processes of early tissue repair. Special attention is also paid to the progress of research in animal models. Method: A systematic review of the literature on ESWT of acute injuries of bone and soft tissue as available in the PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane CENTRAL, SPORTDiscus, and CINAHL databases up to December 2017 was conducted. Results: A total of 10 studies were included. There is some evidence for the application of ESWT in an early postacute injury phase. Most studies report benefits with no or minimal side effects. However, different types of treated tissues and wounds (varying cause and severity) and resulting heterogeneity in study design and outcome measurement make it difficult to compare studies. The picture of knowledge remains limited by an apparent lack of data on optimal treatment timing and on tissue- and injury-specific parameters. Conclusions: Although the amount of studies to date is still limited, recent clinical research has presented first successful steps to introduce ESWT as a means of treatment in acute injury care. Therefore, on the basis of the analyzed data, further testing is encouraged to validate optimal timing, physical settings, and possible long-term effects to exclude potential risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Zissler
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Walter Stoiber
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Stefan Pittner
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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Hamlin K, Munro C, Barker SL, McKenna S, Kumar K. Open release versus radiofrequency microtenotomy in the treatment of lateral epicondylitis: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Shoulder Elbow 2018; 10:45-51. [PMID: 29276537 PMCID: PMC5734528 DOI: 10.1177/1758573217715255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optimal surgical treatment of lateral epicondylitis remains uncertain. Recently, radiofrequency microtenotomy (RFMT) has been proposed as a suitable treatment. We compared RFMT with standard open release (OR) in this prospective randomized controlled trial. METHODS In total, 41 patients with symptoms for at least 6 months were randomized into two groups: 23 patients had RFMT and 18 had OR. Two patients from RFMT withdrew. Each patient underwent Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) pain score, grip strength and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) scores pre-operatively and at 6 weeks. Pain and DASH scores were repeated at 6 months and 12 months. RESULTS NRS pain scores improved by 4.8 points for RFMT and by 3.9 points for OR. There was a significant improvement in both groups from pre-operative scores, although there was no statistically significant difference between the groups at 1 year. Grip strength improved by 31% in the RFMT group compared to 38% in OR. There was no significant difference between the initial and 6 weeks scores or between treatments. At 1 year, DASH was 39.8 points for RFMT and 24.4 points for OR. There was a significant improvement in both groups from pre-operative scores, although there was no statistically significant difference between the groups at 1 year. CONCLUSIONS Both groups showed significant improvements and similar benefit to the patient. The results of the present study do not show any benefit of RFMT over the standard OR. As a result of the extra expense of RFMT, we therefore recommend that OR is offered as the standard surgical management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher Munro
- Christopher Munro, Department of Orthopaedics, Woodend General Hospital, Eday Road, Aberdeen AB15 6XS, UK.
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31
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Taheri P, Emadi M, Poorghasemian J. Comparison the Effect of Extra Corporeal Shockwave Therapy with Low Dosage Versus High Dosage in Treatment of the Patients with Lateral Epicondylitis. Adv Biomed Res 2017; 6:61. [PMID: 28603702 PMCID: PMC5458403 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.207148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: One of the most common reasons of elbow and forearm pain is lateral epicondylitis diagnosed based on clinical examination. The extracorporeal shock wave therapy is applied for less invasive treatments with different dosages. This study aimed to investigate the effects of high- and low-dose ESW in treating the lateral epicondylitis. Materials and Methods: This clinical trial was done in Al Zahra medical center on 40 patients who were selected randomly and divided into two groups. After VAS, the first group was treated by Duolith SD1 shock wave, energy of 0.25 mj/mm2, 1000 shocks; the second was treated by focus with the energy of 0.10 mj/mm2, 1000 shocks per session for 15 minutes with weekly intervals in three sessions. The patients were also treated with drugs (NSAIDs) and the visual analog scale (VAS) was reassessed 1 week after the last session and 12 weeks after finishing the treatment. Results: The mean of pain intensity during study was decreased in the two groups but reduction of pain intensity in the low-dose groups was higher than the high-dose groups (P = 0.001). Changes in other parameters including wrist extension test, middle finger extension test and PG was also similar. Conclusion: Extra corporeal shockwave therapy can be effective in treating lateral epicondylitis, but its effects usually appear in after 2 or 3 months and using the low dose of this treating method has more desirable therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Taheri
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Masoud Emadi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Jafar Poorghasemian
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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32
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Sun J, Gao F, Wang Y, Sun W, Jiang B, Li Z. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy is effective in treating chronic plantar fasciitis: A meta-analysis of RCTs. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e6621. [PMID: 28403111 PMCID: PMC5403108 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000006621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plantar fasciitis (PF) is the most common reason for heel pain. The efficacy of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) as an ideal alternative to conservative treatments and surgery is controversial, and almost all previous articles compared general ESWT with placebo without indicating the kind of shock wave. We undertook a meta-analysis to compare the efficacy of general ESWT, focused shock wave (FSW), and radial shock wave (RSW) with placebo, to assess their effectiveness in chronic PF. METHODS The PubMed, Medline, EmBase, Web of Science, and Cochrane library databases were searched for studies comparing FSW or RSW therapy with placebo in chronic PF. Clinical outcomes included the odds ratios (ORs) of pain relief, pain reduction, and complications. Relevant data were analyzed using RevMan v5.3. RESULTS Nine studies involving 935 patients were included. ESWT had higher improvement rates than the placebo group (OR 2.58, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.97-3.39, P < .00001). ESWT had markedly lower standardized mean difference than placebo, with heterogeneity observed (standardized mean difference 1.01, 95% CI -0.01 to 2.03, P = .05, I = 96%, P < .00001). FSW and RSW therapies had greater therapeutic success in pain relief than the placebo group (OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.49-3.16, P < .0001; OR 4.63, 95% CI 1.30-16.46, P = .02), but significant heterogeneity was observed in RSW therapy versus placebo (I = 81%, P = .005). CONCLUSION This meta-analysis suggested that FSW therapy can relieve pain in chronic PF as an ideal alternative option; meanwhile, no firm conclusions of general ESWT and RSW effectiveness can be drawn. Due to variations in the included studies, additional trials are needed to validate these conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Sun
- The Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College
| | - Fuqiang Gao
- Centre for Osteonecrosis and Joint-Preserving & Reconstruction, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing Key Laboratory of Arthritic and Rheumatic Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhua Wang
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedics, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Centre for Osteonecrosis and Joint-Preserving & Reconstruction, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing Key Laboratory of Arthritic and Rheumatic Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China
| | - Baoguo Jiang
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedics, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zirong Li
- Centre for Osteonecrosis and Joint-Preserving & Reconstruction, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing Key Laboratory of Arthritic and Rheumatic Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China
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Mansur NSB, Faloppa F, Belloti JC, Ingham SJM, Matsunaga FT, dos Santos PRD, dos Santos BS, Carrazzone OL, Peixoto G, Aoyama BT, Tamaoki MJS. Shock wave therapy associated with eccentric strengthening versus isolated eccentric strengthening for Achilles insertional tendinopathy treatment: a double-blinded randomised clinical trial protocol. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e013332. [PMID: 28132005 PMCID: PMC5278235 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is no consensus regarding the treatment of Achilles insertional tendinopathies. Eccentric training remains the main choice in the conservative treatment of this illness; however, the good results in the management of non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy were not replicated in the insertional condition. Low energy shock wave therapy has been described as an alternative to these patients, but has yet to be empirically tested. HYPOTHESIS Shock wave therapy, adjunctive to the eccentric strengthening protocol, will improve measures of pain and function. DESIGN Double blind, placebo-controlled, parallel groups, randomised clinical trial. MATERIALS AND METHODS 93 patients with a diagnosis of chronic insertional tendinopathy, referred from primary or secondary healthcare services, will be assessed and enrolled in this study. They will be divided into two groups (randomised by sequentially numbered identical envelopes, which will be administered serially to participants), one containing the combination of low energy shock wave and eccentric exercises, as treatment and the other comprehending the exercises and the placebo treatment (an apparatus placed in the therapeutic head). The assessments will occur in 2, 4, 6, 12 and 24 weeks. Patients will be evaluated primarily by the Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment-Achilles questionnaire and secondarily by the visual analogue scale, Algometry, the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society scale, the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score and the 12-item Short Form Health Survey. We will use comparison of two proportions via relative frequency analysis, the Pearson Correlation the χ2 test and the analysis of variance for statistical analyses. DISCUSSION This study intends to demonstrate if the association of the eccentric exercise programme with the shock wave therapy can produce good results regarding the treatment of the Achilles insertional tendinopathy. In an attempt to prevent the high costs and complications associated with the surgical intervention, we will try to prove this combination as a viable therapeutic option in the conservative management of this prevalent condition. The strengths of the study are the design and the novelty of the combination of methods. The main limitation is the short follow-up course. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study is registered in the Clinical Trials database (protocol number: 8094833648737701) and was approved by the University Ethics Committee (number: 1373481). TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER 8094833648737701 (NCT02757664); Pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Flávio Faloppa
- Orthopedics and Traumatology—Division of Hand Surgery and Upper Limb, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - João Carlos Belloti
- Orthopedics and Traumatology—Division of Hand Surgery and Upper Limb, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Fabio Teruo Matsunaga
- Orthopedics and Traumatology—Division of Hand Surgery and Upper Limb, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Gabriel Peixoto
- Department of Orthopaedics, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Takeshi Aoyama
- Department of Orthopaedics, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Yildirim P, Gultekin A, Yildirim A, Karahan AY, Tok F. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy versus corticosteroid injection in the treatment of trigger finger: a randomized controlled study. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2016; 41:977-983. [PMID: 26763271 DOI: 10.1177/1753193415622733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacies of extracorporeal shock wave therapy and corticosteroid injection for the management of trigger finger. In this prospective randomized clinical trial, 40 patients with actively correctable trigger fingers were randomly assigned to extracorporeal shock wave therapy (1000 impulses and 2.1 bar) or injection groups. The effectiveness of the treatment was assessed using cure rates, a visual analogue scale, the frequency of triggering, the severity of triggering, the functional impact of triggering, and the Quick-Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire at 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment. An intention-to- treat analysis was used in this study. Both groups demonstrated statistically significant improvements in all outcome measures after treatment. The intention-to-treat analyses showed no between-group differences for cure rates, pain, and functional status at follow-up. We conclude that extracorporeal shock wave therapy could be a non-invasive option for treating trigger finger, especially for those patients who wish to avoid steroid injections. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level II.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Yildirim
- 1 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kocaeli Derince Training and Research Hospital, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - A Gultekin
- 2 Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Kocaeli Derince Training and Research Hospital, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - A Yildirim
- 3 Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Kocaeli Derince Training and Research Hospital, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - A Y Karahan
- 4 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Konya Beyhekim State Hospital, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - F Tok
- 5 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Kocaeli, Turkey
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35
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Is Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy Combined With Isokinetic Exercise More Effective Than Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy Alone for Subacromial Impingement Syndrome? A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2016; 46:714-25. [PMID: 27477254 DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2016.4629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Study Design Single-blind randomized trial. Background Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) has been shown to produce good results in the treatment of subacromial impingement syndrome (SAIS). The efficacy of a combined administration of ESWT and isokinetic exercise (IE) has not yet been studied. Objectives To evaluate the efficacy of focused ESWT combined with IE for the rotator cuff versus focused ESWT alone in the treatment of SAIS. The secondary objective was to assess the isokinetic torque recovery (external rotation at 210°/s, 180°/s, and 120°/s). Methods Thirty participants with SAIS were randomly assigned to a focused-ESWT group or focused ESWT-plus-IE group. Subjects of both groups received 3 treatment sessions of focused ESWT over a period of 10 days. Participants in the second group also received IE for 10 therapy sessions. Outcome measures were the Constant-Murley score (CMS), the visual analog scale (VAS), and isokinetic parameters (peak torque and total work calculated from 5 repetitions) measured with the isokinetic test. Subjects were assessed at baseline, 10 days after the last treatment session with focused ESWT, and after 2 months of follow-up. Results At 2 months posttreatment, participants in the focused ESWT-plus-IE group showed significantly less pain (focused-ESWT VAS, 3.4 ± 0.8 versus focused ESWT-plus-IE VAS, 1.5 ± 0.5; P<.001) and greater improvement in functionality (focused-ESWT CMS, 75.9 ± 6.7 versus focused ESWT-plus-IE CMS, 92.1 ± 6.3; P<.001) and muscle endurance than the subjects in the focused-ESWT group. Conclusion In subjects with SAIS, combined administration of focused ESWT and IE for the rotator cuff resulted in greater reduction of pain, as well as superior functional recovery and muscle endurance in the short to medium term, compared with ESWT alone. Level of evidence Therapy, 2b. TRIAL REGISTRATION unregistered 2011 trial. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2016;46(9):714-725. Epub 5 Aug 2016. doi:10.2519/jospt.2016.4629.
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Yuan T, Zhang J, Zhao G, Zhou Y, Zhang CQ, Wang JHC. Creating an Animal Model of Tendinopathy by Inducing Chondrogenic Differentiation with Kartogenin. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148557. [PMID: 26848746 PMCID: PMC4744046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous animal studies have shown that long term rat treadmill running induces over-use tendinopathy, which manifests as proteoglycan accumulation and chondrocytes-like cells within the affected tendons. Creating this animal model of tendinopathy by long term treadmill running is however time-consuming, costly and may vary among animals. In this study, we used a new approach to develop an animal model of tendinopathy using kartogenin (KGN), a bio-compound that can stimulate endogenous stem/progenitor cells to differentiate into chondrocytes. KGN-beads were fabricated and implanted into rat Achilles tendons. Five weeks after implantation, chondrocytes and proteoglycan accumulation were found at the KGN implanted site. Vascularity as well as disorganization in collagen fibers were also present in the same site along with increased expression of the chondrocyte specific marker, collagen type II (Col. II). In vitro studies confirmed that KGN was released continuously from KGN-alginate in vivo beads and induced chondrogenic differentiation of tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSCs) suggesting that chondrogenesis after KGN-bead implantation into the rat tendons is likely due to the aberrant differentiation of TSCs into chondrocytes. Taken together, our results showed that KGN-alginate beads can be used to create a rat model of tendinopathy, which, at least in part, reproduces the features of over-use tendinopathy model created by long term treadmill running. This model is mechanistic (stem cell differentiation), highly reproducible and precise in creating localized tendinopathic lesions. It is expected that this model will be useful to evaluate the effects of various topical treatments such as NSAIDs and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) for the treatment of tendinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yuan
- MechanoBiology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianying Zhang
- MechanoBiology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Guangyi Zhao
- MechanoBiology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Yiqin Zhou
- MechanoBiology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Chang-Qing Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - James H-C. Wang
- MechanoBiology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Tendinopathy and Aging. TOPICS IN GERIATRIC REHABILITATION 2016. [DOI: 10.1097/tgr.0000000000000089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Notarnicola A, Maccagnano G, Tafuri S, Fiore A, Margiotta C, Pesce V, Moretti B. Prognostic factors of extracorporeal shock wave therapy for tendinopathies. Musculoskelet Surg 2015; 100:53-61. [PMID: 25982090 DOI: 10.1007/s12306-015-0375-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Extracorporeal shock wave therapy is very widely used for the management of tendinopathies and plantar fasciitis. AIM The aim of the study is to determine whether there are prognostic factors that may influence the outcome of extracorporeal shock wave therapy for these diseases. METHODS Three hundred fifty-five patients were analyzed 2 months after shock wave treatment for rotator cuff tendinitis, epicondylitis, Achilles tendinopathy, trocanteritis, jumper's knee or plantar fasciitis. We recorded the epidemiological, clinical and treatment protocol, and these data were correlated with treatment outcome. RESULTS Clinical improvement was achieved in 45.9 % of these patients. We discovered that laterality different to the dominant limb (p < 0.0001) and repeated shock wave treatments (p = 0.004) are prognostic factors in an unsuccessful therapy, while being male (p = 0.015) and a high body mass index (p = 0.004) are factors for success. We found no differences in relation to age, diet, blood type, work or sport activity, presence of co-morbidities, drugs, type of tendinopathy, density of energy delivered and other physiotherapy treatment. Knowledge of these prognostic factors may lead to improved insight for physicians and physiotherapists to predict the extent of the recovery and adjust rehabilitation and patient expectations accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Notarnicola
- Course of Motor and Sports Sciences, Department of Medical Sciences of Basis, Neurosciences and Organs of Sense, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Study of Bari, Lungomare Starita 1, 70123, Bari, Italy. .,Orthopedics Section, Department of Medical Sciences of Basis, Neurosciences and Organs of Sense, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Study of Bari, General Hospital, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy.
| | - G Maccagnano
- Orthopedics Section, Department of Medical Sciences of Basis, Neurosciences and Organs of Sense, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Study of Bari, General Hospital, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - S Tafuri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Study of Bari, General Hospital, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - A Fiore
- Orthopedics Section, Department of Medical Sciences of Basis, Neurosciences and Organs of Sense, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Study of Bari, General Hospital, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - C Margiotta
- Orthopedics Section, Department of Medical Sciences of Basis, Neurosciences and Organs of Sense, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Study of Bari, General Hospital, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - V Pesce
- Orthopedics Section, Department of Medical Sciences of Basis, Neurosciences and Organs of Sense, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Study of Bari, General Hospital, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - B Moretti
- Course of Motor and Sports Sciences, Department of Medical Sciences of Basis, Neurosciences and Organs of Sense, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Study of Bari, Lungomare Starita 1, 70123, Bari, Italy.,Orthopedics Section, Department of Medical Sciences of Basis, Neurosciences and Organs of Sense, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Study of Bari, General Hospital, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
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Comparative effectiveness of autologous blood-derived products, shock-wave therapy and corticosteroids for treatment of plantar fasciitis: a network meta-analysis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2015; 54:1735-43. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kev010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Meknas K, Al Hassoni TN, Odden-Miland Å, Castillejo M, Kartus J. Medium-Term Results After Treatment of Recalcitrant Lateral Epicondylitis: A Prospective, Randomized Study Comparing Open Release and Radiofrequency Microtenotomy. Orthop J Sports Med 2013; 1:2325967113505433. [PMID: 26535247 PMCID: PMC4555492 DOI: 10.1177/2325967113505433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recalcitrant lateral epicondylitis (elbow extensor-origin tendinosis) is a common cause of elbow pain with many treatment options. In the present study, the medium-term results after open release and radiofrequency microtenotomy are reported. HYPOTHESIS Microtenotomy would provide long-term pain relief that was as good as the open release method. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, randomized trial. METHODS Twenty-four patients randomized to either open release or microtenotomy were assessed after 5 to 7 years. Clinical examination and dynamic infrared thermography (DIRT) of both elbows were performed preoperatively and at the medium-term follow-up. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of both elbows was performed at the medium-term follow-up. RESULTS Significant pain reduction was found using a visual analog scale (VAS) at the medium-term follow-up in both groups compared with the preoperative assessment (P < .005). The Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS) increased significantly in both groups (P < .01). The improvement in grip strength was not significant in either group. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of VAS, strength, and the MEPS. On the DIRT examinations, there were significantly fewer hot spots at the medium-term follow-up than preoperatively (P = .0067, both study groups together). The MRI examinations revealed grade II changes in the operated elbow in 1 patient in each group at the medium-term follow-up, while all the other MRI examinations revealed a normal tendon. CONCLUSION In this prospective, randomized trial with a medium-term follow-up, the results were similar after surgical release and microtenotomy in patients with recalcitrant lateral epicondylitis. The hypothesis was thus verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Meknas
- Department of Orthopedics, University Hospital North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Åshild Odden-Miland
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Norway
| | - Miguel Castillejo
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jüri Kartus
- Department of Orthopedics, NU-Hospital Group, Trollhättan/Uddevalla, Sweden
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van der Worp H, van den Akker-Scheek I, van Schie H, Zwerver J. ESWT for tendinopathy: technology and clinical implications. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2013; 21:1451-8. [PMID: 22547246 PMCID: PMC3657080 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-012-2009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The general consensus that tendinopathy, at least in the chronic stage, is mainly a degenerative condition and inflammation plays a minor role has led to a shift from treatments that target inflammation towards treatment options that promote regeneration. One of these treatments is extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT), a physical therapy modality that uses pressure waves to treat tendinopathy. This review was undertaken to give an overview of the literature concerning this treatment, and special attention is given to the differences between focused and radial ESWT. METHODS A narrative description of wave characteristics, generation methods and in vitro effects of ESWT is given. The literature on ESWT as a treatment for one common tendinopathy, patellar tendinopathy, was systematically reviewed. RESULTS Waves that are generated for focused and radial ESWT have very different physical characteristics. It is unclear how these characteristics are related to clinical effectiveness. Studies into the biological effects of ESWT have mainly used focused shockwave therapy, showing a number of effects of shockwaves on biological tissue. The systematic review of studies into the clinical effects of ESWT for patellar tendinopathy showed conflicting evidence for its effectiveness. CONCLUSION Physical characteristics of focused and radial waves differ substantially, but effect on clinical effectiveness is unclear. Whereas in vitro studies often show the effects of ESWT on tendon tissue, results of clinical studies are inconsistent. Based on the review of the literature, suggestions are given for the use of ESWT in clinical practice regarding timing and treatment parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henk van der Worp
- Center for Sports Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Inge van den Akker-Scheek
- Center for Sports Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans van Schie
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands ,Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Zwerver
- Center for Sports Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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Dextrose prolotherapy and corticosteroid injection into rat Achilles tendon. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2012; 20:1895-900. [PMID: 22113221 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-011-1789-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the mechanical behavior and the histology of collagen fibers after prolotherapy with 12.5% dextrose into rat Achilles tendons and to compare with those of corticosteroid treatment. METHODS Out of 60 adult female Wistar rats (70 tendons), 15 received 12.5% dextrose (group I); 15 were treated with corticosteroid injection (group II); and 15 were given 0.9% saline injection (group III), all into the right Achilles tendon, whereas 13 animals received no injections (group IV). Three doses of each substance (groups I, II, and III) were given at a 5-day interval. Collagen fiber color was quantitatively assessed in three samples from each group and in five samples from the control group using picrosirius red staining under polarized and nonpolarized light. Twelve tendons from each group treated with the test substance and 20 tendons from the control group were submitted to the tensile strength test. RESULTS There was no statistical difference across the groups with respect to maximum load at failure (n.s.) and absorbed energy (n.s.). With respect to tendon rupture, there was no difference between the myotendinous and the tendinous regions (n.s.). However, hematoxylin-eosin staining revealed statistical significance in lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate (P = 0.008) and in parallel fiber orientation (P = 0.003) when comparing groups to the control group, without significance for either neovascularization (n.s.) or the presence of fibroblasts (n.s.). Likewise, there was no significant difference between the percentage of mature (n.s.) and immature (n.s.) fibers. CONCLUSIONS Dextrose was not deleterious to the tendinous tissue, as it did not change the mechanical and histological properties of Achilles tendons in rats. The data obtained in this study may help clinicians in their daily work as they suggest that injections of 12.5% dextrose caused no harm to the tendons, although the clinical importance in humans still needs to be defined.
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Kavaguchi De Grandis A, Boulocher C, Viguier E, Roger T, Sawaya S. Ultrasonograph and clinical quantitative characterization of tendinopathy by modified splitting in a goat model. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:472023. [PMID: 22997496 PMCID: PMC3444857 DOI: 10.1100/2012/472023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A tendinopathy is a clinical condition characterized by activity-related pain, focal tendons tenderness, and intratendinous imaging changes. This study characterizes a surgically induced tendinopathy in a goat model with a noninvasive in vivo longitudinal followup based on physical examination and US. Cross-sectional area (CSA) is the most objective feature for the evaluation of tendinopathy in correlation with clinical findings. The deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) of the left hind limb of six goats was isolated and scarified by a modified splitting. Pain and lameness at walk and trot were evaluated. External width and thickness of tendon region were measured by calipers. CSA and the ratio lesion/tendon CSA were obtained at days 0, 7, 21, 42, and 84 by US. The highest value of global functional score was obtained at day 7, then decreased until day 40 and was not significantly different from day 0 at the end of the study. The external width recovered a normal value at the end of the study, but the external thickness was still significantly increased (P < 0.05). Peritendinous oedema was observed at day 7, but intratendinous lesions were visible only at day 21 as a focal hypo to anechoic area. At day 84, two tendons still presented visible lesions. US examination was reproducible, specific, and provided complementary information to the global functional score. A standardized focal tendinopathy was induced in goats. This experimental model of focal tendinopathy could be used to study the effect of different treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kavaguchi De Grandis
- Université de Lyon et VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, UPSP ICE, 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France.
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Gallagher A, Cross AR, Sepulveda G. The Effect of Shock Wave Therapy on Patellar Ligament Desmitis after Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy. Vet Surg 2012; 41:482-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2012.00958.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wang CJ. Extracorporeal shockwave therapy in musculoskeletal disorders. J Orthop Surg Res 2012; 7:11. [PMID: 22433113 PMCID: PMC3342893 DOI: 10.1186/1749-799x-7-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The sources of shockwave generation include electrohydraulic, electromagnetic and piezoelectric principles. Electrohydraulic shockwaves are high-energy acoustic waves generated under water explosion with high voltage electrode. Shockwave in urology (lithotripsy) is primarily used to disintegrate urolithiasis, whereas shockwave in orthopedics (orthotripsy) is not used to disintegrate tissues, rather to induce tissue repair and regeneration. The application of extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) in musculoskeletal disorders has been around for more than a decade and is primarily used in the treatment of sports related over-use tendinopathies such as proximal plantar fasciitis of the heel, lateral epicondylitis of the elbow, calcific or non-calcific tendonitis of the shoulder and patellar tendinopathy etc. The success rate ranged from 65% to 91%, and the complications were low and negligible. ESWT is also utilized in the treatment of non-union of long bone fracture, avascular necrosis of femoral head, chronic diabetic and non-diabetic ulcers and ischemic heart disease. The vast majority of the published papers showed positive and beneficial effects. FDA (USA) first approved ESWT for the treatment of proximal plantar fasciitis in 2000 and lateral epicondylitis in 2002. ESWT is a novel non-invasive therapeutic modality without surgery or surgical risks, and the clinical application of ESWT steadily increases over the years. This article reviews the current status of ESWT in musculoskeletal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Jen Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
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Comparative effectiveness of focused shock wave therapy of different intensity levels and radial shock wave therapy for treating plantar fasciitis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2012; 93:1259-68. [PMID: 22421623 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2012.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the effectiveness of focused shock wave (FSW) therapy of different intensity levels and a new alternative, radial shock wave (RSW) for managing plantar fasciitis. DATA SOURCES Electronic databases including MEDLINE and PubMed were searched from January 1996 to June 2011. STUDY SELECTION Randomized controlled trials comparing shock wave and placebo therapy were included. Two reviewers independently scrutinized eligible articles, and disagreement was resolved by discussion. Literature searching identified 93 nonduplicate citations, of which 12 trials comprising 1431 participants were included. DATA EXTRACTION Information, such as patient characteristics, shock wave intensity, and outcome measures, was extracted by 1 reviewer and checked by another. Both reviewers assessed the trials' quality by using the Jadad scale. DATA SYNTHESIS FSW therapy of different intensity ranges was treated as 3 subgroups, whereas studies using RSW therapy were regarded as a separate group. The success rates of treatment and pain reduction magnitudes were used as the outcomes. The traditional meta-analysis showed that medium and high-intensity FSW therapy had reliably higher success rates and pain reduction than the placebo, while the effectiveness of low-intensity FSW therapy and RSW therapy appeared less convincing because of very large confidence intervals. After employing network meta-analysis, the probability of being the best therapy was the highest in RSW therapy, followed by low-, medium-, or high-intensity FSW therapy. The meta-regression indicated that the success rate of FSW therapy was not related to its intensity, whereas elevated energy efflux densities tended to relieve pain more. CONCLUSIONS Setting the highest and mostly tolerable energy output within medium intensity ranges is the ideal option when applying FSW therapy on plantar fasciitis. RSW therapy is considered an appropriate alternative because of its lower price and probably better effectiveness.
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Chen J, Yu Q, Wu B, Lin Z, Pavlos NJ, Xu J, Ouyang H, Wang A, Zheng MH. Autologous tenocyte therapy for experimental Achilles tendinopathy in a rabbit model. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 17:2037-48. [PMID: 21495863 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tendinopathy of the Achilles tendon is a chronic degenerative condition that frequently does not respond to treatment. In the current study, we propose that autologous tenocytes therapy (ATT) is effective in treating tendon degeneration in a collagenase-induced rabbit Achilles tendinopathy model. METHODS Chronic tendinopathy was created in the left Achilles tendon of 44 rabbits by an intratendonous injection of type I collagenase. Forty-two rabbits were randomly allocated into three groups of 14 and received control treatment; autologous tenocytes digested from tendon tissue; and autologous tenocytes digested from epitendineum tissue. For cell tracking in vivo, the remaining two animals were injected with autologous tenocytes labeled with a nano-scale super-paramagnetic iron oxide (Feridex). Rabbits were sacrificed at 4 and 8 weeks after the therapeutic injection, and tendon tissue was analyzed by histology, immunostaining, and biomechanical testing to evaluate tissue repair. RESULTS Autologous tenocyte treatment improved tendon remodeling, histological outcomes, collagen content, and tensile strength of tendinopathic Achilles tendons. Injected tenocytes were integrated into tendon matrix and could be tracked up to 8 weeks in vivo. Immunohistochemistry showed that ATT improved type I collagen expression in repaired tendon but did not affect type III collagen and secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine expression. CONCLUSION ATT may be a useful treatment of chronic Achilles tendinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Chen
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, School of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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Penteado FT, Faloppa F, Giusti G, Moraes VY, Belloti JC, Santos JBGD. High-energy extracorporeal shockwave therapy in a patellar tendon animal model: a vascularization focused study. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2011; 66:1611-4. [PMID: 22179168 PMCID: PMC3164413 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322011000900018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of high-energy extracorporeal shockwave therapy on tendon angiogenesis in the patellar tendons of rabbits. We sought to investigate whether different voltage and number pulses modify the angiogenesis pattern. INTRODUCTION High-energy extracorporeal shockwave therapy is an option in the treatment of orthopedic diseases such as chronic tendonitis. Despite its potential clinical applicability, there have been few studies on this technique that examine both its clinical effectiveness and its effect on angiogenesis. METHODS High-energy extracorporeal shockwave therapy was applied at the tibial insertion of the left patellar ligament in 30 rabbits that were separated into six groups that differed in terms of the voltage and number of pulses that were applied by high-energy extracorporeal shockwave therapy. The tibial insertion in the right legs of the animals was used as the control. After six weeks, we performed histological analysis on the region and quantified the number of blood vessels. RESULTS No significant differences in the number of blood vessels between the left and right patellar tendons were found within groups. Additionally, no significant differences in the number of blood vessels in the left patellar tendons were found between groups. CONCLUSIONS The application of high-energy extracorporeal shockwave therapy did not cause a change in vascularization in the patellar tendon in rabbits.
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Fu SC, Rolf C, Cheuk YC, Lui PP, Chan KM. Deciphering the pathogenesis of tendinopathy: a three-stages process. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2010; 2:30. [PMID: 21144004 PMCID: PMC3006368 DOI: 10.1186/1758-2555-2-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the pathogenesis of "tendinopathy" is based on fragmented evidences like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. We propose a "failed healing theory" to knit these fragments together, which can explain previous observations. We also propose that albeit "overuse injury" and other insidious "micro trauma" may well be primary triggers of the process, "tendinopathy" is not an "overuse injury" per se. The typical clinical, histological and biochemical presentation relates to a localized chronic pain condition which may lead to tendon rupture, the latter attributed to mechanical weakness. Characterization of pathological "tendinotic" tissues revealed coexistence of collagenolytic injuries and an active healing process, focal hypervascularity and tissue metaplasia. These observations suggest a failed healing process as response to a triggering injury. The pathogenesis of tendinopathy can be described as a three stage process: injury, failed healing and clinical presentation. It is likely that some of these "initial injuries" heal well and we speculate that predisposing intrinsic or extrinsic factors may be involved. The injury stage involves a progressive collagenolytic tendon injury. The failed healing stage mainly refers to prolonged activation and failed resolution of the normal healing process. Finally, the matrix disturbances, increased focal vascularity and abnormal cytokine profiles contribute to the clinical presentations of chronic tendon pain or rupture. With this integrative pathogenesis theory, we can relate the known manifestations of tendinopathy and point to the "missing links". This model may guide future research on tendinopathy, until we could ultimately decipher the complete pathogenesis process and provide better treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai-Chuen Fu
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China.
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Mayer-Wagner S, Ernst J, Maier M, Chiquet M, Joos H, Müller PE, Jansson V, Sievers B, Hausdorf J. The effect of high-energy extracorporeal shock waves on hyaline cartilage of adult rats in vivo. J Orthop Res 2010; 28:1050-6. [PMID: 20135673 DOI: 10.1002/jor.21074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine if extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) in vivo affects the structural integrity of articular cartilage. A single bout of ESWT (1500 shock waves of 0.5 mJ/mm(2)) was applied to femoral heads of 18 adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Two sham-treated animals served as controls. Cartilage of each femoral head was harvested at 1, 4, or 10 weeks after ESWT (n = 6 per treatment group) and scored on safranin-O-stained sections. Expression of tenascin-C and chitinase 3-like protein 1 (Chi3L1) was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to examine collagen (II)alpha(1) (COL2A1) expression and chondrocyte morphology was investigated by transmission electron microscopy no changes in Mankin scores were observed after ESWT. Positive immunostaining for tenascin-C and Chi3L1 was found up to 10 weeks after ESWT in experimental but not in control cartilage. COL2A1 mRNA was increased in samples 1 and 4 weeks after ESWT. Alterations found on the ultrastructural level showed expansion of the rough-surfaced endoplasmatic reticulum, detachment of the cell membrane and necrotic chondrocytes. Extracorporeal shock waves caused alterations of hyaline cartilage on a molecular and ultrastructural level that were distinctly different from control. Similar changes were described before in the very early phase of osteoarthritis (OA). High-energy ESWT might therefore cause degenerative changes in hyaline cartilage as they are found in initial OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Mayer-Wagner
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany. . de
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