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Piorunek M, Brajer-Luftmann B, Trafas T, Schneider A, Walkowiak J. Lower Respiratory Infection in Humans Caused by Pasteurella Multocida. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2023:104091. [PMID: 37331420 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2023.104091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pasteurella (P.) multocida commonly occurs in the upper respiratory tract of healthy domestic pets, especially cats and dogs. People become infected by biting, scratching or direct contact with the animal's saliva. Inflammation develops in the wound and limits itself to the skin and subcutaneous tissue. P. multocida may cause respiratory tract infections and severe life-threatening complications. The study aimed to identify the lower respiratory infection in humans caused by P. multocida, to determine the potential source of infection and the associated symptoms, comorbidities and applied treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Between January 2010 and September 2021, 14,258 patients underwent 16,255 routine flexible video bronchoscopy (FVB), and the same number of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples for microbiological examination were taken. RESULTS Microbiological examinations of the BALF only allowed the identification of six patients with P. multocida infection. All persons reported multiple scratches or bites and licking or kissing by their pets in the past. Productive cough with expectoration of mucopurulent discharge was the predominant symptom. CONCLUSIONS A lower respiratory infection caused by P. multocida is not common in humans. It should be considered particularly in elderly patients with underlying diseases and exposure to cats and dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beata Brajer-Luftmann
- Department of Pulmonology, Allergology and Pulmonary Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland
| | - Tomasz Trafas
- Department of Pulmonology, Allergology and Pulmonary Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland
| | - Anna Schneider
- Microbiology Clinical Laboratory, University Hospital of Lord's Transfiguration, Partner of Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland
| | - Jarosław Walkowiak
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland
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Warner JD, Tilak AM, Manickavel S, Walsh E. Cochlear implantation after deafness from Pasteurella multocida meningitis. BMJ Case Rep 2022; 15:e248557. [PMID: 35428666 PMCID: PMC9013994 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-248557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A woman in her late 40s who works as a veterinary technician represented to the emergency department with increasing headache, confusion, neck stiffness, subjective fevers and distorted hearing 2 days after diagnosis of viral infection at an outside emergency department.Diagnosis of Pasteurella multocida was made from blood cultures and lumbar puncture. Intravenous ceftriaxone was administered for 21 days. By the time of resolution of acute meningitis, she had become completely deaf bilaterally. MRI revealed faint early ossification/possible labyrinthitis ossificans of the basal cochlea, which was confirmed on surgical exploration during the placement of cochlear implants bilaterally 42 days later. We discuss how the atypical features of this infection lead to diagnostic delay and high morbidity, the unique imaging/surgical findings resulting from the infection, and the clinical utility of early and bilateral cochlear implantation in this and similar cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Dewitt Warner
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Ashwini Milind Tilak
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Sudhir Manickavel
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Erika Walsh
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Prevalence of Bacterial Species in Skin, Urine, Diarrheal Stool, and Respiratory Samples in Cats. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11030324. [PMID: 35335648 PMCID: PMC8950848 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections are a significant cause of illness and death in different animals. However, these bacterial infections could be a source of human disease or illness if these pathogenic bacteria are present in companion animals. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of pathogenic bacteria associated with different site infections in cats in the Republic of Korea. For this purpose, samples were collected from the skin/ear, urine, respiratory, and diarrheal stool origins of cats obtained between 2018 and 2019 from seven different laboratories and centers participating in the Korean Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System. These samples were subjected to analysis for the identification and isolation of associated bacterial species using a bacterial culture approach. A total of 609 isolates were identified in four different cat samples. Among them, 267, 184, 57, and 101 were extracted from diarrheal stool, skin, urine, and respiratory samples, respectively. The findings of this study showed that Escherichia coli was the most prevalent species among isolated bacterial species of diarrheal stool and urine origin. Staphylococcus felis and Pasteurella multocida were most prevalent in the skin and respiratory tract, respectively. However, there was no significant difference in bacterial distribution among the different age groups in all samples. This is the first nationwide surveillance report that associates bacterial prevalence with their site of origin and helps in the prevention of bacterial infections in cats. Moreover, the pattern of bacterial prevalence could provide sufficient guidance for the selection of empirical antimicrobial therapy against infections in cats.
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Boadu C, Hernandez A, Zeidan B, Young JT, Frunzi J. Pasteurella multocida Bacteremia in an Immunocompromised Patient After Multiple Cat Scratches. Cureus 2021; 13:e12938. [PMID: 33654617 PMCID: PMC7916639 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) is a zoonotic organism found in the normal flora of domestic and wild animals. In this case report, we present a 70-year-old Caucasian male who presented with fever, chills, and greenish sputum which began hours prior to presentation. His symptoms were initially thought to be due to refractory pneumonia because the patient had been discharged from our hospital three weeks prior to presentation. Blood cultures grew P. multocida, a rare pathogen to cause bacteremia. He was treated with cefepime and later amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and made an uneventful recovery. Later history of the patient’s cats scratching him was thought to be the mode of transmission. P. multocida infection is rare, and can also be dangerous and even fatal in immunocompromised individuals. Clinicians must therefore operate with a high degree of suspicion especially when treating immunocompromised patients with bacteremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Boadu
- Internal Medicine, Medical Center of Trinity, Trinity, USA
| | | | - Bassem Zeidan
- Internal Medicine, Medical Center of Trinity, Trinity, USA
| | - Jordan T Young
- Internal Medicine, Medical Center of Trinity, Trinity, USA
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An Abrasion, a Prosthetic Shoulder, and a Cat with a Licking Tendency: Case Report and Literature Review of P. multocida Joint Seeding. Case Rep Infect Dis 2020; 2020:2842315. [PMID: 33294237 PMCID: PMC7688375 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2842315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida is a pathogen well known for its zoonotic transmission, most commonly by cats and dogs. When bacteremia ensures from an infection, patients with foreign objects present in their bodies, including prosthetic joints and mesh implants, become vulnerable to seeding. There have been multiple documented cases in which P. multocida bacteremia has resulted in infection of both native and prosthetic joints. Furthermore, cases have been documented in which patients with P. multocida bacteremia have developed meningitis and neurological complications. Here, we present a patient with multiple comorbidities including multifactorial immunocompromise, advanced age, and multiple prosthetic joints who developed prosthetic joint infection and spinal osteomyelitis after the development of Pasteurella bacteremia. Aggressive treatment was undertaken given her risk factors, and a combination of antibiotics and surgery was utilized, with the patient making a full recovery.
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Kannangara DW, Pandya D, Patel P. Pasteurella multocida Infections with Unusual Modes of Transmission from Animals to Humans: A Study of 79 Cases with 34 Nonbite Transmissions. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020; 20:637-651. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2019.2558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Don Walter Kannangara
- Department of Medicine, St Luke's University Health Network, Phillipsburg, New Jersey, USA
| | - Dhyanesh Pandya
- Department of Medicine, St Luke's University Health Network, Phillipsburg, New Jersey, USA
| | - Pritiben Patel
- Department of Family Practice, St Luke's University Health Network, Phillipsburg, New Jersey, USA
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Zahirovic S, Siddique F. A Tale of Two Thumbs, a Dog, and a Wooden Table. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2019; 69:912-914. [PMID: 27768833 DOI: 10.1002/acr.23134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Abstract
Abstract
Background: Pasteurella multocida is a small, gram-negative coccobacillus, which most commonly causes soft tissue infections due to animal bites or scratches, mainly from cats and dogs. Immunocompromised hosts, such as cancer patients, are more likely to develop systemic complications as a result of P. multocida infections. Objective: Retrospectively analyze the medical records of four afflicted patients being managed at Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, USA between 1999 and 2009, and careful study for additional 32 cases of P. multocida infection among cancer patients with variegated histology found in the current medical literature. Methods: Of 36 subjects, 67% of the patients had been diagnosed with a solid organ cancer, whereas 33% had a hematologic malignancy. Clinical scenarios described fever as the most frequent initial presentation and bacteremia as the most prevalent mode of infection. Results: Forty-seven percent of the patients had experienced some sort of animal contact and 41% showed evidence of skin or soft tissue infection. The status of the white blood cell count, was available in 22 patients (of 36 patients), and 27% demonstrated neutropenia. The survival percentage of the patients with known clinical outcome was 77%. Conclusion: Medical management mostly involved antibiosis with beta-lactams. Atypical scenario of Pasteurella multocida infection may involve bites or scratches (specifically from cats or dogs) in a cancer patient presenting with sepsis and accompanied by skin or soft tissue or respiratory tract infection. A high level of suspicion for P. multocida as a possible pathogen in cancer patients would facilitate an amelioration in morbidity ameliorating, and timely initiation of specific antibiotics.
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Abstract
Infection is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in trauma. In this literature review, the microbiological profiles and the use of prophylactic antibiotics in various traumatic situations are discussed. This review includes abdominal and chest trauma, craniocerebral trauma, long bone fractures, open globe injuries and animal bite injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- ECP Yuen
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Accident and Emergency Department, 30 Gascoigne Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Abstract
Human bite wounds around the knee are rarely seen, yet may require the same urgent attention as a fight bite to the hand. Two cases of polymicrobial septic arthritis of the knee secondary to a human bite wound are described. In both the cases, the diagnosis of the septic arthritis was delayed because the intra-articular wound was unrecognized. The injuries were initially deemed superficial and managed with local wound care. In each case, the knee was flexed at the time of injury and the quadriceps tendon was penetrated by a tooth which inoculated the knee joint. Septic arthritis of the knee presented, in both cases, 72 hours after the injury. These infections proved challenging to treat and required multiple surgeries and prolonged antibiotic therapy. The "fight bite" phenomenon of the hand is widely recognized and the same phenomenon can occur at the knee.
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Lloret A, Egberink H, Addie D, Belák S, Boucraut-Baralon C, Frymus T, Gruffydd-Jones T, Hartmann K, Hosie MJ, Lutz H, Marsilio F, Möstl K, Pennisi MG, Radford AD, Thiry E, Truyen U, Horzinek MC. Pasteurella multocida infection in cats: ABCD guidelines on prevention and management. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 15:570-2. [PMID: 23813817 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x13489215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OVERVIEW Pasteurella species are part of the normal oral flora of cats. They are also a common cause of infection in this species and an important zoonotic agent. INFECTION IN CATS: Pasteurella species are commonly isolated from subcutaneous abscesses and pyothorax in cats. They may also cause secondary lower respiratory tract infection and have been associated with spinal empyema and meningoencephalomyelitis. INFECTION IN HUMANS: Disease in humans mainly occurs after a cat bite or scratch, but may also be transmitted via respiratory secretions from cats in close contact with a person. Signs of local infection after a cat bite appear in a few hours (3-6 h). Severe disease and a fatal outcome mostly occur in immunocompromised people, but have also been reported in immunocompetent healthy individuals. Cat ownership by immunocompromised people may carry a risk.
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Per H, Kumandaş S, Gümüş H, Oztürk MK, Coşkun A. Meningitis and subgaleal, subdural, epidural empyema due to Pasteurella multocida. J Emerg Med 2008; 39:35-8. [PMID: 18486411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2008.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2005] [Revised: 08/09/2006] [Accepted: 11/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pasteurella is a Gram-negative coccobacillus found in 70-90% of oral cavities of cats, and as well, is isolated from the digestive systems of dogs, rats, rabbits, monkeys, and other animals. Pasteurella multocida has been known to cause infections in humans, the most familiar being soft tissue infection after animal bites. However, this organism may affect a variety of systems, causing serious disease. Pasteurella multocida can cause septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, pneumonia, endocarditis, meningitis, and septicemia. We report a case of bacterial meningitis, subgaleal, subdural, and epidural empyema due to Pasteurella multocida by a rabbit licking that resulted in neurological complications and a prolonged recovery period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hüseyin Per
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Kayseri, Turkey
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McLaughlin SA, Smith SL, Meek SE. Acute suppurative thyroiditis caused by Pasteurella multocida and associated with thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid 2006; 16:307-10. [PMID: 16571095 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2006.16.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Acute suppurative thyroiditis (AST) is an uncommon condition of the thyroid gland. Organisms of the staphylococcal and streptococcal species are the most commonly reported causative agents. Rarely, AST has been associated with transient hyperthyroidism. We report a unique case of AST that was caused by Pasteurella multocida and was associated with thyrotoxicosis in a previously healthy 51-year-old woman.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A McLaughlin
- Section of General Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA
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Goussard P, Gie RP, Steyn F, Rossouw GJ, Kling S. Pasteurella multocida lung and liver abscess in an immune-competent child. Pediatr Pulmonol 2006; 41:275-8. [PMID: 16429437 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.20327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We report on a 20-month-old infant with a complicated lung and liver abscess caused by Pasteurella multocida after the child had been in close contact with a domestic cat. Surgical drainage confirmed lung and liver abscesses connected to each other, with involvement of the diaphragm.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Goussard
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa.
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Ono M, Okada M, Namimatsu T, Fujii S, Mukai T, Sakano T. Septicaemia and arthritis in pigs experimentally infected with Pasteurella multocida capsular serotype A. J Comp Pathol 2004; 129:251-8. [PMID: 14554123 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9975(03)00040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-five caesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived (CDCD) pigs and 18 specific pathogen-free pigs, aged 8 to 14 weeks, were inoculated intranasally or intratracheally with Pasteurella multocida capsular serotype A, isolated from a severe pneumonic lesion in a growing pig. The pigs were killed for necropsy on day 6 or 14 post-inoculation (PI) or, in the case of the only fatally infected animal, examined at the time of death. One CDCD pig, inoculated intratracheally with 5 ml of a bacterial suspension containing 1.7x10(9) colony-forming-units/ml, died of septicaemia on day 1 PI. Histological lesions such as severe pleuropneumonia, thrombi in glomerular capillaries, haemorrhage of the spleen, and abscesses in the tonsillar crypts were observed. The organism was recovered from a number of sites and its antigens were detected immunohistochemically in the pneumonic lesions, blood vessels of the tissues, and tonsillar crypts in the dead pig. Pneumonia, pleural adhesions and suppurative arthritis in the extremital joints were observed grossly in 3/29, 8/29 and 7/29 intratracheally inoculated pigs, respectively. In intranasally inoculated pigs, no macroscopical abnormalities were seen; histologically, however, exudative bronchopneumonia and fibrinous pleurisy were observed in 9/14 and 4/14 pigs, respectively. No significant changes were seen in the tissues of uninfected control pigs. The organism was recovered from the lesions and P. multocida type A antigen was demonstrated immunohistochemically. The organism was rarely recovered from the liver, spleen or lymph nodes (bronchopulmonary or mesenteric). The results suggest that P. multocida capsular serotype A alone can cause not only pneumonia in pigs but also septicaemia or arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ono
- Zen-noh Institute of Animal Health, 7 Ohja-machi, Sakura, Chiba 285-0043, Japan
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Benabid E, Leneveu M, Rast G, Bouche S, Ferroni A. Méningite avec ostéoarthrite de la hanche à Pasteurella multocida subsp-multocida sans aucun traumatisme animal. Med Mal Infect 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0399-077x(03)00012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Félix M, Tallón P, Salavert M, Navarro V, Bretón JR, Pérez-Bellés C, Gobernado M. Bacteriemia por Pasteurella spp.: una entidad infrecuente durante los últimos 8 años en nuestro centro. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2003; 21:334-9. [PMID: 14525688 DOI: 10.1016/s0213-005x(03)72959-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review and update the epidemic and clinical knowledge concerning disseminated blood disease caused by Pasteurella species in our area. METHODS Retrospective study of Pasteurella species bacteremia (PSB) episodes occurring in patients attended from January 1994 to December 2001 in a single tertiary hospital. RESULTS Among the 31 clinical samples remitted to the Microbiology Laboratory in which a species of Pasteurella was identified, 5 (16%) corresponded to positive blood cultures in 5 patients. Pasteurella multocida was the predominant species, identified in 70% of all isolations and all but one positive blood culture. All the patients were adults over 50 years old and all had underlying illnesses causing comorbidity or some degree of immunocompromise, with cardiovascular and hypertensive conditions being the most frequent; only one patient had liver cirrhosis. In all cases, except one, contact or coexistence with dogs or cats was documented. The clinical presentation of PSB was non-specific and only two episodes were related with a possible focal, soft-tissue origin. There were no serious complications, such as septic shock, organ failure or invasive disease (meningitis or endocarditis). All patients cured with antimicrobial treatment, although surgical debridement of infected bite wounds was required in two cases. The betalactams and other families of antibiotics showed excellent in vitro activity against the five strains of Pasteurella isolated. CONCLUSIONS PSB occurred in adult patients having a wide range of underlying illnesses and comorbidity factors. Most of them had contact with pets, though traumatic lesions were not present in all cases. Clinical presentation did not differ from other types of severe sepsis. Susceptibility and outcome of primary treatment with penicillins and other betalactams shows that they are still appropriate therapy. More emphasis should be placed on preventive measures related to care and hygiene among individuals with pets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Félix
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Hospital Universitario La Fe. Valencia. España
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Green BT, Ramsey KM, Nolan PE. Pasteurella multocida meningitis: case report and review of the last 11 y. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2002; 34:213-7. [PMID: 12030400 DOI: 10.1080/00365540110076949b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida meningitis is a rare clinical occurrence. We report a new case and review the 28 other cases described in the English literature. A history of recent animal contact remains strongly associated with P. multocida meningitis (noted in 89% of all cases), with licking of mucus surfaces or injured skin being most common. Bacteremia was present in 63% of all patients. Spread from an adjacent site of infection continues to be an important factor, with otitis media being documented or strongly suspected in 24% of all cases. The presenting signs and symptoms were characteristic of bacterial meningitis, with fever, headache, nucal rigidity and an altered level of consciousness being present in most patients. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis was typical for bacterial meningitis. Penicillin G or ampicillin was the most common definitive treatment; however, third-generation cephalosporins have been successful. The mean duration of treatment was 14 d. Neurologic complications were present in 17% of patients overall and mortality remains substantial at 25%. Although not statistically significant, there is a trend toward decreased neurologic complications and mortality during the last 11 y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan T Green
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile, USA
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