1
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Nakamori M, Panigrahi GB, Lanni S, Gall-Duncan T, Hayakawa H, Tanaka H, Luo J, Otabe T, Li J, Sakata A, Caron MC, Joshi N, Prasolava T, Chiang K, Masson JY, Wold MS, Wang X, Lee MYWT, Huddleston J, Munson KM, Davidson S, Layeghifard M, Edward LM, Gallon R, Santibanez-Koref M, Murata A, Takahashi MP, Eichler EE, Shlien A, Nakatani K, Mochizuki H, Pearson CE. A slipped-CAG DNA-binding small molecule induces trinucleotide-repeat contractions in vivo. Nat Genet 2020; 52:146-159. [PMID: 32060489 PMCID: PMC7043212 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-019-0575-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In many repeat diseases, such as Huntington's disease (HD), ongoing repeat expansions in affected tissues contribute to disease onset, progression and severity. Inducing contractions of expanded repeats by exogenous agents is not yet possible. Traditional approaches would target proteins driving repeat mutations. Here we report a compound, naphthyridine-azaquinolone (NA), that specifically binds slipped-CAG DNA intermediates of expansion mutations, a previously unsuspected target. NA efficiently induces repeat contractions in HD patient cells as well as en masse contractions in medium spiny neurons of HD mouse striatum. Contractions are specific for the expanded allele, independently of DNA replication, require transcription across the coding CTG strand and arise by blocking repair of CAG slip-outs. NA-induced contractions depend on active expansions driven by MutSβ. NA injections in HD mouse striatum reduce mutant HTT protein aggregates, a biomarker of HD pathogenesis and severity. Repeat-structure-specific DNA ligands are a novel avenue to contract expanded repeats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Nakamori
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Gagan B Panigrahi
- Program of Genetics & Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, The Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stella Lanni
- Program of Genetics & Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, The Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Terence Gall-Duncan
- Program of Genetics & Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, The Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Program of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hideki Hayakawa
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hana Tanaka
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jennifer Luo
- Program of Genetics & Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, The Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Program of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Takahiro Otabe
- Department of Regulatory Bioorganic Chemistry, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jinxing Li
- Department of Regulatory Bioorganic Chemistry, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akihiro Sakata
- Department of Regulatory Bioorganic Chemistry, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Marie-Christine Caron
- Genome Stability Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center, HDQ Pavilion, Oncology Division, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Laval University Cancer Research Center, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Niraj Joshi
- Genome Stability Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center, HDQ Pavilion, Oncology Division, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Laval University Cancer Research Center, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tanya Prasolava
- Program of Genetics & Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, The Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen Chiang
- Program of Genetics & Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, The Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Program of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean-Yves Masson
- Genome Stability Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center, HDQ Pavilion, Oncology Division, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Laval University Cancer Research Center, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marc S Wold
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Marietta Y W T Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - John Huddleston
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Katherine M Munson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Scott Davidson
- Program of Genetics & Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, The Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mehdi Layeghifard
- Program of Genetics & Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, The Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisa-Monique Edward
- Program of Genetics & Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, The Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard Gallon
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Asako Murata
- Department of Regulatory Bioorganic Chemistry, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masanori P Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Evan E Eichler
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adam Shlien
- Program of Genetics & Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, The Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kazuhiko Nakatani
- Department of Regulatory Bioorganic Chemistry, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideki Mochizuki
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Christopher E Pearson
- Program of Genetics & Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, The Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Program of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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2
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Van Esch H, Colnaghi R, Freson K, Starokadomskyy P, Zankl A, Backx L, Abramowicz I, Outwin E, Rohena L, Faulkner C, Leong GM, Newbury-Ecob RA, Challis RC, Õunap K, Jaeken J, Seuntjens E, Devriendt K, Burstein E, Low KJ, O'Driscoll M. Defective DNA Polymerase α-Primase Leads to X-Linked Intellectual Disability Associated with Severe Growth Retardation, Microcephaly, and Hypogonadism. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 104:957-967. [PMID: 31006512 PMCID: PMC6506757 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Replicating the human genome efficiently and accurately is a daunting challenge involving the duplication of upward of three billion base pairs. At the core of the complex machinery that achieves this task are three members of the B family of DNA polymerases: DNA polymerases α, δ, and ε. Collectively these multimeric polymerases ensure DNA replication proceeds at optimal rates approaching 2 × 103 nucleotides/min with an error rate of less than one per million nucleotides polymerized. The majority of DNA replication of undamaged DNA is conducted by DNA polymerases δ and ε. The DNA polymerase α-primase complex performs limited synthesis to initiate the replication process, along with Okazaki-fragment synthesis on the discontinuous lagging strand. An increasing number of human disorders caused by defects in different components of the DNA-replication apparatus have been described to date. These are clinically diverse and involve a wide range of features, including variable combinations of growth delay, immunodeficiency, endocrine insufficiencies, lipodystrophy, and cancer predisposition. Here, by using various complementary approaches, including classical linkage analysis, targeted next-generation sequencing, and whole-exome sequencing, we describe distinct missense and splice-impacting mutations in POLA1 in five unrelated families presenting with an X-linked syndrome involving intellectual disability, proportionate short stature, microcephaly, and hypogonadism. POLA1 encodes the p180 catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase α-primase. A range of replicative impairments could be demonstrated in lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from affected individuals. Our findings describe the presentation of pathogenic mutations in a catalytic component of a B family DNA polymerase member, DNA polymerase α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Van Esch
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for the Genetics of Cognition, Department of Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Rita Colnaghi
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, BN1 9RQ Sussex, UK
| | - Kathleen Freson
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Petro Starokadomskyy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Andreas Zankl
- Department of Clinical Genetics, the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Bone Biology Division and Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Liesbeth Backx
- Laboratory for the Genetics of Cognition, Department of Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Iga Abramowicz
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, BN1 9RQ Sussex, UK
| | - Emily Outwin
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, BN1 9RQ Sussex, UK
| | - Luis Rohena
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, San Antonio Military Medical Center, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA
| | - Claire Faulkner
- Bristol Genetics Laboratory, Southmead Hospital, BS10 5NB Bristol, UK
| | - Gary M Leong
- Department of Paediatrics, Nepean Hospital, Nepean Clinical School, the University of Sydney, Kingswood, NSW 2747, Australia
| | - Ruth A Newbury-Ecob
- Clinical Genetics, St. Michael's Hospital, University Hospitals NHS Trust, BS2 8HW Bristol, UK
| | - Rachel C Challis
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XU Edinburgh, UK
| | - Katrin Õunap
- Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu 50406, Estonia
| | - Jacques Jaeken
- Center for Metabolic Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eve Seuntjens
- Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Devriendt
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ezra Burstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 Texas, USA
| | - Karen J Low
- Clinical Genetics, St. Michael's Hospital, University Hospitals NHS Trust, BS2 8HW Bristol, UK
| | - Mark O'Driscoll
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, BN1 9RQ Sussex, UK.
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3
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Abstract
The instability of microsatellite DNA repeats is responsible for at least 40 neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, Mirkin and co-workers presented a novel mechanism for microsatellite expansions based on break-induced replication (BIR) at sites of microsatellite-induced replication stalling and fork collapse. The BIR model aims to explain single-step, large expansions of CAG/CTG trinucleotide repeats in dividing cells. BIR has been characterized extensively in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a mechanism to repair broken DNA replication forks (single-ended DSBs) and degraded telomeric DNA. However, the structural footprints of BIR-like DSB repair have been recognized in human genomic instability and tied to the etiology of diverse developmental diseases; thus, the implications of the paper by Kim et al. (Kim JC, Harris ST, Dinter T, Shah KA, et al., Nat Struct Mol Biol 24: 55-60) extend beyond trinucleotide repeat expansion in yeast and microsatellite instability in human neurological disorders. Significantly, insight into BIR-like repair can explain certain pathways of complex genome rearrangements (CGRs) initiated at non-B form microsatellite DNA in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Leffak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
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4
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Beckhauser TF, Francis-Oliveira J, De Pasquale R. Reactive Oxygen Species: Physiological and Physiopathological Effects on Synaptic Plasticity. J Exp Neurosci 2016; 10:23-48. [PMID: 27625575 PMCID: PMC5012454 DOI: 10.4137/jen.s39887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian central nervous system, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation is counterbalanced by antioxidant defenses. When large amounts of ROS accumulate, antioxidant mechanisms become overwhelmed and oxidative cellular stress may occur. Therefore, ROS are typically characterized as toxic molecules, oxidizing membrane lipids, changing the conformation of proteins, damaging nucleic acids, and causing deficits in synaptic plasticity. High ROS concentrations are associated with a decline in cognitive functions, as observed in some neurodegenerative disorders and age-dependent decay of neuroplasticity. Nevertheless, controlled ROS production provides the optimal redox state for the activation of transductional pathways involved in synaptic changes. Since ROS may regulate neuronal activity and elicit negative effects at the same time, the distinction between beneficial and deleterious consequences is unclear. In this regard, this review assesses current research and describes the main sources of ROS in neurons, specifying their involvement in synaptic plasticity and distinguishing between physiological and pathological processes implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Fernando Beckhauser
- Physiology and Biophysics Department, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Sao Paulo University (USP), Butanta, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Francis-Oliveira
- Physiology and Biophysics Department, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Sao Paulo University (USP), Butanta, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto De Pasquale
- Physiology and Biophysics Department, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Sao Paulo University (USP), Butanta, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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5
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Dietary Calorie Restriction from Adulthood Through Old Age in Rats: Improved DNA Polymerase β and DNA Gap Repair Activity in Cortical Neurons. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:270-7. [PMID: 26801173 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1787-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
It is well established now that dietary calorie restriction (CR) leads to extension of life span in many species, although the exact mechanism of this effect is still eluding. In the present study, we examined the effect of 40 % CR imposed during a prolonged period of life span (from 6 to 30 months) of rats on the activity of DNA polymerase β (pol β) in view of its role in short gap base excision DNA repair and template driven primer extension. DNA pol β activity is very low at this late age. However, cortical neuronal extracts prepared from CR rats of 30 months age showed significantly higher pol β protein levels and activity when compared to control 30 month old rats. Yet, one-nucleotide gap repair in old control neurons and an improved efficiency in CR neurons could be visualized only after supplementation of the extracts with T4 DNA ligase indicating the lack of CR affect on ligase activity. No impressive primer extension activity is seen either in the CR or old control neurons. These results are taken to convey that extended CR through adult life leads to improved pol β activity and therefore, pol β dependent DNA gap repair activity.
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6
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Suresh Kumar MA, Peluso M, Chaudhary P, Dhawan J, Beheshti A, Manickam K, Thapar U, Pena L, Natarajan M, Hlatky L, Demple B, Naidu M. Fractionated Radiation Exposure of Rat Spinal Cords Leads to Latent Neuro-Inflammation in Brain, Cognitive Deficits, and Alterations in Apurinic Endonuclease 1. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26208353 PMCID: PMC4514622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation causes degeneration of myelin, the insulating sheaths of neuronal axons, leading to neurological impairment. As radiation research on the central nervous system has predominantly focused on neurons, with few studies addressing the role of glial cells, we have focused our present research on identifying the latent effects of single/ fractionated -low dose of low/ high energy radiation on the role of base excision repair protein Apurinic Endonuclease-1, in the rat spinal cords oligodendrocyte progenitor cells’ differentiation. Apurinic endonuclease-1 is predominantly upregulated in response to oxidative stress by low- energy radiation, and previous studies show significant induction of Apurinic Endonuclease-1 in neurons and astrocytes. Our studies show for the first time, that fractionation of protons cause latent damage to spinal cord architecture while fractionation of HZE (28Si) induce increase in APE1 with single dose, which then decreased with fractionation. The oligodendrocyte progenitor cells differentiation was skewed with increase in immature oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, which likely cause the observed decrease in white matter, increased neuro-inflammation, together leading to the observed significant cognitive defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Suresh Kumar
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael Peluso
- GeneSys Research Institute/ Center for Cancer Systems Biology at Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Pankaj Chaudhary
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queens University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Jasbeer Dhawan
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Afshin Beheshti
- GeneSys Research Institute/ Center for Cancer Systems Biology at Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Krishnan Manickam
- Department of Pathology, UTHSCSA, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Upasna Thapar
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Louis Pena
- Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, United States of America
| | - Mohan Natarajan
- Department of Pathology, UTHSCSA, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lynn Hlatky
- GeneSys Research Institute/ Center for Cancer Systems Biology at Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bruce Demple
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Mamta Naidu
- GeneSys Research Institute/ Center for Cancer Systems Biology at Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Sykora P, Wilson DM, Bohr VA. Base excision repair in the mammalian brain: implication for age related neurodegeneration. Mech Ageing Dev 2013; 134:440-8. [PMID: 23643943 PMCID: PMC3834072 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The repair of damaged DNA is essential to maintain longevity of an organism. The brain is a matrix of different neural cell types including proliferative astrocytes and post-mitotic neurons. Post-mitotic DNA repair is a version of proliferative DNA repair, with a reduced number of available pathways and most of these attenuated. Base excision repair (BER) is one pathway that remains robust in neurons; it is this pathway that resolves the damage due to oxidative stress. This oxidative damage is an unavoidable byproduct of respiration, and considering the high metabolic activity of neurons this type of damage is particularly pertinent in the brain. The accumulation of oxidative DNA damage over time is a central aspect of the theory of aging and repair of such chronic damage is of the highest importance. We review research conducted in BER mouse models to clarify the role of this pathway in the neural system. The requirement for BER in proliferating cells also correlates with high levels of many of the BER enzymes in neurogenesis after DNA damage. However, the pathway is also necessary for normal neural maintenance as larger infarct volumes after ischemic stroke are seen in some glycosylase deficient animals. Further, the requirement for DNA polymerase β in post-mitotic BER is potentially more important than in proliferating cells due to reduced levels of replicative polymerases. The BER response may have particular relevance for the onset and progression of many neurodegenerative diseases associated with an increase in oxidative stress including Alzheimer's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sykora
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 100, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
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8
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F. El-Orab N, H. Abd-Elk O, D. Schwart D. Differential Expression of Hippocampal Genes under Heat Stress. INT J PHARMACOL 2013. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2013.430.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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9
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Sepe S, Payan-Gomez C, Milanese C, Hoeijmakers JH, Mastroberardino PG. Nucleotide excision repair in chronic neurodegenerative diseases. DNA Repair (Amst) 2013; 12:568-77. [PMID: 23726220 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Impaired DNA repair involving the nucleotide excision repair (NER)/transcription-coupled repair (TCR) pathway cause human pathologies associated with severe neurological symptoms. These clinical observations suggest that defective NER/TCR might also play a critical role in chronic neurodegenerative disorders (ND), such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Involvement of NER/TCR in these disorders is also substantiated by the evidence that aging constitutes the principal risk factor for chronic ND and that this DNA repair mechanism is very relevant for the aging process itself. Our understanding of the exact role of NER/TCR in chronic ND, however, is extremely rudimentary; while there is no doubt that defective NER/TCR can lead to neuronal death, evidence for its participation in the etiopathogenesis of ND is inconclusive thus far. Here we summarize the experimental observations supporting a role for NER/TCR in chronic ND and suggest questions and lines of investigation that might help in addressing this important issue. We also present a preliminary yet unprecedented meta-analysis on human brain microarray data to understand the expression levels of the various NER factors in the anatomical areas relevant for chronic ND pathogenesis. In summary, this review intends to highlight elements supporting a role of NER/TCR in these devastating disorders and to propose potential strategies of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sepe
- Department of Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Bosshard M, Markkanen E, van Loon B. Base excision repair in physiology and pathology of the central nervous system. Int J Mol Sci 2012. [PMID: 23203191 PMCID: PMC3546685 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131216172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Relatively low levels of antioxidant enzymes and high oxygen metabolism result in formation of numerous oxidized DNA lesions in the tissues of the central nervous system. Accumulation of damage in the DNA, due to continuous genotoxic stress, has been linked to both aging and the development of various neurodegenerative disorders. Different DNA repair pathways have evolved to successfully act on damaged DNA and prevent genomic instability. The predominant and essential DNA repair pathway for the removal of small DNA base lesions is base excision repair (BER). In this review we will discuss the current knowledge on the involvement of BER proteins in the maintenance of genetic stability in different brain regions and how changes in the levels of these proteins contribute to aging and the onset of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Bosshard
- Institute for Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Zürich-Irchel, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
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11
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Kinoshita Y, Wenzel HJ, Kinoshita C, Schwartzkroin PA, Morrison RS. Acute, but reversible, kainic acid-induced DNA damage in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells of p53-deficient mice. Epilepsia 2012; 53 Suppl 1:125-33. [PMID: 22612817 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03483.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
p53 plays an essential role in mediating apoptotic responses to cellular stress, especially DNA damage. In a kainic acid (KA)-induced seizure model in mice, hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells undergo delayed neuronal death at day 3-4 following systemic KA administration. We previously demonstrated that CA1 neurons in p53(-/-) animals are protected from such apoptotic neuronal loss. However, extensive morphological damage associated with DNA strand breaks in CA1 neurons was found in a fraction of p53(-/-) animals at earlier time points (8 h to 2 days). No comparable acute damage was observed in wild-type animals. Stereological counting confirmed that there was no significant loss of CA1 pyramidal cells in p53(-/-) animals at 7 days post-KA injection. These results suggest that seizure-induced DNA strand breaks are accumulated to a greater extent but do not lead to apoptosis in the absence of p53. In wild-type animals, therefore, p53 appears to stimulate DNA repair and also mediate apoptosis in CA1 neurons in this excitotoxicity model. These results also reflect remarkable plasticity of neurons in recovery from injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshito Kinoshita
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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12
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Age-dependent decline of DNA base excision repair activity in rat cortical neurons. Mech Ageing Dev 2012; 133:186-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Revised: 01/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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13
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Vyjayanti VN, Swain U, Rao KS. Age-related decline in DNA polymerase β activity in rat brain and tissues. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:991-5. [PMID: 22219134 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0694-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 12/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fidelity of DNA polymerases is vital for maintaining genomic integrity. Deficient DNA repair leads to age related disorders or cancer. If the age at which the decline in activity of predominant DNA repair enzymes starts is identified, and the deficient proteins supplemented, then the manifestation of these diseases can be delayed promoting healthy aging. DNA polymerase β (pol β) is a predominant repair enzyme in brain. DNA pol β activity declines with age in rat brain/neurons but the exact age during the life time of rat when this decline begins is not known, and comparison of this activity was not made between post mitotic and proliferating tissues therefore the pattern of pol β with age was studied in rat brain and tissues. The decline in pol β activity started between 30 and 45 days postnatal in all the tissues. Post mitotic tissues showed pronounced decline than the proliferating tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- V N Vyjayanti
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500046, India
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14
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Yang JL, Sykora P, Wilson DM, Mattson MP, Bohr VA. The excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate stimulates DNA repair to increase neuronal resiliency. Mech Ageing Dev 2011; 132:405-11. [PMID: 21729715 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate central nervous system and plays an important role in synaptic plasticity required for learning and memory. Activation of glutamate ionotropic receptors promptly triggers membrane depolarization and Ca(2+) influx, resulting in the activation of several different protein kinases and transcription factors. For example, glutamate-mediated Ca(2+) influx activates Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase, protein kinase C, and mitogen activated protein kinases resulting in activation of transcription factors such as cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB). Abnormally prolonged exposure to glutamate causes neuronal injury, and such "excitotoxicity" has been implicated in many acute and chronic diseases including ischemic stroke, epilepsy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's, Huntington's and Parkinson's diseases. Interestingly, although glutamate-induced Ca(2+) influx can cause DNA damage by a mitochondrial reactive oxygen species-mediated mechanism, the Ca(2+) simultaneously activates CREB, resulting in up-regulation of the DNA repair and redox protein apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1. Here, we review connections between physiological or aberrant glutamate receptor activation, Ca(2+)-mediated signaling, oxidative DNA damage and repair efficiency, and neuronal vulnerability. We conclude that glutamate signaling involves an adaptive cellular stress response pathway that enhances DNA repair capability, thereby protecting neurons against injury and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenq-Lin Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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15
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Age-associated modifications of Base Excision Repair activities in human skin fibroblast extracts. Mech Ageing Dev 2010; 131:661-5. [PMID: 20854835 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Base Excision Repair (BER) is the predominant repair pathway responsible for removal of so-called small DNA lesions such as abasic sites (AP site), uracil (U), 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8oxoG), thymine glycol (Tg). In this study, we investigated effect of aging on excision efficacy of several endogenous base lesions and AP sites using an in vitro multiplexed fluorescent approach on support (parallelized oligonucleotide cleavage assay). Human fibroblasts nuclear extracts from 29 donors of different ages were characterized in their ability to simultaneously excise the different lesions. Clearly, three different groups of lesions emerged according to the efficiency of their cleavage: one exhibited very high cleavage efficiency (AP sites and U paired with G), one showed intermediate cleavage efficiency (U paired with A and Tg). The third group included 8oxoG, A paired with 8oxoG, T at CpG site and hypoxanthine (Hx) and displayed poor repair. Aging was significantly associated with modification of excision efficiency for AP sites, uracil, Tg and 8oxoG. Repair rate decreased for the first three lesions and the most drastic effects were observed for repair of U:A. Surprisingly, excision of 8oxoG increased with aging suggesting a completely different regulation or adaptation for the initiation step of this related specific repair pathway.
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16
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Effect of aging on DNA excision/synthesis repair capacities of human skin fibroblasts. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:1739-41. [PMID: 20220764 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Zhang Z, Cao X, Xiong N, Wang H, Huang J, Sun S, Liang Z, Wang T. DNA polymerase-β is required for 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-induced apoptotic death in neurons. Apoptosis 2009; 15:105-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-009-0425-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Makarova AV, Gening LV, Makarova IV, Tarantul VZ. Activity of error-prone DNA polymerase iota in different periods of house mouse Mus musculus ontogeny. Russ J Dev Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360408050068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Bhupanapadu Sunkesula SR, Swain U, Babu PP. Cell death is associated with reduced base excision repair during chronic alcohol administration in adult rat brain. Neurochem Res 2008; 33:1117-28. [PMID: 18259862 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-007-9560-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The cell death cascades in different brain regions namely hippocampus and frontal cortex of rats fed with 10% (v/v) ethanol for 12 weeks, was examined. After Western blotting, different cell death associated proteins displayed differential activation in the two regions observed. In hippocampus, activated caspase-3 and caspase-7 resulted in subsequent cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1). Cytochrome c release to cytosol and apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) translocation to nucleus was marginal. B-cell leukemia/lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) translocation to cytosol was significant whereas Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and Bcl-associated death protein (Bad) were largely located in cytosol. Further, upregulation of N-methyl D-aspartate receptor subunit 1 (NMDAR1), N-methyl D-aspartate receptor subunit 2B (NMDAR2B), N-methyl D-aspartate receptor subunit 2C (NMDAR2C) and activation of calpains were observed. In frontal cortex, caspase-3 activation, cleavage of PARP-1 and nuclear translocation of AIF were more pronounced. Moreover, cytochrome c release to cytosol, Bcl-2 translocation to cytosol was evident. However, levels of Bax, Bad, NMDA receptor subunits, and calpains were unaffected. Apoptosis was further substantiated by in situ staining for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL). Results of the current study revealed that frontal cortex exhibits a higher level of ethanol-induced apoptosis relative to hippocampus. DNA polymerase beta assay and immunoblot showed significant loss in base excision repair in ethanol treated group.
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20
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Vyjayanti VN, Chary NS, Rao KS. On the inhibitory affect of some dementia drugs on DNA polymerase Beta activity. Neurochem Res 2008; 33:2187-96. [PMID: 18185993 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-007-9587-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/18/2007] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Some drugs are routinely prescribed for dementia that sets in either due to normal ageing or due to neurodegenerative disorders. We have studied the effect of three of these drugs, Donepezil hydrochloride, Rivastigmine tartrate and Nootropyl, on the activity of DNA polymerases beta, a crucial enzyme in the base excision repair pathway, the most important mode of DNA repair in brain. All the three drugs inhibited DNA polymerase beta activity to varying degrees although the affects of Donepezil being the least and inconsistent. The drugs preferentially bind to and inhibit the activities of 8 kDa domain of DNA polymerase beta that is known to possess the dRP lyase activity. The function of 31 kDa domain dealing with template driven addition of nucleotides at 3' end of the primer is not adversely affected. The inhibitory action of most widely used dementia drugs on DNA repair potential signifies that pharma sector needs to consider this aspect especially while designing drugs targeted towards brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- V N Vyjayanti
- ICMR Center for Research on Aging and Brain (CRAB), Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, 500046, India
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21
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Rao KS. DNA repair in aging rat neurons. Neuroscience 2006; 145:1330-40. [PMID: 17156934 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2006] [Revised: 09/11/2006] [Accepted: 09/12/2006] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This laboratory, using post-mitotic rat brain neurons as a model system, has been testing the hypothesis that the inherited DNA repair potential would have profound influence on the aging process of the individual. It has been found that both single and double strand breaks in DNA accumulate in neurons with age. Since base excision repair (BER) is the pathway to effect repair of the type of DNA damage that is likely to occur in neurons, model oligo duplexes were used to assess the BER pathway. Both extension of a primer and one or four nucleotide gap repair are markedly reduced in aging neurons as compared with the young. The extension activity could be restored by supplementing the neuronal extracts with pure DNA polymerase beta (pol beta) while the restoration of gap repair needed the addition of both pol beta and DNA ligase. It thus appears that both pol beta and DNA ligase are deficient in aging neurons. We have also established a system to study the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) mode of DNA repair in neurons. The end joining of cohesive but not of blunt or non-matching ends, is reduced with age and attempts to identify the limiting factor(s) in this case have been unsuccessful so far. These results are reviewed vis-à-vis the existing literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Subba Rao
- ICMR Advanced Center for Research on Aging and Brain, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500 046, India.
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22
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Wilson DM, McNeill DR. Base excision repair and the central nervous system. Neuroscience 2006; 145:1187-200. [PMID: 16934943 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2006] [Revised: 07/10/2006] [Accepted: 07/14/2006] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species generated during normal cellular metabolism react with lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid. Evidence indicates that the accumulation of oxidative damage results in cellular dysfunction or deterioration. In particular, oxidative DNA damage can induce mutagenic replicative outcomes, leading to altered cellular function and/or cellular transformation. Additionally, oxidative DNA modifications can block essential biological processes, namely replication and transcription, triggering cell death responses. The major pathway responsible for removing oxidative DNA damage and restoring the integrity of the genome is base excision repair (BER). We highlight herein what is known about BER protein function(s) in the CNS, which in cooperation with the peripheral nervous system operates to control physical responses, motor coordination, and brain operation. Moreover, we describe evidence indicating that defective BER processing can promote post-mitotic (i.e. non-dividing) neuronal cell death and neurodegenerative disease. The focus of the review is on the core mammalian BER participants, i.e. the DNA glycosylases, AP endonuclease 1, DNA polymerase beta, X-ray cross-complementing 1, and the DNA ligases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Wilson
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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23
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Hoffrogge R, Mikkat S, Scharf C, Beyer S, Christoph H, Pahnke J, Mix E, Berth M, Uhrmacher A, Zubrzycki IZ, Miljan E, Völker U, Rolfs A. 2-DE proteome analysis of a proliferating and differentiating human neuronal stem cell line (ReNcell VM). Proteomics 2006; 6:1833-47. [PMID: 16475233 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200500556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The proteome of a proliferating human stem cell line was analyzed and then utilized to detect stem cell differentiation-associated changes in the protein profile. The analysis was conducted with a stable human fetal midbrain stem cell line (ReNcell VM) that displays the properties of a neural stem cell. Therefore, acquisition of proteomic data should be representative of cultured human neural stem cells (hNSCs) in general. Here we present a 2-DE protein-map of this cell line with annotations of 402 spots representing 318 unique proteins identified by MS. The subsequent proteome profiling of differentiating cells of this stem cell line at days 0, 4 and 7 of differentiation revealed changes in the expression of 49 identified spots that could be annotated to 45 distinct proteins. This differentiation-associated expression pattern was validated by Western blot analysis for transgelin-2, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, as well as peroxiredoxin 1 and 4. The group of regulated proteins also included NudC, ubiquilin-1, STRAP, stress-70 protein, creatine kinase B, glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin. Our results reflect the large rearrangement of the proteome during the differentiation process of the stem cells to terminally differentiated neurons and offer the possibility for further characterization of specific targets driving the stem cell differentiation.
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MESH Headings
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Transformation, Viral
- Computational Biology
- Culture Media/chemistry
- Culture Media/pharmacology
- Databases, Protein
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
- Epidermal Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/pharmacology
- Genetic Markers
- Humans
- Mass Spectrometry
- Mesencephalon/cytology
- Mesencephalon/embryology
- Microfilament Proteins/analysis
- Microfilament Proteins/isolation & purification
- Microfilament Proteins/metabolism
- Muscle Proteins/analysis
- Muscle Proteins/isolation & purification
- Muscle Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplasm Proteins/analysis
- Neoplasm Proteins/isolation & purification
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Neurons/cytology
- Peptide Mapping
- Peroxidases/analysis
- Peroxidases/isolation & purification
- Peroxidases/metabolism
- Peroxiredoxins
- Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/analysis
- Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/isolation & purification
- Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/metabolism
- Proteome/analysis
- Retroviridae/genetics
- Selection, Genetic
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
- Stem Cells/cytology
- Stem Cells/physiology
- Transduction, Genetic
- Transgenes
- Trypsin/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimund Hoffrogge
- Neurobiological Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, University of Rostock, Germany
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24
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Vyjayanti VN, Rao KS. DNA double strand break repair in brain: reduced NHEJ activity in aging rat neurons. Neurosci Lett 2005; 393:18-22. [PMID: 16226837 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2005] [Revised: 09/10/2005] [Accepted: 09/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Linearised pUC 19 DNA with cohesive, blunt and non-matching ends, generated by prior treatment with different restriction enzymes was presented as substrate to measure the NHEJ activity to repair DNA double strand breaks in extracts prepared from isolated neurons from neonatal, young adult and old rat cerebral cortex. Highest end joining activity was noticed with the substrates having cohesive 3' overhang (PstI) or 5' overhang (EcoRI) ends and this activity is significantly reduced with age. However, blunt and non-matching ends were very poorly repaired at all ages. Further, the end joining activity in neurons is not faithful and sequence changes occur during the repair process. Also, the end joining activity in old neuronal extracts, but not in young extracts, was found to decline very rapidly with time of cold storage. These findings, the first of their kind, thus demonstrate that neuronal cells have the capacity to repair DNA double strand breaks through error prone NHEJ mode and that the cohesive end joining activity decreases with age of the animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- V N Vyjayanti
- ICMR Center for Research on Aging and Brain, CRAB, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Andhra Pradesh 500046, India
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25
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Gening LV, Kamensky AA, Levitskaya NG, Petrochenkov AN, Poletaeva II, Tarantul VZ. Enhanced Activity of DNA Polymerase Iota in Mouse Brain Cells Is Associated with Aggressiveness. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2005; 70:1157-62. [PMID: 16271034 DOI: 10.1007/s10541-005-0240-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies performed with crude extracts of mouse tissues showed that the activity of DNA-polymerase iota (Pol iota) can be detected only in brain and testis extracts. To assess whether the activity of Pol iota is associated with animal behavior, we determined Pol iota activity in brain extracts of mice of two lines sharply differing in aggressiveness (RSB and RLB). We found that Pol iota activity in the mice with aggressive behavior was three times higher than in the less aggressive mice. The possible relationship between the activity of Pol iota and animal behavior is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L V Gening
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123182, Russia
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26
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Krishna TH, Mahipal S, Sudhakar A, Sugimoto H, Kalluri R, Rao KS. Reduced DNA gap repair in aging rat neuronal extracts and its restoration by DNA polymerase beta and DNA-ligase. J Neurochem 2005; 92:818-23. [PMID: 15686483 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02923.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic deoxy-oligo duplexes containing short gaps of 1 and 4 nucleotides were used as model substrates to assess the DNA gap repair ability of the neuronal extracts prepared from cerebral cortex of rats of different ages. Our results demonstrate that gap repair activity in neurons decreases markedly with age. The decreased activity could be restored by supplementing the neuronal extracts with pure recombinant rat liver DNA polymerase beta. High levels of DNA polymerase beta supplementation resulted in gap-filling activity that proceeded essentially through addition of nucleotides through a slow distributive strand displacement mode to achieve full template length (32-mer). However, at lower concentrations of DNA polymerase beta, the gap repair takes place quickly through gap filling followed by ligation to downstream primer, in an energy efficient manner. For this to happen, the conditions required are the presence of 5'-PO4 on the downstream primer and supplementation of aging neuronal extracts with DNA-ligase in addition to recombinant DNA polymerase beta. These results demonstrate that aging neurons are unable to affect base excision repair (BER) due to deficiency of DNA polymerase beta and DNA-ligase and fortifying aged neuronal extracts with these two factors can restore the lost BER activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hari Krishna
- ICMR-Advanced Center for Research on Aging and Brain, Department of Biochemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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27
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Herrup K, Neve R, Ackerman SL, Copani A. Divide and die: cell cycle events as triggers of nerve cell death. J Neurosci 2004; 24:9232-9. [PMID: 15496657 PMCID: PMC6730083 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3347-04.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2004] [Revised: 09/07/2004] [Accepted: 09/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Karl Herrup
- Department of Neurosciences, Case School of Medicine, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio 44120, USA
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28
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Krishna TH, Hemkal A, Rao KS. The presence of 3'-5' exonuclease activity in rat brain neurons and its role in template-driven extension of 3'-mismatched primers by DNA-polymerase beta in aging neurons. Neurochem Res 2004; 29:761-70. [PMID: 15098939 DOI: 10.1023/b:nere.0000018848.58358.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A three-step reaction strategy has been developed to examine the mechanism of extension of a mismatched primer in an oligoduplex substrate by rat neuronal extracts and DNA polymerase beta. The results revealed that in the case of duplexes with a mismatch at 3'-end of primer, significant extension by DNA polymerase beta has taken place only after the removal of the mismatched base, thus indicating the presence of a proof reading 3'-5' exonuclease activity in neuronal extracts of all ages. A closer examination of the neuronal exonuclease activity revealed that bases are excised from the 3' end in a sequential and nonspecific manner, although initial excision of a mismatched base was slightly faster. Further, the excision efficiency is seen to decrease with the age of the animal but apparently does not go below a critical level so as to become a rate-limiting factor for the DNA-repair activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hari Krishna
- ICMR-Advanced Center for Research on Aging and Brain, Department of Biochemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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