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Kadian V, Dalal P, Kumar S, Kapoor A, Rao R. Comparative evaluation of dithranol-loaded nanosponges fabricated by solvent evaporation technique and melt method. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-023-00461-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Dithranol, a standard drug for psoriasis, has lured keen attention by virtue of its antioxidant, anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory activities. However, its poor stability and solubility critically impair the formulation design, evaluation and administration. To improve these issues, dithranol was encased in β-cyclodextrin nanosponges using solvent evaporation technique. Previously, nanosponges containing dithranol were developed in our laboratory using melt technique. Herein, a comparison of nanosponges prepared by both techniques was also included.
Results
Different nanosponge batches were engineered using diphenyl carbonate as cross-linker with β-cyclodextrin as polymer employing solvent evaporation technique. Dithranol was loaded in nanosponges via lyophilization. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning colorimeter and powdered X-ray diffraction studies confirmed successful encapsulation and complexation of this drug in β-cyclodextrin nanosponges. The effect of a variable amount of cross-linker on the solubility, encapsulation efficiency, zeta potential, particle size and polydispersity index was evaluated in fabricated nanocarriers. Further, β-cyclodextrin nanosponge batches were subjected to solubility studies, photostability examination and antioxidant activity analysis and compared with previously prepared dithranol-loaded nanosponges. From the present studies results, it was concluded that dithranol-loaded nanosponges using solvent evaporation technique not only improved solubility and photostability but also preserved the antioxidant efficacy of the chosen drug.
Conclusion
The overall results emphasized moral guidance concerning encapsulation, evaluation and characterization and accredited dithranol solubilization, photostability and antioxidant potential. However, solvent evaporation and melt method are easy and promising methods to fabricate nanosponges for dithranol. This comparative study demonstrated the parameters which were affected by chosen techniques. Further, from the results of present studies, it was concluded that the formulation scientists should select the preparation technique based on the objective of their research work and requirement of desired features.
Graphical abstract
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Bhat M, Pukale S, Singh S, Mittal A, Chitkara D. Nano-enabled topical delivery of anti-psoriatic small molecules. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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3
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Kadian V, Kumar S, Saini K, Kakkar V, Rao R. Dithranol: An Insight into its Novel Delivery Cargos for Psoriasis Management. Curr Drug Res Rev 2020; 12:82-96. [PMID: 32484107 DOI: 10.2174/2589977512666200525154954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dithranol (DTH) is a well-known moiety that has long been used promisingly to impede and treat skin disorders, particularly psoriasis. Nowadays, a rekindled interest in the use of DTH for this disorder has been observed. Side effects associated with conventional topical formulations of this moiety have aroused the interest of the scientific community in investigating novel cargos of DTH for psoriasis management. RESULTS Previous research has evidenced the anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferating potential of DTH. Numerous studies have indicated that DTH inhibits polymorphonuclear (PMN) leucocyte, modulates epidermal cell receptors and promotes anti-psoriatic action. However, some deterrent factors like poor solubility, stability, toxicity, staining and skin irritation hamper its use as a potential therapeutic agent. With the adoption of novel drug delivery technologies, the above mentioned inherent limitations of DTH have been compensated to reestablish this drug moiety. CONCLUSION This article reviews novel drug delivery aspects, safety concerns, clinical evidence, current status, and future opportunities of DTH in the management of psoriasis. Further, it will update researchers on this promising drug moiety, which is free from systemic adverse responses in comparison to other therapeutic molecules like steroids, for psoriasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Kadian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar-125001, Haryana, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar-125001, Haryana, India
| | - Komal Saini
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014, India
| | - Vandita Kakkar
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014, India
| | - Rekha Rao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar-125001, Haryana, India
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4
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The benefits of photoacoustics for the monitoring of drug stability and penetration through tissue-mimicking membranes. Int J Pharm 2020; 580:119233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Tripathi PK, Gorain B, Choudhury H, Srivastava A, Kesharwani P. Dendrimer entrapped microsponge gel of dithranol for effective topical treatment. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01343. [PMID: 30957038 PMCID: PMC6431737 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dithranol is one of the important topical agents for the treatment of psoriasis, a chronic inflammatory skin disease with aberrant differentiation of keratinocytes. However, its application is troublesome and inconvenient because of its associated side effects, including staining, burning sensation, irritation, and necrotizing effect on the diseased cells as well as on the normal cells. The purpose of the current investigation was to explore the potential of poly(amido) amine (PAMAM) dendrimers in the topical delivery of dithranol through a novel microsponge based gel. Generation-4 (G4) dendrimers were incorporated into the microsponge based gel formulation by quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method with varying concentration of polymers, and evaluated for the morphology of the formulation, encapsulation efficiency and skin irritation potential. Percentage yield of the formulation was found to be 66.28%, whereas encapsulation efficiency was ranged between 71.33% to 49.21%, and an average particle size was ranged between 28 ± 1.12 μm to 130 ± 1.01 μm. Surface morphology of developed microsponge was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, revealed micro-porous nature. The optimized microsponge formulation was found to be stable and recorded non-irritant during cutaneous application of the experimental animals. Further, the pharmacokinetic outcomes of study were showed prolong penetration of the drug through the skin, equivalent to the marketed formulation of dithranol. Therefore, it could be conferred that the microsponge formulation of the PAMAM entrapped dithranol can produce prolonged efficacy without producing toxicities to the skin, and thus can effectively be projected in the treatment of diseases like psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpendra Kumar Tripathi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rameshwaram Institute of Technology and Management, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bapi Gorain
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, 47500, Selengor, Malaysia
| | - Hira Choudhury
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ayushi Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rameshwaram Institute of Technology and Management, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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Sathe P, Saka R, Kommineni N, Raza K, Khan W. Dithranol-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier-based gel ameliorate psoriasis in imiquimod-induced mice psoriatic plaque model. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2019; 45:826-838. [PMID: 30764674 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2019.1576722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to formulate nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) of dithranol-loaded in gel for ease of application and to evaluate its anti-psoriatic efficacy vis-a-vis conventional ointment formulation. SIGNIFICANCE This study will provide an insight about the use of nanocarriers, esp. NLCs loaded with dithranol for the effective treatment of psoriasis. METHODS Dithranol-loaded NLCs were prepared by hot melt homogenization method and characterized for particle size and percentage entrapment efficiency. The optimized NLCs were loaded into gel and evaluated for drug release, spreadability, rheological behavior, and staining. Anti-psoriatic efficacy of the NLC gel was evaluated in imiquimod (IMQ) induced psoriatic plaque model in comparison with prepared conventional ointment formulation (1.15% w/w dithranol). RESULTS NLCs were prepared with particle size below 300 nm, polydispersity index (PDI) below 0.3 and percentage entrapment efficiency of ∼100%. The prepared NLC gel was then compared with the ointment for drug release, staining property, and efficacy. Topical application of dithranol-loaded NLC gel on IMQ-induced psoriatic plaque model reduced the symptoms of psoriasis assessed by both Psoriasis area severity index (PASI) scoring and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. There was a significant reduction in disease severity and cytokines like Interleukins-17, 22, 23 and Tumor necrosis factor-α by the developed system in comparison to the negative control. CONCLUSIONS To conclude dithranol-loaded NLCs in gel base was efficacious in management of psoriasis at the same drug concentration and also offer less cloth staining to that of the ointment product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyadarshini Sathe
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER) , Hyderabad , India
| | - Raju Saka
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER) , Hyderabad , India
| | - Nagavendra Kommineni
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER) , Hyderabad , India
| | - Kaisar Raza
- b Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy , Central University of Rajasthan , Ajmer , India
| | - Wahid Khan
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER) , Hyderabad , India
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Abstract
Topical therapy as monotherapy is useful in psoriasis patients with mild disease. Topical agents are also used as adjuvant for moderate-to-severe disease who are being concurrently treated with either ultraviolet light or systemic medications. Emollients are useful adjuncts to the treatment of psoriasis. Use of older topical agents such as anthralin and coal tar has declined over the years. However, they are cheaper and can still be used for the treatment of difficult psoriasis refractory to conventional treatment. Salicylic acid can be used in combination with other topical therapies such as topical corticosteroids (TCS) and calcineurin inhibitors for the treatment of thick limited plaques to increase the absorption of the latter into the psoriatic plaques. Low- to mid-potent TCS are used in facial/flexural psoriasis and high potent over palmoplantar/thick psoriasis lesions. The addition of noncorticosteroid treatment can also facilitate the avoidance of long-term daily TCS. Tacrolimus and pimecrolimus can be used for the treatment of facial and intertriginous psoriasis. Tazarotene is indicated for stable plaque psoriasis usually in combination with other therapies such as TCS. Vitamin D analogs alone in combination with TCS are useful in stable plaques over limbs and palmoplantar psoriasis. Topical therapies for scalp psoriasis include TCS, Vitamin D analogs, salicylic acid, coal tar, and anthralin in various formulations such as solutions, foams, and shampoos. TCS, vitamin D analogs, and tazarotene can be used in the treatment of nail psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Torsekar
- Department of Dermatology, Rajiv Gandhi Medical College and Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Hospital, Thane, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manjyot M. Gautam
- Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College and Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Tun-Rosado FJ, Mena-Rejón GJ, Carballo RM, Mirón-López G, Quijano-Quiñones RF. Chrysophanol anthrone: a theoretical study on the potential energy surface. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2016.1200040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hollywood KA, Winder CL, Dunn WB, Xu Y, Broadhurst D, Griffiths CEM, Goodacre R. Exploring the mode of action of dithranol therapy for psoriasis: a metabolomic analysis using HaCaT cells. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 11:2198-209. [PMID: 26018604 DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00739e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a common, immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease characterized by red, heavily scaled plaques. The disease affects over one million people in the UK and causes significant physical, psychological and societal impact. There is limited understanding regarding the exact pathogenesis of the disease although it is believed to be a consequence of genetic predisposition and environmental triggers. Treatments vary from topical therapies, such as dithranol, for disease of limited extent (<5% body surface area) to the new immune-targeted biologic therapies for severe psoriasis. Dithranol (also known as anthralin) is a topical therapy for psoriasis believed to work by inhibiting keratinocyte proliferation. To date there have been no metabolomic-based investigations into psoriasis. The HaCaT cell line is a model system for the epidermal keratinocyte proliferation characteristic of psoriasis and was thus chosen for study. Dithranol was applied at therapeutically relevant doses to HaCaT cells. Following the optimisation of enzyme inactivation and metabolite extraction, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was employed for metabolomics as this addresses central metabolism. Cells were challenged with 0-0.5 μg mL(-1) in 0.1 μg mL(-1) steps and this quantitative perturbation generated data that were highly amenable to correlation analysis. Thus, we used a combination of traditional principal components analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis, along with correlation networks. All methods highlighted distinct metabolite groups, which had different metabolite trajectories with respect to drug concentration and the interpretation of these data established that cellular metabolism had been altered significantly and provided further clarification of the proposed mechanism of action of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Hollywood
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB), University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
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10
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Bariamis SE, Magoulas GE, Grafanaki K, Pontiki E, Tsegenidis T, Athanassopoulos CM, Maroulis G, Papaioannou D, Hadjipavlou-Litina D. Synthesis and biological evaluation of new C-10 substituted dithranol pleiotropic hybrids. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:7251-63. [PMID: 26515039 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Selective alkylation of the antipsoriatic drug dithranol (DTR) at C-10 with tert-butyl bromoacetate, followed by acid-mediated deprotection, produced the corresponding carboxylic acid 4 which was coupled with selectively protected polyamines (PAs), such as putrescine (PUT), spermidine (SPD) and spermine (SPM), dopamine and aliphatic amines and substituted benzylamines producing a series of DTR-PA hybrids, after acid-mediated deprotection, as well as simple amides. The compounds were tested as antioxidants and inhibitors of lipoxygenase (LOX). The amides 4,4'-dimethoxybenzhydrylamide 13 (86% and 95%), 2,4-dimethoxybenzylamide 12 (87% and 81%) and dodecylamide 9 (98% and 74%), and the hybrid DTR-SPM (7) (93% and 87%), showed the highest antioxidant activity in the DPPH and AAPH assays, whereas the most potent inhibitors of LOX were amide 13 (IC50=7 μM), the benzylamide 10 (IC50=7.9 μM) and the butylamide 8 (IC50=10 μM). Molecular binding studies showed that binding of these derivatives into the hydrophobic domain blocks approach of substrate to the active site, inhibiting soybean LOX. Amide 13 presented the highest anti-inflammatory activity (79.7%). The DTR moiety was absolutely necessary for securing high anti-inflammatory potency. Ethyl ester 3 (IC50=0.357 μM) and the amides 9 (IC50=0.022 μM) and 13 (IC50=0.56 μM) exhibited higher antiproliferative activity than DTR (IC50=0.945 μM) on HaCaT keratinocytes whereas amide 13 generally presented better cytocompatibility. Amide 13 is a very promising lead compound for further development as an anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros E Bariamis
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - George E Magoulas
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Katerina Grafanaki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Eleni Pontiki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodore Tsegenidis
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | | | - George Maroulis
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Dionissios Papaioannou
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece.
| | - Dimitra Hadjipavlou-Litina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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11
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Savian AL, Rodrigues D, Weber J, Ribeiro RF, Motta MH, Schaffazick SR, Adams AIH, de Andrade DF, Beck RCR, da Silva CB. Dithranol-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules improve the photostability and reduce the in vitro irritation potential of this drug. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 46:69-76. [PMID: 25491961 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dithranol is a very effective drug for the topical treatment of psoriasis. However, it has some adverse effects such as irritation and stain in the skin that make its application and patient adherence to treatment difficult. The aims of this work were to prepare and characterize dithranol-loaded nanocapsules as well as to evaluate the photostability and the irritation potential of these nanocarriers. Lipid-core nanocapsules containing dithranol (0.5 mg/mL) were prepared by interfacial deposition of preformed polymer. EDTA (0.05%) or ascorbic acid (0.02%) was used as antioxidants. After preparation, dithranol-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules showed satisfactory characteristics: drug content close to the theoretical concentration, encapsulation efficiency of about 100%, nanometric mean size (230-250 nm), polydispersity index below 0.25, negative zeta potential, and pH values from 4.3 to 5.6. In the photodegradation study against UVA light, we observed a higher stability of the dithranol-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules comparing to the solution containing the free drug (half-life times around 4 and 1h for the dithranol-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules and free drug solution containing EDTA, respectively; half-life times around 17 and 7h for the dithranol-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules and free drug solution containing ascorbic acid, respectively). Irritation test by HET-CAM method was conducted to evaluate the safety of the formulations. From the results it was found that the nanoencapsulation of the drug decreased its toxicity compared to the effects observed for the free drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Savian
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Daiane Rodrigues
- Curso de Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Julia Weber
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Roseane F Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Mariana H Motta
- Curso de Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Scheila R Schaffazick
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Andréa I H Adams
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Diego F de Andrade
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Ruy C R Beck
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Cristiane B da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil.
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Abstract
Anthralin (1,8-dihydroxy-9anthrone, dithranol) was first synthesized as a derivative of chrysarobin, prepared from the araroba tree in Brazil over a century ago. Drawbacks to the use of anthralin include irritation and discoloration of the skin. This property of the molecule prompted workers to investigate details of its pharmacology, mode of action, and indications. The major point of this article is to highlight and revisit these aspects for pertinent future use. Therefore, it is worthwhile to consider that the drug is relatively innocuous, yet effective, and is devoid of any systemic side effects in contrast to a wide variety of systemic and topical therapies available for psoriasis and other dermatoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virendra N Sehgal
- Dermato-Venereology (Skin/VD) Center, Sehgal Nursing Home, Panchwati, Delhi Department of Dermatology and STD, University College of Medical Sciences, and Associated Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Shahdara, Delhi, India
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13
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Estanqueiro M, Conceição J, Amaral MH, Lobo JMS. Use of solid dispersions to increase stability of dithranol in topical formulations. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502014000300018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was planned to improve the stability of dithranol using solid dispersions (SD). Two different SD at a 1:9 ratio of dithranol/excipient were prepared: one of them using glyceryl behenate as excipient and the other using a mixture of argan oil with stearic acid (1:8 ratio) as excipient. Pure dithranol and SD of dithranol were incorporated in an oil-in-water cream and in a hydrophobic ointment in a drug/dermatological base ratio of 1:10. The physical and mechanical properties of semisolid formulations incorporating the pure drug and the developed SD were evaluated through rheological and textural analysis. To evaluate the stability, L*a*b* color space parameters of SD and semisolid formulations, and pH of hydrophilic formulations were determined at defined times, during one month. Each sample was stored at different conditions namely, light exposure (room temperature), high temperature exposition (37 °C) (protected from light) and protected from light (room temperature). Despite higher values of firmness and adhesiveness, hydrophobic ointment exhibited the best rheological features compared to the oil-in-water cream, namely a shear-thinning behavior and high thixotropy. These formulations have also presented more stability, with minor changes in L*a*b* color space parameters. The results of this study indicate that is possible to conclude that the developed SD contributed to the increased stability of dithranol.
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Lau WM, Heard CM, White AW. Design, synthesis and in vitro degradation of a novel co-drug for the treatment of psoriasis. Pharmaceutics 2013; 5:232-45. [PMID: 24300448 PMCID: PMC3834954 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics5020232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a common, chronic and relapsing inflammatory skin disease. It affects approximately 2% of the western population and has no cure. Combination therapy for psoriasis often proves more efficacious and better tolerated than monotherapy with a single drug. Combination therapy could be administered in the form of a co-drug, where two or more therapeutic compounds active against the same condition are linked by a cleavable covalent bond. Similar to the pro-drug approach, the liberation of parent moieties post-administration, by enzymatic and/or chemical mechanisms, is a pre-requisite for effective treatment. In this study, a series of co-drugs incorporating dithranol in combination with one of several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, both useful for the treatment of psoriasis, were designed, synthesized and evaluated. An ester co-drug comprising dithranol and naproxen in a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio was determined to possess the optimal physicochemical properties for topical delivery. The co-drug was fully hydrolyzed in vitro by porcine liver esterase within four hours. When incubated with homogenized porcine skin, 9.5% of the parent compounds were liberated after 24 h, suggesting in situ esterase-mediated cleavage of the co-drug would occur within the skin. The kinetics of the reaction revealed first order kinetics, Vmax = 10.3 μM·min-1 and Km = 65.1 μM. The co-drug contains a modified dithranol chromophore that was just 37% of the absorbance of dithranol at 375 nm and suggests reduced skin/clothes staining. Overall, these findings suggest that the dithranol-naproxen co-drug offers an attractive, novel approach for the treatment of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Man Lau
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, P.O. Box 226, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK; E-Mails: (C.M.H.); (A.W.W.)
| | - Charles M. Heard
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK; E-Mails: (C.M.H.); (A.W.W.)
| | - Alex W. White
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK; E-Mails: (C.M.H.); (A.W.W.)
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15
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George SE, Anderson RJ, Haswell M, Groundwater PW. An investigation of the effects of dithranol-induced apoptosis in a human keratinocyte cell line. J Pharm Pharmacol 2013; 65:552-60. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Dithranol, one of the most successful topical agents for the treatment of psoriasis, has been shown to exert its therapeutic effect by inducing keratinocyte apoptosis. To gain further insights into dithranol-induced apoptotic events in vitro, a detailed investigation of its time- and dose-dependent effects has been performed through the evaluation of selected apoptotic markers, using a human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) as a model.
Methods
The time- and dose-dependent effects of dithranol on a human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) were investigated through the evaluation of a series of apoptotic markers; morphological changes (electron microscopy), phosphatidylserine externalisation (flow cytometry), and caspase-3/7 activation.
Key findings
The dithranol-induced apoptotic cascade was found to follow a well-defined dose and time-course, with the concentration and the period of exposure to the drug acting as the two major factors influencing the events and nature of cell death. The earliest apoptotic event detected was caspase activation (after 6 h), followed by the occurrence of phosphatidylserine externalisation (after 9 h) and subsequently the morphological characteristics associated with early and late stage apoptosis/necrosis (after 12 h).
Conclusions
This study has elucidated the dose- and time-response effects of dithranol-induced apoptosis in human keratinocytes in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suja E George
- Sunderland Pharmacy School, University of Sunderland, Sunderland, UK
| | | | - Malcolm Haswell
- Sunderland Pharmacy School, University of Sunderland, Sunderland, UK
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Raza K, Katare OP, Setia A, Bhatia A, Singh B. Improved therapeutic performance of dithranol against psoriasis employing systematically optimized nanoemulsomes. J Microencapsul 2012; 30:225-36. [PMID: 23088318 DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2012.717115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite marked antipsoriatic activity of dithranol (anthralin), the drug is quite infrequently employed in therapeutic practice owing to its strong propensity to cause skin problems like irritation, erythema and peeling, and potential formulation problems like photolability and high lipophilicity. Accordingly, it was planned to systematically formulate optimized dithranol-loaded emulsomes with enhanced biocompatibility, efficacy and stability. Emulsomes were prepared by a thin film hydration technique and optimized for composition using formulation by design (FbD). The optimized dithranol-loaded emulsomes were found to substantially enhance the antipsoriatic activity on a mouse-tail model vis-à-vis marketed product. Also, the selected composition offered enhanced drug permeation and marked skin retention. The formulation was found to be quite non-irritant, stable and biocompatible in comparison to the marketed product. The present findings establish the usefulness of lipid-based colloidal carriers to increase the stability, and enhance the efficacy and patient compliance of an age-old irritant dithranol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisar Raza
- Drug Delivery Research Group, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
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17
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Lau WM, Ng KW, White AW, Heard CM. Therapeutic and Cytotoxic Effects of the Novel Antipsoriasis Codrug, Naproxyl–Dithranol, on HaCaT Cells. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:2398-407. [DOI: 10.1021/mp200327k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wing Man Lau
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, U.K
| | - Keng Wooi Ng
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, U.K
| | - Alex W. White
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, U.K
| | - Charles M. Heard
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, U.K
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18
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Lau WM, White AW, Heard CM. Topical delivery of a naproxen-dithranol co-drug: in vitro skin penetration, permeation, and staining. Pharm Res 2010; 27:2734-42. [PMID: 20872052 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0274-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This work probed the topical delivery and skin-staining properties of a novel co-drug, naproxyl-dithranol (Nap-DTH), which comprises anti-inflammatory (naproxen) and anti-proliferative (dithranol) moieties. METHOD Freshly excised, full-thickness porcine ear skin was dosed with saturated solutions of the compounds. After 24 h, the skin was recovered and used to prepare comparative depth profiles by the tape-stripping technique and to examine the extent of skin staining. RESULTS Depth profiles showed that Nap-DTH led to a 5-fold increase in drug retention in the skin compared to dithranol. The application of Nap-DTH also demonstrated improved stability, resulting in lower levels of dithranol degradation products in the skin. Furthermore, significantly less naproxen from hydrolysed Nap-DTH permeated into the receptor phase compared to naproxen when applied alone (0.08 ± 0.03 nmol cm(-)² and 180 ± 60 nmol cm(-)², respectively). Moreover, the reduced staining of the skin was very apparent for Nap-DTH compared to dithranol. CONCLUSIONS Topical delivery of Nap-DTH not only improves the delivery of naproxen and dithranol, but also reduces unwanted effects of the parent moieties, in particular the skin staining, which is a major issue concerning the use of dithranol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Man Lau
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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19
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Prins M, Swinkels Q, Bertholet B, van der Valk PGM. Dithranol short-contact treatment of scalp psoriasis. J DERMATOL TREAT 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/09546639909055905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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20
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Peus D, Beyerle A, Vasa M, Pott M, Meves A, Pittelkow MR. Antipsoriatic drug anthralin induces EGF receptor phosphorylation in keratinocytes: requirement for H(2)O(2) generation. Exp Dermatol 2004; 13:78-85. [PMID: 15009100 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2004.00119.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Even though anthralin is a well-established topical therapeutic agent for psoriasis, little is known about its effects and biochemical mechanisms of signal transduction. In contrast to a previous report, we found that anthralin induced time- and concentration-dependent phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor in primary human keratinocytes. Four lines of evidence show that this process is mediated by reactive oxygen species. First, we found that anthralin induces time-dependent generation of H(2)O(2). Second, there is a correlation between a time-dependent increase in anthralin-induced epidermal growth factor receptor phosphorylation and H(2)O(2) generation. Third, the structurally different antioxidants n-propyl gallate and N-acetylcysteine inhibited epidermal growth factor receptor phosphorylation induced by anthralin. Fourth, overexpression of catalase inhibited this process. The epidermal growth factor receptor-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor PD153035 abrogated anthralin-induced epidermal growth factor receptor phosphorylation and activation of extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2. These findings establish the following sequence of events: (1) H(2)O(2) generation, (2) epidermal growth factor receptor phosphorylation, and (3) extracellular-regulated kinase activation. Our data identify anthralin-induced reactive oxygen species and, more specifically, H(2)O(2) as an important upstream mediator required for ligand-independent epidermal growth factor receptor phosphorylation and downstream signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Peus
- Department of Dermatology and Biochemistry, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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21
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Liang DWM, Du CJ. Potent Antipsoriatic Agents: A Facile Preparation of Acylated Derivatives from Dithranol in a Mild Basic Reaction. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200400018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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22
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Hartman M, Prins M, Swinkels OQJ, Severens JL, De Boo T, Van Der Wilt GJ, Van De Kerkhof PCM, Van Der Valk PGM. Cost-effectiveness analysis of a psoriasis care instruction programme with dithranol compared with UVB phototherapy and inpatient dithranol treatment. Br J Dermatol 2002; 147:538-44. [PMID: 12207597 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04920.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was part of a large national cost-effectiveness analysis, and was funded by the National Fund for Investigational Medicine of the Health Care Insurance Board. OBJECTIVE To compare the costs of treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis by dithranol short contact therapy in a care instruction programme (short contact therapy) with ultraviolet B phototherapy (UVB) and inpatient dithranol treatment (inpatient treatment), and relate these costs to treatment effectiveness. METHODS An open randomized controlled multicentre study was performed. The costs (both medical and non-medical) were calculated for the following periods: during treatment, per month during remission, after a relapse, and following an unsuccessful treatment. The effectiveness measures were the clinical response rate and the number of clearance days during follow-up. RESULTS The data from 216 patients were analysed. The mean overall costs per patient during treatment were euro;1641, euro;1258 and euro;7706 for short contact treatment, UVB and inpatient treatment, respectively. During the clearance period the mean costs per month per patient were euro;19, euro;5 and euro;25, respectively. The clinical response rates were 57%, 57% and 85%, respectively. The mean number of clearance-days after short contact treatment was 160 [median 119; interquartile range (0-357)], which was not significantly different from the other two strategies: 211 clearance-days after inpatient treatment [241 (99-350)] and 136 clearance-days after UVB [81 (0-266)]. CONCLUSIONS Short contact treatment is an attractive alternative for patients with moderate to severe psoriasis currently treated by inpatient treatment, as the costs of short contact treatment were significantly lower and the number of clearance days was comparable. Considering the higher costs, short contact treatment is not a first choice treatment when compared with UVB.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hartman
- Department of Medical Technology Assessment (253 MTA), University Medical Centre St Radbound, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Life quality of patients with severe forms of psoriasis can be greatly improved with an appropriate inpatient therapy. In an effort to better understand how to treat this disorder, this article explores several aspects of inpatient treatment for severe psoriasis. Special attention is given to the Goeckerman regimen, combination therapies, and some innovative approaches that may shorten the hospital stay and prolong the remission periods of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Prodanovich
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Florida, USA
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24
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Peus D, Beyerle A, Rittner HL, Pott M, Meves A, Weyand C, Pittelkow MR. Anti-psoriatic drug anthralin activates JNK via lipid peroxidation: mononuclear cells are more sensitive than keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 114:688-92. [PMID: 10733674 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00934.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Anthralin is a widely used, topical therapy for psoriasis. Anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory properties of anthralin have been identified. Little is known, however, about differential sensitivities of targeted cell types and specific mechanisms of signaling pathway activation. We demonstrate that anthralin exerts potent effects on keratinocytes and mononuclear cells through strong induction of lipid peroxidation and JNK activation, a stress-induced signal transduction pathway. Lipid peroxidation was observed rapidly and half-maximal levels of lipid peroxidation were reached at a 10-fold lower concentration of anthralin for peripheral blood mononuclear cells vs normal keratinocytes. JNK activation was detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells at a 40-fold lower anthralin dose compared with keratinocytes. For both cell types, selected inhibitors of lipid peroxidation prevented JNK activation. This study demonstrates that mononuclear leukocytes are markedly more sensitive than keratinocytes to anthralin-induced lipid peroxidation and JNK activation. We identify anthralin as a novel and potent inducer of JNK activation and demonstrate that this process is mediated, at least in part, by lipid peroxidation which is among the earliest and most proximate, membrane-related responses to anthralin yet described.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Peus
- Department of Dermatology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic/Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Parish
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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