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17β-estradiol regulates prostaglandin E 2 and F 2α synthesis and function in endometrial explants of cattle. Anim Reprod Sci 2020; 216:106466. [PMID: 32414468 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2020.106466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PG) have primary functions in the reproductive tract, however, the mechanism of regulation of PG secretion in the endometrium is unclear. Estrogen as a predominant regulator of uterine functions during the mammalian estrous cycle and effects of estrogen on synthesis of PG and function in uterine tissues of cattle are not fully understood. In this study, there was evaluation of the concentration- and time-effects of 17β-estradiol on PG synthesis in endometrial explants of cattle, focusing on the secretion of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) as well as relative abundance of mRNA transcript and protein for both the enzymes responsible for PGE2 and PGF2α synthesis, including prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1 and 2 (PTGS1, PTGS2), PGE2 synthase (PGES), PGF2α synthase (PGFS), and carbonyl reductase (CBR1), and the receptors responsible for downstream PGE2 (PTGER2, PTGER4) and PGF2α (PTGFR) signaling. Results indicated that 17β-estradiol increased PGE2 and PGF2α production at concentrations ranging from 10-11 to 10-8 M. Furthermore, abundances of PTGS1, PTGS2, PGES, PGFS, PTGER2, PTGER4, and PTGFR mRNA transcripts and protein were greater immediately after 17β-estradiol treatment at almost all the concentrations, while these CBR1 abundances were less as a result of treatments with 17β-estradiol. These data support the hypothesis that estradiol modulates the synthesis and function of PG in the endometrium of cattle.
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Yamauchi K, Yamauchi N, Yamagami K, Nakamura N, Yamashita S, Islam MR, Tabata S, Yahiro K, Tamura T, Hashizume K, Hattori MA. Development of anin vitromodel for the analysis of bovine endometrium using simple techniques. Anim Sci J 2014; 86:523-31. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yamauchi
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences; Graduate School Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Yamauchi
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences; Graduate School Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Kazuki Yamagami
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences; Graduate School Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Nakamura
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences; Graduate School Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Seiya Yamashita
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences; Graduate School Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Md. Rashedul Islam
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences; Graduate School Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Shoji Tabata
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences; Graduate School Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | | | | | | | - Masa-aki Hattori
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences; Graduate School Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
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Bertan Membrive CM, da Cunha PM, Meirelles FV, Binelli M. Calcium potentiates the effect of estradiol on PGF2α production in the bovine endometrium. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2014; 5:25. [PMID: 24872882 PMCID: PMC4036304 DOI: 10.1186/2049-1891-5-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Estradiol (E2) is required for luteolysis in cows and its injection stimulates prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) release. The main goal of our study was to investigate the ability of endometrial explants and cells treated with E2 and the calcium ionophore (CI) A23187 to synthesize PGF2α. Results Treatment with E2in vivo resulted in a 48.4% increase of PGF2α production by endometrial explants treated in vitro with A23187. Production of PGF2α was better stimulated with A23187 at concentrations of 10-6 and 10-5 mol/L compared with other concentrations used. The concentration of PGF2α for untreated bovine endometrial cell cultures was 33.1 pg/mL, while for cultures treated with E2, A23187, or a combination of E2 and A23187, the PGF2α concentration was 32.5, 92.4 and 145.6 pg/mL, respectively. Conclusions Treatment with A23187 tended to stimulate PGF2α production. In the presence of E2, A23187 significantly stimulated PGF2α synthesis. It appears that A23187 potentiates the effects of E2 with respect to synthesis of endometrial PGF2α in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pauline Martins da Cunha
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio Vieira Meirelles
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Mario Binelli
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Oxytocin stimulated release of PGF2α and its inhibition by a cyclooxygenase inhibitor and an oxytocin receptor antagonist from equine endometrial cultures. Anim Reprod Sci 2013; 139:69-75. [PMID: 23664650 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Uterine inflammation results in a poor uterine environment and early embryonic loss in the mare due to an inhibition of maternal recognition of pregnancy caused from increased prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α). Oxytocin binds to endometrial cell receptors to activate prostaglandin synthesis. An oxytocin receptor antagonist (Atosiban) and a cyclooxygenase inhibitor (indomethacin) both decrease PGF2α production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effects of Atosiban and indomethacin on equine uterine prostaglandin secretion. Equine endometrial explants were harvested on day two of behavioral estrus. Endometrial explant cultures were challenged with oxytocin (250nM) and PGF2α concentrations were measured over time. Explants were also cultured with Atosiban and indomethacin for 6h to determine the influence on PGF2α secretion. When endometrial explants were challenged with oxytocin, PGF2α concentrations were greater (P<0.0001) at each time point over the 24h of culture as compared to controls. Oxytocin failed (P<0.001) to elicit PGF2α release in explants cultured with either Atosiban or indomethacin. These findings show equine endometrial explants can be stimulated with oxytocin to increase secretion of PGF2α and this secretion can be inhibited through an oxytocin receptor antagonist and a Cox inhibitor, suggesting that this response to oxytocin involves an oxytocin receptor mediated event that activates the prostaglandin synthesis cascade through cyclooxygenase. Furthermore, this data suggests a role for the use of these inhibitors in vivo to decrease uterine PGF2α secretion and prevent early luteal regression and embryonic loss.
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Wang X, Shang L, Wang J, Wu N, Wang S. Effect of phthalate esters on the secretion of prostaglandins (F2alpha and E2) and oxytocin in cultured bovine ovarian and endometrial cells. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2010; 39:131-6. [PMID: 20444570 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2010] [Revised: 03/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The influence of phthalate esters di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) on uterine prostaglandin (PGF2alpha and PGE2) and ovarian oxytocin secretion was investigated. Endometrial, granulosa, and luteal cells from cows on days 8-12 of the estrous cycle were treated with DEHP or MEHP (0.1, 1, or 10 ng/mL). We found that DEHP and MEHP stimulated (P < 0.05) secretion of PGF2alpha and inhibited (P < 0.001) secretion of PGE2 from endometrial cells. The ratio of PGF2alpha to PGE2 was markedly altered. The endocrine disrupting chemicals also enhanced secretion of oxytocin (P < 0.05) from ovarian cells. Our results indicated that DEHP and its metabolite MEHP could affect the process of the estrous cycle by impairing secretion of prostaglandin from the uterus and oxytocin from the ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department Gynecology and Obstetrics, Beijing Military Region Main Hospital, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100700, China
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6
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The adverse effect of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolite (DDE) on the secretion of prostaglandins and oxytocin in bovine cultured ovarian and endometrial cells. Reprod Toxicol 2009; 27:72-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2008.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 10/17/2008] [Accepted: 10/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Nash D, Lane E, Herath S, Sheldon IM. Endometrial explant culture for characterizing equine endometritis. Am J Reprod Immunol 2008; 59:105-17. [PMID: 18211536 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2007.00548.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Endometritis after insemination is ubiquitous in the horse and is associated with semen and/or bacteria in the uterus. In up to 40% of horses, inflammation persists causing infertility. An endometrial explant culture was developed to study uterine secretion of prostaglandin F(2alpha) (PGF(2alpha)) in response to physiological and pathological challenge. METHOD OF STUDY Uteri were collected from mares, the endometrium dissected and explants from the uterine body or horn cultured in William's or RPMI medium. The response of explants to oxytocin, semen or bacteria compared to untreated tissue was tested by collecting medium after 24 and 72 hr and measuring PGF(2alpha) by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS Explants from the uterine horn and cultured in William's medium secreted the most PGF(2alpha) after challenge with oxytocin. Explants treated with semen produced a PGF(2alpha) response after 72 hr. Explants collected from mares in the transition season treated with killed S. zooepidemicus or E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) secreted increased concentrations of PGF(2alpha) after 24 and 72 hr. The response to LPS was inhibited by polymyxin B. Follicular and luteal phase explants did not respond to treatments. CONCLUSIONS An endometrial explant culture was developed that measured PGF(2alpha) and may be used to study endometritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Nash
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK.
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Mann GE, Scholey DV, Robinson RS. Identification of elevated concentrations of estradiol in bovine uterine endometrium. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2007; 33:437-41. [PMID: 17049801 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2006.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2006] [Revised: 06/09/2006] [Accepted: 08/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the estradiol content of bovine endometrium and related this to circulating plasma estradiol content. In 9 heifers, mean+/-S.E.M. plasma estradiol concentration was 0.64+/-0.25 pg/ml while the mean+/-S.E.M. endometrial estradiol content was 43.0+/-14.7 pg/g tissue; there was a close relationship between plasma and tissue estradiol levels (R(2)=0.81; P<0.001). During culture of endometrial tissue there was a progressive transfer of estradiol from tissue to culture media but no change in total estradiol. Culture of endometrium from 4 heifers with 5 ng/ml testosterone for 72 h resulted in no increase in estradiol. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry revealed no aromatase protein in uterine endometrium. These results confirm high stored tissue concentrations of estradiol in bovine endometrium while providing no evidence for estradiol synthesis by this tissue. The mechanism(s) through which this sequestration of estradiol into uterine tissue occurs remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Mann
- University of Nottingham, School of Biosciences, Division of Animal Physiology, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK.
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Herath S, Fischer DP, Werling D, Williams EJ, Lilly ST, Dobson H, Bryant CE, Sheldon IM. Expression and function of Toll-like receptor 4 in the endometrial cells of the uterus. Endocrinology 2006; 147:562-70. [PMID: 16223858 PMCID: PMC2738982 DOI: 10.1210/en.2005-1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandins have a central role in many endocrine functions in mammals, including regulation of the life span of the corpus luteum by prostaglandin F(2alpha) (PGF) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE), which are secreted by the uterine endometrium. However, the uterus is readily infected with bacteria such as Escherichia coli, which disrupt luteolysis. Immune cells detect E. coli by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) binding its pathogenic ligand, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), although signaling requires accessory molecules such as CD14. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of E. coli or LPS on the function of bovine endometrial cells, and whether purified populations of epithelial and stromal cells express the molecules involved in LPS recognition. In addition, because the female sex hormones estradiol and progesterone modify the risk of uterine infection, their effect on the LPS response was investigated. Endometrial explants produced prostaglandins in response to LPS, with an increased ratio of PGE to PGF. Addition of LPS or E. coli to stromal and epithelial cells stimulated production of PGE and PGF and increased their cyclooxygenase 2 mRNA expression. The production of prostaglandins was abrogated by an LPS antagonist. In addition, estradiol and progesterone inhibited the production of PGE and PGF in response to LPS, indicating a role for steroid hormones in the response to bacterial infection. For the first time, Toll-like receptor 4 mRNA and CD14 mRNA and protein were detected in bovine endometrial stromal and epithelial cells by RT-PCR and flow cytometry. In conclusion, epithelial and stromal cells detect and respond to bacteria, which modulate their endocrine function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Herath
- Royal Veterinary College, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts. AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Deborah P. Fischer
- Royal Veterinary College, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts. AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Dirk Werling
- Royal Veterinary College, Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts. AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Erin J. Williams
- Royal Veterinary College, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts. AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Sonia T. Lilly
- Royal Veterinary College, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts. AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Hilary Dobson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science and Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Clare E. Bryant
- Centre for Veterinary Science, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - I. Martin Sheldon
- Royal Veterinary College, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts. AL9 7TA, UK
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Prof. Martin Sheldon, Royal Veterinary College, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts. AL9 7TA UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant S Frazer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, A100 Sisson Hall, 1920 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Goff AK. Steroid hormone modulation of prostaglandin secretion in the ruminant endometrium during the estrous cycle. Biol Reprod 2004; 71:11-6. [PMID: 14973258 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.103.025890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandins, produced from membrane phospholipids by the action of phospholipase A2, cyclooxygenase, and specific prostaglandin synthases, are important regulators of ovulation, luteolysis, implantation, and parturition in reproductive tissues. Destruction of the corpus luteum at the end of the estrous cycle in nonpregnant animals is brought about by the pulsatile secretion of prostaglandin F(2alpha) (PGF(2alpha)) from the endometrium. It has been known for many years that progesterone, estradiol, and oxytocin are the hormones responsible for luteolysis. To achieve luteolysis, two independent processes have to be coordinated; the first is an increase in the prostaglandin synthetic capability of the endometrium and the second is an increase in oxytocin receptor number. Although progesterone and estradiol can modulate the expression of the enzymes involved in prostaglandin synthesis, the primary reason for the initiation of luteolysis is the increase in oxytocin receptor on the endometrial epithelial cells. Results of many in vivo studies have shown that progesterone and estradiol are required for luteolysis, but it is still not fully understood exactly how these steroid hormones act. The purpose of this article is to review the recent data related to how progesterone and estradiol could regulate (initiate and then turn off) the uterine pulsatile secretion of PGF(2alpha) observed at luteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan K Goff
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction Animale, Faculte de medecine veterinaire, Universite de Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada J2S 7C6.
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Telgmann R, Bathgate RAD, Jaeger S, Tillmann G, Ivell R. Transcriptional regulation of the bovine oxytocin receptor gene. Biol Reprod 2003; 68:1015-26. [PMID: 12604656 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.102.008961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxytocin receptor (OTR) is expressed in the cow uterus at high levels at estrus and at term of pregnancy. This expression appears to be controlled mostly at the transcriptional level and correlates with increasing estrogen concentration and progesterone withdrawal. Approximately 3200 base pairs of the upstream region of the bovine OTR gene were cloned and analyzed using a combination of bioinformatic, electrophoretic mobility shift (EMSA), and transfection analyses. Using nuclear proteins from high- and low-expressing tissues, EMSA indicated no significant quantitative or qualitative changes in specific DNA-protein binding, suggesting that transcription is probably controlled by signalling systems targeting constitutive factors. Using various cell types, including primary and immortalized ruminant endometrial epithelial cells, as hosts for transfection of promoter-reporter constructs showed that endogenous activity resided only in the longest, i.e., 3.2-kb, construct but not in those shorter than 1.0 kb. While estrogen appears to be important in vivo, no effect of estradiol was found on any construct directly; only when the longest 3.2-kb construct was used in combination with some cotransfected steroid receptor cofactors, e.g., SRC1e, was an estradiol-dependent effect observed. A putative interferon-responsive element (IRE) was found at approximately -2,400 from the transcription start site. This element was shown to bind mouse IRF1 and IRF2 as well as similar proteins from bovine endometrial and myometrial nuclear extracts. This element also responded to these factors when cotransfected into various cell types. The bovine equivalents to IRF1 and IRF2 were molecularly cloned from endometrial tissue and shown to be expressed in a temporal fashion, supporting the role of interferon-tau in maternal recognition of pregnancy. Of many factors tested or analyzed, these components of the IFN system are the only ones found to significantly influence the transcription of the bovine OTR gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Telgmann
- Institute for Hormone and Fertility Research University of Hamburg, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
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Budipitojo T, Sasaki M, Matsuzaki S, Cruzana MBC, Iwanaga T, Kitamura N, Yamada J. Expression of gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) in the bovine uterus during the estrous cycle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 66:337-46. [PMID: 14692689 DOI: 10.1679/aohc.66.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) has been proposed as a novel regulatory peptide in the reproductive tract. We previously demonstrated that GRP immunoreactivities are found predominantly in the uterine gland epithelial cells of nonpregnant and pregnant cows. The present study focused on the distribution of GRP immunoreactivity and the expression of GRP mRNA in the bovine endometrium during the estrous cycle. Tissues were collected from 21 uterine horns and bodies during the estrous cycle. RT-PCR showed the expected GRP mRNA fragments (284 bp) in the tissues from all stages of the cycle. In situ hybridization results ascertained the expression of the GRP mRNA in the uterine gland epithelial cells and superficial epithelial cells of the endometrium. Positive staining of GRP immunoreactivity in the uterine gland epithelial cells was detected in both the uterine horn and body from all stages of the cycle. In metestrus and diestrus stages, GRP was also detected in the superficial epithelial cells of horn, but not in the body. The degrees of GRP mRNA expression and intensities of GRP immunoreactivity in the endometrium increased from proestrus to diestrus stages. These findings suggest that GRP may be important both in the endometrial remodeling during the estrous cycle and in the implantation and development of blastocysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teguh Budipitojo
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan.
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Farnell YZ, Ing NH. Estradiol and a selective estrogen receptor modulator affect steroid hormone receptor messenger RNA levels and turnover in explant cultures of sheep endometrium. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2002; 38:595-600. [PMID: 12762841 DOI: 10.1290/1543-706x(2002)38<595:eaaser>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens upregulate estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) gene expression in endometrium immediately before ovulation to prepare it for nurturing embryos. Most in vitro model systems have lost the ability to upregulate expression of the ER gene in response to estradiol (E2) or the ability to express the ER gene at all. Here, we used explant cultures from control and E2-treated ewes and assessed expression of four genes (ER, PR, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase [GAPDH], and cyclophilin [CYC] genes) that are upregulated by E2 in vivo on Northern blots. In cultures from control and E2-treated ewes, ER and PR messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels dropped significantly during 24 h of culture in the absence of E2. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA levels increased 300% in explants from control ewes to match the higher levels in the endometrium of the E2-treated ewe (in vivo and in explant culture). The only effect of E2 in the explant cultures was to prevent the decrease in PR mRNA. The new selective ER modulator, EM-800 (EM), decreased ER and PR mRNA levels in explants from control ewes but upregulated GAPDH and CYC mRNA levels. The EM treatment in vitro mimicked that of E2 by increasing the half-life of ER mRNA in endometrial explants. These data illustrate distinct, gene-specific effects of the explant culture process, E2, and EM on the expression of endometrial genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Z Farnell
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Animal Biotechnology and Genomics, Texas A&M University, 2471 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843-2471, USA
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Liu CY, Chen LB, Liu PY, Xie DP, Wang PS. Effects of progesterone on gastric emptying and intestinal transit in male rats. World J Gastroenterol 2002; 8:338-41. [PMID: 11925620 PMCID: PMC4658379 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v8.i2.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the dose-dependent of progesterone (P) effect and the interaction between the oxytocin (OT) and P on gastrointestinal motility.
METHODS: In order to monitor the gastric emptying and intestinal transit, the SD male rats were intubated via a catheter with normal saline (3 mL/kg) containing Na251CrO4 (0.5 μCi/mL) and 10% charcoal. OT was dissolved into normal saline and P was dissolved into 75% alcohol.
RESULTS: Low does of P (1 mg/kg, i.p.) enhanced the gastric emptying (75% ± 3%, P < 0.05) and high dose of P (5 mg/kg, i.p.) inhibit it (42% ± 11.2%, P < 0.01). P (1 mg/kg) increased the intestinal transit (4.2 ± 0.3, P < 0.05) while the higher dose (10-20 mg/kg) had no effect. OT (0.8 mg/kg, i.p.) inhibited the gastric emptying (23.5% ± 9.8%, P < 0.01). The inhibitory effects of P (20 mg/kg) (32% ± 9.7%, P < 0.05) and OT (0.8 mg/kg) on gastric emptying enhanced each other when the two chemicals were administrated simultaneously (17% ± 9.4%, P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: Low dose of P increased GI motility while high dose of P decreased it. During the later period of pregnancy, elevated plasma level of OT may also participate in the gastrointestinal inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Yong Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China.
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Mann GE, Payne JH, Lamming GE. Hormonal regulation of oxytocin-induced prostaglandin F(2alpha) secretion by the bovine and ovine uterus in vivo. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2001; 21:127-41. [PMID: 11585702 DOI: 10.1016/s0739-7240(01)00105-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In long-term ovariectomized ewes and cows, endometrial oxytocin receptors rest at relatively high levels but oxytocin is unable to induce prostaglandin F(2alpha) release. A series of studies were carried out to investigate the roles of physiological levels of progesterone and estradiol in "activating" these receptors in terms of permitting oxytocin-induced prostaglandin F(2alpha) release. In long-term ovariectomized cows, treatment with progesterone, but not estradiol, resulted in the induction of responsiveness to oxytocin. This responsiveness appeared within 2 d of progesterone treatment, reached a maximum by 6 d and was maintained to Day 18. In ovariectomized ewes, while estradiol treatment did induce temporary responsiveness to oxytocin after 3 d of treatment, treatment with progesterone was required to induce sustained responsiveness that appeared by Day 9 of treatment and was maintained to Day 12. Measurement of endometrial receptors for oxytocin revealed a significant decline in oxytocin receptors by Day 6 of progesterone treatment when responsiveness to oxytocin was maximal, demonstrating that receptor concentrations were not a limiting factor. The most likely mechanism by which progesterone treatment induces responsiveness to oxytocin may be through the up regulation of post receptor signaling pathways and/or enzymes involved in prostaglandin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Mann
- University of Nottingham, School of Biosciences, Division of Animal Physiology, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, Loughborough, UK.
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