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Marques P, Korbonits M. Tumour microenvironment and pituitary tumour behaviour. J Endocrinol Invest 2023; 46:1047-1063. [PMID: 37060402 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-023-02089-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
The pituitary tumour microenvironment encompasses a spectrum of non-tumoural cells, such as immune, stromal or endothelial cells, as well as enzymes and signalling peptides like cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, which surround the tumour cells and may influence pituitary tumour behaviour and tumourigenic mechanisms. Recently, there has been intensive research activity in this field describing various pituitary tumour-infiltrating immune and stromal cell subpopulations, and immune- and microenvironment-related pathways. Key changes in oncological therapeutic avenues resulted in the recognition of pituitary as a target of adverse events for patients treated with immune checkpoint regulators. However, these phenomena can be turned into therapeutic advantage in severe cases of pituitary tumours. Therefore, unravelling the pituitary tumour microenvironment will allow a better understanding of the biology and behaviour of pituitary tumours and may provide further developments in terms of diagnosis and management of patients with aggressively growing or recurrent pituitary tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Marques
- Pituitary Tumor Unit, Endocrinology Department, Hospital CUF Descobertas, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - M Korbonits
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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2
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Chiloiro S, De Marinis L. The immune microenviroment in somatotropinomas: from biology to personalized and target therapy. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2023; 24:283-295. [PMID: 36658300 PMCID: PMC10023617 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-022-09782-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary tumors are rare neoplasms, with a heterogeneous biological and clinical behavior, due to their clinical course, local invasive growth, resistance to conventional therapies and the risk of disease progression. Recent studies on tumor microenvironment (TME) provided new knowledge on the biology of these neoplasia, that may explain the different phenotypes of these tumors and suggest new biomarkers able to predict the prognosis and the treatment outcome. The identification of molecular markers that act as targets for biological therapies may open new perspectives in the medical treatments of aggressive pituitary tumors.In this paper, we will review data of TME and target therapies in somatotropinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Chiloiro
- UOC Endocrinology and Diabetology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168, Roma, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168, Roma, Italy
| | - Laura De Marinis
- UOC Endocrinology and Diabetology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168, Roma, Italy.
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168, Roma, Italy.
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3
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Marques P, Silva AL, López-Presa D, Faria C, Bugalho MJ. The microenvironment of pituitary adenomas: biological, clinical and therapeutical implications. Pituitary 2022; 25:363-382. [PMID: 35194709 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-022-01211-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The microenvironment of pituitary adenomas (PAs) includes a range of non-tumoral cells, such as immune and stromal cells, as well as cell signaling molecules such as cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, which surround pituitary tumor cells and may modulate tumor initiation, progression, invasion, angiogenesis and other tumorigenic processes. The microenvironment of PAs has been actively investigated over the last years, with several immune and stromal cell populations, as well as different cytokines, chemokines and growth factors being recently characterized in PAs. Moreover, key microenvironment-related genes as well as immune-related molecules and pathways have been investigated, with immune check point regulators emerging as promising targets for immunotherapy. Understanding the microenvironment of PAs will contribute to a deeper knowledge of the complex biology of PAs, as well as will provide developments in terms of diagnosis, clinical management and ultimately treatment of patients with aggressive and/or refractory PAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Marques
- Endocrinology Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Norte (CHULN), Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Ana Luísa Silva
- Endocrinology Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Norte (CHULN), Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, Lisbon University, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Dolores López-Presa
- Pathology Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Norte (CHULN), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Faria
- Neurosurgery Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Norte (CHULN), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria João Bugalho
- Endocrinology Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Norte (CHULN), Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, Lisbon University, Lisbon, Portugal
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4
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Ilie MD, Vasiljevic A, Chanal M, Gadot N, Chinezu L, Jouanneau E, Hennino A, Raverot G, Bertolino P. Intratumoural spatial distribution of S100B + folliculostellate cells is associated with proliferation and expression of FSH and ERα in gonadotroph tumours. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:18. [PMID: 35139928 PMCID: PMC8827287 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01321-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Folliculostellate cells are S100B-expressing cells with numerous functions in the normal anterior pituitary. These cells have also been identified in pituitary neuroendocrine tumours (PitNETs), where their precise role remains elusive. Here, we aimed to build a refined cartography of S100B-expressing cells to characterise their interpatient and intratumoural spatial distribution, and to start identifying their potential functions in PitNETs. High-throughput histological analysis of S100B-stained tumour sections of 54 PitNETs revealed a significant decrease in S100B + cells in PitNETs compared to the normal anterior pituitary. A Ki67 index ≥ 3, a mitosis count > 2/10 per high power fields, and a proliferative status, were all associated with fewer S100B + cells in gonadotroph tumours. Gonadotroph tumours also showed interpatient and intratumoural heterogeneity in the spatial distribution of S100B + cells. The existence of an intratumoural heterogeneity was further confirmed by the incorporation to our spatial analysis of additional markers: Ki67, FSH, LH, ERα and SSTR2. The tumour areas with fewer S100B + cells displayed a higher percentage of Ki67 + cells, whereas strong positive correlations were observed between S100B + , FSH + , and ERα + cells. Such spatial associations suggest that S100B + folliculostellate cells could play a role in gonadotroph tumorigenesis, and may contribute to the maintenance of tumour cells in a low proliferating, FSH + /ERα + differentiated state. Albeit, further in-depth functional studies are required to decipher the mechanisms underlying these spatial associations and to potentially identify a therapeutic use.
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Sabatino ME, Grondona E, De Paul AL. Architects of Pituitary Tumour Growth. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:924942. [PMID: 35837315 PMCID: PMC9273718 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.924942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pituitary is a master gland responsible for the modulation of critical endocrine functions. Pituitary neuroendocrine tumours (PitNETs) display a considerable prevalence of 1/1106, frequently observed as benign solid tumours. PitNETs still represent a cause of important morbidity, due to hormonal systemic deregulation, with surgical, radiological or chronic treatment required for illness management. The apparent scarceness, uncommon behaviour and molecular features of PitNETs have resulted in a relatively slow progress in depicting their pathogenesis. An appropriate interpretation of different phenotypes or cellular outcomes during tumour growth is desirable, since histopathological characterization still remains the main option for prognosis elucidation. Improved knowledge obtained in recent decades about pituitary tumorigenesis has revealed that this process involves several cellular routes in addition to proliferation and death, with its modulation depending on many signalling pathways rather than being the result of abnormalities of a unique proliferation pathway, as sometimes presented. PitNETs can display intrinsic heterogeneity and cell subpopulations with diverse biological, genetic and epigenetic particularities, including tumorigenic potential. Hence, to obtain a better understanding of PitNET growth new approaches are required and the systematization of the available data, with the role of cell death programs, autophagy, stem cells, cellular senescence, mitochondrial function, metabolic reprogramming still being emerging fields in pituitary research. We envisage that through the combination of molecular, genetic and epigenetic data, together with the improved morphological, biochemical, physiological and metabolically knowledge on pituitary neoplastic potential accumulated in recent decades, tumour classification schemes will become more accurate regarding tumour origin, behaviour and plausible clinical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eugenia Sabatino
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos Córdoba (ICYTAC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ezequiel Grondona
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ana Lucía De Paul
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Córdoba, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Ana Lucía De Paul,
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Delfin L, Mete O, Asa SL. Follicular cells in pituitary neuroendocrine tumors. Hum Pathol 2021; 114:1-8. [PMID: 33991528 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Follicular cells (FCs) are thought to be agranular, non-hormone-producing stellate cells distributed throughout the adenohypophysis, occasionally arranged around colloid-filled follicles, and thought to be more prominent in the vicinity of necrosis and apoptotic cells. A distinct but similar cell type, the folliculostellate cell (FSC), is a sustentacular cell that is negative for keratins and stains for S100, GFAP, and SOX10. While several studies have examined FSCs in pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs), the distribution and derivation of FCs in these lesions is unclear. We examined the presence and distribution of FCs in 104 PitNETs obtained by trans-sphenoidal surgery, using immunohistochemistry for keratins as well as the full complement of immunohistochemical stains for tumor characterization. The tumors included 9 somatotroph, 5 mammosomatotroph, 7 lactotroph, 7 immature PIT1-lineage, 2 acidophil stem cell, 17 corticotroph, 53 gonadotroph, 2 null cell, and 2 unusual plurihormonal tumors. CK-positive FCs were only identified in gonadotroph PitNETs and were found in 12 (23%) of those tumors; all other tumor types were negative for FCs. FCs express keratins identified by CAM5.2, AE1/AE3, CK18, and CK19 antibodies. FCs were identified scattered singly among hormone-producing neuroendocrine cells, in small clusters of 3-5 cells and surrounding colloid-filled follicles, as well as linearly along intratumoral blood vessels. Sequential stains showed that FCs express nuclear SF1 and GATA3, transcription factors of gonadotrophs, and multiplex immunohistochemistry confirmed colocalization of SF1 in the nucleus of keratin-positive FCs. In this series, FCs were exclusively found in gonadotroph PitNETs and occurred in 23% of those tumors. Co-expression of gonadotroph transcription factors in FCs supports the concept of cellular plasticity and transformation of neoplastic hormone-producing neuroendocrine cells to FCs. Further studies are required to determine if and why gonadotrophs alone undergo this transformation, the function of these cells and whether they have prognostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luvy Delfin
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Ozgur Mete
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Sylvia L Asa
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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Laporte E, Vennekens A, Vankelecom H. Pituitary Remodeling Throughout Life: Are Resident Stem Cells Involved? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 11:604519. [PMID: 33584539 PMCID: PMC7879485 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.604519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pituitary gland has the primordial ability to dynamically adapt its cell composition to changing hormonal needs of the organism throughout life. During the first weeks after birth, an impressive growth and maturation phase is occurring in the gland during which the distinct hormonal cell populations expand. During pubertal growth and development, growth hormone (GH) levels need to peak which requires an adaptive enterprise in the GH-producing somatotrope population. At aging, pituitary function wanes which is associated with organismal decay including the somatopause in which GH levels drop. In addition to these key time points of life, the pituitary's endocrine cell landscape plastically adapts during specific (patho-)physiological conditions such as lactation (need for PRL) and stress (engagement of ACTH). Particular resilience is witnessed after physical injury in the (murine) gland, culminating in regeneration of destroyed cell populations. In many other tissues, adaptive and regenerative processes involve the local stem cells. Over the last 15 years, evidence has accumulated that the pituitary gland houses a resident stem cell compartment. Recent studies propose their involvement in at least some of the cell remodeling processes that occur in the postnatal pituitary but support is still fragmentary and not unequivocal. Many questions remain unsolved such as whether the stem cells are key players in the vivid neonatal growth phase and whether the decline in pituitary function at old age is associated with decreased stem cell fitness. Furthermore, the underlying molecular mechanisms of pituitary plasticity, in particular the stem cell-linked ones, are still largely unknown. Pituitary research heavily relies on transgenic in vivo mouse models. While having proven their value, answers to pituitary stem cell-focused questions may more diligently come from a novel powerful in vitro research model, termed organoids, which grow from pituitary stem cells and recapitulate stem cell phenotype and activation status. In this review, we describe pituitary plasticity conditions and summarize what is known on the involvement and phenotype of pituitary stem cells during these pituitary remodeling events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hugo Vankelecom
- Laboratory of Tissue Plasticity in Health and Disease, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
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Marques P, Grossman AB, Korbonits M. The tumour microenvironment of pituitary neuroendocrine tumours. Front Neuroendocrinol 2020; 58:100852. [PMID: 32553750 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The tumour microenvironment (TME) includes a variety of non-neoplastic cells and non-cellular elements such as cytokines, growth factors and enzymes surrounding tumour cells. The TME emerged as a key modulator of tumour initiation, progression and invasion, with extensive data available in many cancers, but little is known in pituitary tumours. However, the understanding of the TME of pituitary tumours has advanced thanks to active research in this field over the last decade. Different immune and stromal cell subpopulations, and several cytokines, growth factors and matrix remodelling enzymes, have been characterised in pituitary tumours. Studying the TME in pituitary tumours may lead to a better understanding of tumourigenic mechanisms, identification of biomarkers useful to predict aggressive disease, and development of novel therapies. This review summarises the current knowledge on the different TME cellular/non-cellular elements in pituitary tumours and provides an overview of their role in tumourigenesis, biological behaviour and clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Marques
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Ashley B Grossman
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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Wójcik M, Herman AP, Zieba DA, Krawczyńska A. The Impact of Photoperiod on the Leptin Sensitivity and Course of Inflammation in the Anterior Pituitary. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114153. [PMID: 32532062 PMCID: PMC7312887 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin has a modulatory impact on the course of inflammation, affecting the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and their receptors. Pathophysiological leptin resistance identified in humans occurs typically in sheep during the long-day photoperiod. This study aimed to determine the effect of the photoperiod with relation to the leptin-modulating action on the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines and their receptors in the anterior pituitary under physiological or acute inflammation. Two in vivo experiments were conducted on 24 blackface sheep per experiment in different photoperiods. The real-time PCR analysis for the expression of the genes IL1B, IL1R1, IL1R2, IL6, IL6R, IL6ST, TNF, TNFR1, and TNFR2 was performed. Expression of all examined genes, except IL1β and IL1R2, was higher during short days. The leptin injection increased the expression of all examined genes during short days. In short days the synergistic effect of lipopolysaccharide and leptin increased the expression of IL1B, IL1R1, IL1R2, IL6, TNF, and TNFR2, and decreased expression of IL6ST. This mechanism was inhibited during long days for the expression of IL1R1, IL6, IL6ST, and TNFR1. The obtained results suggest the occurrence of leptin resistance during long days and suggest that leptin modulates the course of inflammation in a photoperiod-dependent manner in the anterior pituitary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Wójcik
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland; (A.P.H.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrzej Przemysław Herman
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland; (A.P.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Dorota Anna Zieba
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Genomics, Department of Nutrition, Animal Biotechnology and Fisheries, Agricultural University of Krakow, 30-248 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Agata Krawczyńska
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland; (A.P.H.); (A.K.)
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Abstract
Cellular senescence is a stable proliferative arrest state. Pituitary adenomas are frequent and mostly benign, but the mechanism for this remains unknown. IL-6 is involved in pituitary tumor progression and is produced by the tumoral cells. In a cell autonomous fashion, IL-6 participates in oncogene-induced senescence in transduced human melanocytes. Here we prove that autocrine IL-6 participates in pituitary tumor senescence. Endogenous IL-6 inhibition in somatotroph MtT/S shRNA stable clones results in decreased SA-β-gal activity and p16INK4a but increased pRb, proliferation and invasion. Nude mice injected with IL-6 silenced clones develop tumors contrary to MtT/S wild type that do not, demonstrating that clones that escape senescence are capable of becoming tumorigenic. When endogenous IL-6 is silenced, cell cultures derived from positive SA-β-gal human tumor samples decrease the expression of the senescence marker. Our results establish that IL-6 contributes to maintain senescence by its autocrine action, providing a natural model of IL-6 mediated benign adenoma senescence.
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Cytokines in Endocrine Dysfunction of Plasma Cell Disorders. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:7586174. [PMID: 28740334 PMCID: PMC5504949 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7586174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal gammopathies (MG) are classically associated with lytic bone lesions, hypercalcemia, anemia, and renal insufficiency. However, in some cases, symptoms of endocrine dysfunction are more prominent than these classical signs and misdiagnosis can thus be possible. This concerns especially the situation where the presence of M-protein is limited and the serum protein electrophoresis (sPEP) appears normal. To understand the origin of the endocrine symptoms associated with MG, we overview here the current knowledge on the complexity of interactions between cytokines and the endocrine system in MG and discuss the perspectives for both the diagnosis and treatments for this class of diseases. We also illustrate the role of major cytokines and growth factors such as IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and VEGF in the endocrine system, as these tumor-relevant signaling molecules not only help the clonal expansion and invasion of the tumor cells but also influence cellular metabolism through autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine mechanisms. We further discuss the broader impact of these tumor environment-derived molecules and proinflammatory state on systemic hormone signaling. The diagnostic challenges and clinical work-up are illustrated from the point of view of an endocrinologist.
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Sapochnik M, Fuertes M, Arzt E. Programmed cell senescence: role of IL-6 in the pituitary. J Mol Endocrinol 2017; 58:R241-R253. [PMID: 28381401 DOI: 10.1530/jme-17-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
IL-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine with multiple pathophysiological functions. As a key factor of the senescence secretome, it can not only promote tumorigenesis and cell proliferation but also exert tumor suppressive functions, depending on the cellular context. IL-6, as do other cytokines, plays important roles in the function, growth and neuroendocrine responses of the anterior pituitary gland. The multiple actions of IL-6 on normal and adenomatous pituitary function, cell proliferation, angiogenesis and extracellular matrix remodeling indicate its importance in the regulation of the anterior pituitary. Pituitary tumors are mostly benign adenomas with low mitotic index and rarely became malignant. Premature senescence occurs in slow-growing benign tumors, like pituitary adenomas. The dual role of IL-6 in senescence and tumorigenesis is well represented in pituitary tumor development, as it has been demonstrated that effects of paracrine IL-6 may allow initial pituitary cell growth, whereas autocrine IL-6 in the same tumor triggers senescence and restrains aggressive growth and malignant transformation. IL-6 is instrumental in promotion and maintenance of the senescence program in pituitary adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Sapochnik
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET-Partner Institute of the Max Planck SocietyBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Fuertes
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET-Partner Institute of the Max Planck SocietyBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Arzt
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET-Partner Institute of the Max Planck SocietyBuenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y CelularFacultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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13
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Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Pituitary Pathogenesis. Biochem Genet 2015; 54:107-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s10528-015-9709-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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Jovanović I, Ugrenović S, Ljubomirović M, Vasović L, Čukuranović R, Stefanović V. Folliculo-stellate cells – Potential mediators of the inflammaging-induced hyperactivity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in healthy elderly individuals. Med Hypotheses 2014; 83:501-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Hoshino S, Kurotani R, Miyano Y, Sakahara S, Koike K, Maruyama M, Ishikawa F, Sakatai I, Abe H, Sakai T. Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Induces Prolactin Expression in Rat Pituitary Gland. Zoolog Sci 2014; 31:390-7. [DOI: 10.2108/zs130226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoya Hoshino
- Department of Regulation Biology, Faculty of Science, Saitama University,Sakuraku Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Reiko Kurotani
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Yuki Miyano
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sakahara
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Kanako Koike
- Department of Regulation Biology, Faculty of Science, Saitama University,Sakuraku Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Minoru Maruyama
- Department of Regulation Biology, Faculty of Science, Saitama University,Sakuraku Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Fumio Ishikawa
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sakatai
- Department of Regulation Biology, Faculty of Science, Saitama University,Sakuraku Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Abe
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Takafumi Sakai
- Department of Regulation Biology, Faculty of Science, Saitama University,Sakuraku Saitama 338-8570, Japan
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Mehet DK, Philip J, Solito E, Buckingham JC, John CD. Evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies showing that nuclear factor-κB within the pituitary folliculostellate cells and corticotrophs regulates adrenocorticotrophic hormone secretion in experimental endotoxaemia. J Neuroendocrinol 2012; 24:862-73. [PMID: 22283629 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2012.02285.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) responses to bacterial infection are mediated, in part, by the actions of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on pituitary folliculostellate (FS) cells that release pro-inflammatory cytokines [e.g. interleukin (IL)-6] and thereby facilitate adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) release from neighbouring corticotrophs. In the present study, two murine pituitary cell lines [TtT/GF (FS cells) and AtT20 D16:16 (corticotrophs)], alone and in co-culture, and an in vivo model of endotoxaemia were used to examine the potential role of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in mediating LPS-induced ACTH secretion. Both cell lines expressed mRNAs for the key components of the LPS signalling system. LPS stimulated IL-6 release from TtT/GF cells via a glucocorticoid-sensitive, NF-κB-dependent mechanism; it also activated NF-κB in AtT20 cells, as did corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH). IL-6 potentiated (but LPS reduced) the stimulatory effects of CRH on ACTH release from AtT20 cells, whereas blockade of NF-κB (SC-514) increased the ACTH release induced by CRH in the presence or absence of LPS. In co-cultures, CRH and LPS acted synergistically to induce release of both IL-6 and ACTH. However, although SC-514 suppressed the release of IL-6 evoked by CRH and LPS, it potentiated the concomitant increase in ACTH release. In vivo both immunological (LPS) and psychological (restraint) stress increased intrapituitary NF-κB, whereas an NF-κB inhibitor (PHA781535E) attenuated the LPS-induced release of ACTH and abolished the HPA response to restraint stress. The results obtained in the present study support the premise that NF-κB plays an important role in mediating LPS signalling in the anterior pituitary gland, particularly in relation to IL-6 and ACTH secretion, and provide novel evidence that NF-κB blockade in vivo compromises stress-induced ACTH release.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Mehet
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK
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Hodson DJ, Romanò N, Schaeffer M, Fontanaud P, Lafont C, Fiordelisio T, Mollard P. Coordination of calcium signals by pituitary endocrine cells in situ. Cell Calcium 2011; 51:222-30. [PMID: 22172406 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The pulsatile secretion of hormones from the mammalian pituitary gland drives a wide range of homeostatic responses by dynamically altering the functional set-point of effector tissues. To accomplish this, endocrine cell populations residing within the intact pituitary display large-scale changes in coordinated calcium-spiking activity in response to various hypothalamic and peripheral inputs. Although the pituitary gland is structurally compartmentalized into specific and intermingled endocrine cell networks, providing a clear morphological basis for such coordinated activity, the mechanisms which facilitate the timely propagation of information between cells in situ remain largely unexplored. Therefore, the aim of the current review is to highlight the range of signalling modalities known to be employed by endocrine cells to coordinate intracellular calcium rises, and discuss how these mechanisms are integrated at the population level to orchestrate cell function and tissue output.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Hodson
- CNRS, UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, F-34000 Montpellier, France.
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Paoletta A, Arnaldi G, Papa R, Boscaro M, Tirabassi G. Intrapituitary cytokines in Cushing's disease: do they play a role? Pituitary 2011; 14:236-41. [PMID: 21181277 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-010-0285-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A large body of in vitro evidence shows that cytokines influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis both in physiological conditions and in Cushing's disease (CD). In order to study in vivo the role of intrapituitary cytokines in CD, we assayed two cytokines known for their action on the pituitary, i.e. interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and also soluble interleukin-6 receptor (sIL-6R), important for the neural activities of IL-6, in a carefully selected sample of subjects affected by CD undergoing bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling. Similarly to ACTH, all cytokines basally showed a higher concentration in the ipsilateral sinus compared to the controlateral one and to that of peripheral blood; after CRH infusion, both ipsilaterally and controlaterally, IL-6 and sIL-6R values increased compared to basal ones, while IL-1β increased significantly up to 5 min after CRH and then decreased significantly compared to basal values in subsequent measurements; peripherically no significant variations in the cytokines were observed after CRH. Again similarly to ACTH, the three cytokines presented a higher increase ipsilaterally than controlaterally; moreover all three interleukins in the ipsilateral sinuses showed positive and significant correlations between their basal value and that of basal ACTH. These findings allow us to hypothesize that the central production of IL-1β and IL-6 could be involved in ACTH hypersecretion which occurs in CD: more specifically, we hypothesize that these cytokines are produced directly by the corticotroph adenoma and have the task of enhancing tumoral secretion of ACTH with an autocrine-paracrine mechanism.
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Vindeløv SD, Hartoft-Nielsen ML, Rasmussen ÅK, Bendtzen K, Kosteljanetz M, Andersson AM, Feldt-Rasmussen U. Interleukin-8 production from human somatotroph adenoma cells is stimulated by interleukin-1β and inhibited by growth hormone releasing hormone and somatostatin. Growth Horm IGF Res 2011; 21:134-139. [PMID: 21658592 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pituitary adenomas cause morbidity and mortality due to their localization and influence on pituitary hormone secretion. Although the pathogenesis of pituitary adenomas is unclear, studies have indicated that cytokines are involved. We investigated the role of cytokines, in particular interleukin (IL)-8, in the pathogenesis of growth hormone (GH) producing tumours. DESIGN Human somatotroph adenoma tissue was obtained from patients undergoing surgery for acromegaly. The tissue underwent mechanical and enzymatic digestion, was washed, suspended and cultured in 24-chamber plates. After stimulation/inhibition supernatants were harvested. As control of growth hormone producing properties of the cultured cells, GH releasing hormone (GHRH) stimulated and somatostatin inhibited the GH response. RESULTS The cultured adenoma cells released both IL-6 and IL-8 and the secretion was inhibited by GHRH and somatostatin. IL-1β dose-dependently stimulated GH, IL-6 and IL-8 secretion. CONCLUSION Using cultured primary somatotroph adenoma cells as a dynamic method, we found a consistent release not only of IL-6 as described previously, but also of IL-8. This finding could be important for reassessing a role of these cytokines in the pathogenesis of pituitary tumour growth and function, and thus form a basis for targeted therapy. In line with previous studies, our results further indicated a common physiological or pathophysiological reaction of endocrine cells to cytokine stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Diness Vindeløv
- Department of Medical Endocrinology, PE 2132, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Lyles D, Tien JH, McCobb DP, Zeeman ML. Pituitary network connectivity as a mechanism for the luteinising hormone surge. J Neuroendocrinol 2010; 22:1267-78. [PMID: 20961340 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2010.02084.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ovulation in vertebrates is caused by a surge of luteinising hormone (LH) from the pituitary. The LH surge is initiated by rising oestradiol concentration, although the precise mechanism of oestradiol action in humans and primates is not yet understood. Recent advances in labelling and three-dimensional imaging have revealed a rich pituitary structure of interwoven networks of different cell types. In the present study, we develop a mathematical model to test the hypothesis that oestradiol modulation of connectivity between pituitary cells can underlie the LH surge. In the model, gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulses stimulate LH secretion by two independent mechanisms. The first mechanism corresponds to the well known direct action of GnRH on gonadotrophs, which is inhibited by the rising oestradiol concentration. The second mechanism of GnRH action is to stimulate a recurrent network of pituitary cells; in this case, the folliculostellate cells, which in turn stimulate LH secretion from the gonadotrophs. The network activity is modelled by a one-dimensional ordinary differential equation. The key to the LH surge in the model lies in the assumption that oestradiol modulates network connectivity. When the circulating oestradiol concentration is low, the network is barely connected, and cannot maintain a recurrent signal. When the oestradiol concentration is high, the network is highly connected, and maintains a high level of activity even after GnRH stimulation, thereby leading to a surge of LH secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lyles
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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21
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Vaudry D, Falluel-Morel A, Bourgault S, Basille M, Burel D, Wurtz O, Fournier A, Chow BKC, Hashimoto H, Galas L, Vaudry H. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide and Its Receptors: 20 Years after the Discovery. Pharmacol Rev 2009; 61:283-357. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.109.001370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 829] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Renner U, De Santana EC, Gerez J, Fröhlich B, Haedo M, Pereda MP, Onofri C, Stalla GK, Arzt E. Intrapituitary expression and regulation of the gp130 cytokine interleukin-6 and its implication in pituitary physiology and pathophysiology. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1153:89-97. [PMID: 19236332 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2008.03970.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-6, a member of the gp130 cytokine family, is sometimes designated as an "endocrine" cytokine because of its strong regulatory influence on hormone production. Systemically acting IL-6 derived from immune cells is a potent stimulator of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and therefore plays an important role in modulating immune-neuroendocrine interactions during inflammatory or infectious processes. However, IL-6 is also produced within the anterior pituitary by so-called folliculostellate (FS) cells and is also synthesized in and released by tumor cells in pituitary adenomas. Growth factors (e.g., transforming growth factor-beta), neuropeptides (e.g., pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide), or hormones (e.g., glucocorticoids) regulate IL-6 production both in FS and pituitary tumor cells. Interestingly, components of the innate immune system, such as toll-like receptor 4 and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domains (NODs), are expressed in FS and pituitary tumor cells. Therefore, cell-wall components of bacteria (lipopolysaccharide, muramyl dipeptide, diamino pimelic acid) stimulate IL-6 production in normal and tumoral pituitary. The intrinsic IL-6 production by FS cells in normal anterior pituitary may participate in immune-neuroendocrine interactions during inflammatory processes. In pituitary adenomas, IL-6 stimulates hormone secretion, tumor cell proliferation, and the production of angiogenic factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor-A, suggesting an important role of IL-6 in the pathophysiology and progression of pituitary adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Renner
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Neuroendocrinology Group, Munich, Germany.
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Hori S, Hayashi N, Fukuoka J, Kurimoto M, Hamada H, Miyajima K, Nagai S, Endo S. Folliculostellate cell tumor in pituitary gland. Neuropathology 2008; 29:78-80. [PMID: 18498288 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2008.00921.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A 33-year-old woman presented with visual field defects. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a pituitary tumor with suprasellar extension. The tumor was partially removed by trans-sphenoidal surgery. Histologically, the tumor was composed of fascicles of spindle cells which were immunohistochemically positive for S-100 protein, Galectin-3, vimentin and EMA. Based on the morphology and immunostaining pattern, diagnosis of folliculostellate cell tumor in the pituitary gland was given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Hori
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama University Hospital, Japan
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24
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Giacomini D, Acuña M, Gerez J, Nagashima AC, Silberstein S, Páez-Pereda M, Labeur M, Theodoropoulou M, Renner U, Stalla GK, Arzt E. Pituitary action of cytokines: focus on BMP-4 and gp130 family. Neuroendocrinology 2007; 85:94-100. [PMID: 17337883 DOI: 10.1159/000100428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2007] [Accepted: 01/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The anterior pituitary can develop benign tumors of different sizes, classified as micro- and macroadenomas, frequently associated with high levels of hormone production, leading to different associated syndromes like Cushing's disease, acromegaly or prolactinomas. Much work has been done in order to understand the signaling pathways and the factors and hormones involved in the pituitary tumorigenic process. In recent years, much evidence has been collected and it is now well documented that cytokines of the gp130 family, such as interleukin-6, that use gp130 as a common signaling protein stimulate not only the proliferation but also the hormone secretion of pituitary cells. Experiments in vivo have shown that the overexpression of the gp130 receptor resulted in pituitary abnormal growth. Moreover, it has been recently described that bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4), a member of the TGF-beta family, has a stimulatory role on lactosomatotropic cells promoting the development of prolactinomas but it has an inhibitory action on the corticotropic lineage. This inhibitory action prevents Cushing's disease progression. Furthermore, BMP-4 mediates the antiproliferative action of retinoic acid in these cells. The present review highlights the most recent work about gp130 and TGF-beta cytokine families and their role in pituitary tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiana Giacomini
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, FCEN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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25
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Morris JF, Omer S, Davies E, Wang E, John C, Afzal T, Wain S, Buckingham JC, Flower RJ, Christian HC. Lack of annexin 1 results in an increase in corticotroph number in male but not female mice. J Neuroendocrinol 2006; 18:835-46. [PMID: 17026533 PMCID: PMC1855440 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2006.01481.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Annexin 1 (ANXA1) is a member of the annexin family of phospholipid- and calcium-binding proteins with a well demonstrated role in early delayed (30 min to 3 h) inhibitory feedback of glucocorticoids in the pituitary. We have examined corticotrophs in wild-type and ANXA1 knockout mice to determine the effects of lack of ANXA1 in male and female animals. Anterior pituitary tissue from ANXA1 wild-type, heterozygote and null mice was fixed and examined (i) by confocal immunocytochemistry to determine the number of corticotrophs and (ii) by electron microscopy to examine the size, secretory granule population and secretory machinery of corticotrophs. No differences in these parameters were detected in female mice. In male ANXA1 null mice, there were approximately four-fold more corticotrophs than in wild-type animals. However, the corticotrophs in ANXA1 null mice were smaller and had reduced numbers of secretory granules (the reduction in granules paralleled the reduction in cell size). No differences in the numerical density of folliculo-stellate, gonadotroph, lactotroph or somatotroph cells were detected in male ANXA1 null mice. Plasma corticosterone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and pituitary pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA were unchanged but pituitary ACTH content was increased in male ANXA1 null mice. Interleukin (IL)-6 pituitary content was significantly elevated in male and reduced in female ANXA1 null mice compared to wild-type. In conclusion, these data indicate that ANXA1 deficiency is associated with gender-specific changes in corticotroph number and structure, via direct actions of ANXA1 and/or indirect changes in factors such as IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Morris
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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26
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Janele D, Lang T, Capellino S, Cutolo M, Da Silva JAP, Straub RH. Effects of Testosterone, 17beta-Estradiol, and Downstream Estrogens on Cytokine Secretion from Human Leukocytes in the Presence and Absence of Cortisol. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1069:168-82. [PMID: 16855144 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1351.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens at physiological concentrations are thought to play an immune-stimulating role, whereas androgens have an anti-inflammatory impact. However, their role on cytokine secretion in the presence or absence of cortisol has not been investigated. Furthermore, the role of hydroxylated estrogens downstream of 17beta-estradiol (E2) on secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is not known. In this study on peripheral blood leukocytes of healthy male subjects, we scrutinized the influence of prior sex hormones (for 24 h) with and without later addition of cortisol (for another 24 h) on stimulated secretion of TNF, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). E2 stabilized or increased immune stimuli-induced secretion of TNF, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IFNgamma in relation to testosterone. Testosterone, in contrast, inhibited (IL-2, IL-4, IL-10) or tended to inhibit stimulated secretion of these cytokines (TNF, IFNgamma). This effect of E2 was pronounced at a concentration of 10(-10) M (testosterone: 10(-7) M) in the presence of cortisol. E2 (10(-8) M, 10(-10) M) and testosterone (10(-7) M) did not change glucocorticoid receptor expression. The downstream estrogens 2OH-estradiol(one), 4OH-estradiol(one), and 16OH-estradiol(one) did not stimulate TNF secretion at 10(-10) M, but even inhibited its secretion at 10(-11) M. However, the combination of 16OH-estradiol(one) on one side and 2OH-estradiol(one) or 4OH-estradiol(one) on the other side markedly stimulated TNF secretion that was only observable in the presence of cortisol. In conclusion, at physiological concentrations, E2 and a combination of downstream estrogens stabilized or increased immune stimuli-induced TNF secretion. These effects are dependent on the presence of physiological concentrations of cortisol. This study underlines the proinflammatory role of E2, which is probably dependent on conversion to a proinflammatory cocktail of downstream estrogens and the presence of cortisol.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Janele
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinoimmunology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
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27
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Tichomirowa M, Theodoropoulou M, Lohrer P, Schaaf L, Losa M, Uhl E, Lange M, Arzt E, Stalla GK, Renner U. Bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) stimulates interleukin-6 production and inhibits growth of pituitary tumour cells expressing the toll-like receptor 4. J Neuroendocrinol 2005; 17:152-60. [PMID: 15796767 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2005.01286.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Toll receptor (Tlr) family have a crucial role in the innate immune response following bacterial infection. The effects of Gram-negative bacteria-derived endotoxins (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) are predominantly mediated by Tlr4, and we have recently shown that pituitary folliculostellate cells express functional Tlr4. In the present study, we investigated whether Tlr4 is also present in normal and transformed endocrine epithelial pituitary cell types. By reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, Tlr4 mRNA expression was found in some pituitary epithelial tumour cell lines (AtT20, HP75), whereas others were negative (GH3, alphaT3-1). Tlr4 protein was detected by immunohistochemistry in a few epithelial cells in normal human anterior pituitaries and in 26 out of 67 human pituitary tumours analysed. LPS had no effect on adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion in Tlr4-positive AtT20 cells, but it suppressed the growth of these cells in a dose-dependent manner. As expected, neither hormone secretion, nor growth of Tlr4-negative GH3 cells was affected by LPS. In cell cultures of Tlr4-positive pituitary adenomas, LPS dose-dependently stimulated the production of interleukin (IL)-6, which is known to induce growth and hormone production in pituitary tumours. The LPS-induced IL-6 production was blocked by the specific p38alphaMAP kinase inhibitor, SB203580, and by the synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone. The data suggest that, during Gram-negative bacteria-induced infections or inflammatory processes, LPS could affect pituitary tumour pathophysiology and progression in the subset of Tlr4-expressing pituitary adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tichomirowa
- Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Endocrinology, Munich, Germany
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28
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Ooi GT, Tawadros N, Escalona RM. Pituitary cell lines and their endocrine applications. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2004; 228:1-21. [PMID: 15541569 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2004.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2004] [Accepted: 07/15/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The pituitary gland is an important component of the endocrine system, and together with the hypothalamus, exerts considerable influence over the functions of other endocrine glands. The hypothalamus either positively or negatively regulates hormonal productions in the pituitary through its release of various trophic hormones which act on specific cell types in the pituitary to secrete a variety of pituitary hormones that are important for growth and development, metabolism, reproductive and nervous system functions. The pituitary is divided into three sections-the anterior lobe which constitute the majority of the pituitary mass and is composed primarily of five hormone-producing cell types (thyrotropes, lactotropes, corticotropes, somatotropes and gonadotropes) each secreting thyrotropin, prolactin, ACTH, growth hormone and gonadotropins (FSH and LH) respectively. There is also a sixth cell type in the anterior lobe-the non-endocrine, agranular, folliculostellate cells. The intermediate lobe produces melanocyte-stimulating hormone and endorphins, whereas the posterior lobe secretes anti-diuretic hormone (vasopressin) and oxytocin. Representative cell lines of all the six cell types of the anterior pituitary have been established and have provided valuable information on genealogy of the various cell lineages, endocrine feedback control of hormone synthesis and secretions, intrapituitary interactions between the various cell types, as well as the role of specific transcription factors that determine each differentiated cell phenotype. In this review, we will discuss the morphology and function of the cell types that make up the anterior pituitary, and the characteristics of the various functional anterior pituitary cell systems that have been established to be representative of each anterior pituitary cell lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guck T Ooi
- Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Monash Medical Centre, Block E, Level 4, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
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Abstract
The majority of pituitary adenomas are trophically stable and change relatively little in size over many years. A comparatively small proportion behave more aggressively and come to clinical attention through inappropriate hormone secretion or adverse effects on surrounding structures. True malignant behaviour with metastatic spread is very atypical. Pituitary adenomas that come to surgery are predominantly monoclonal in origin and roughly half are aneuploid, indicating either ongoing genetic instability or transition through a period of genetic instability at some time during their development. Few are associated with the classical mechanisms of tumour formation but it is generally believed that the majority harbour quantitative if not qualitative differences in molecular composition compared to the normal pituitary. Despite their prevalence and the ready availability of biopsy material, at the present time, the precise molecular pathogenesis of the majority of pituitary adenomas remains unclear. This review summarizes current thinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Levy
- University Research Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Bristol University, Jenner Yard, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK.
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Abstract
The traditional view holds that the anterior pituitary is an endocrine gland with a complex and heterogeneous distribution of cells throughout the parenchyma. Thus, a long-distance mode of intraorgan communication is not usually taken into account in our understanding of pituitary functioning. However, recent in situ pituitary studies have begun to unveil a hitherto unknown route of large-scale information transfer within the pituitary. Agranular folliculostellate cells - the sixth type of pituitary cell initially discovered almost half a century ago - are the functional units of a dynamically active cell network wiring the whole gland. Because folliculostellate cells communicate with their endocrine neighbors, this opens the door to considering the pituitary as a cellular puzzle more ordered than was first thought. Hence, cell networking within the pituitary gland could have a privileged role in coordinating the activities of distant cells in both physiological and pathological conditions.
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Abstract
In 1987 in Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia, N.H. Spector named a new discipline: Neuroimmunomodulation. R. Ader called this new discipline psychoneuroimmunomodulation when the major emphysis was on its behavioral aspects. Neuroimmunomodulation (NIM) is devoted to the study of the interactions at different morphologic and functional levels among the immune, nervous, and endocrine systems. In fact, this science is the modern manifestation of an old science: in the words of B.D. Jankovic (1987), "Neuroimmunomodulation is a modern reflection in neurosciences and immunosciences of the ideas and experience of philosophers and ingenious observers of ancient Egypt, Greece, China, India, and other civilizations that the mind is involved in the defense against diseases." Twelve years ago NIM was regarded by many conventional scientists almost as a form of witchcraft. Today it may be the fastest growing area of biomedical science research in the world. Important clinical applications will not be far behind. NIM research has also progressed in the field of oncology research. Topics such as treatment of hormone-dependent cancer with analogues of hypothalamic hormones, the role of opioids and T cells in cancer, stress-cancer-immune connections, the anticancer role of melatonin and cytokines, immunotherapy of cancer, and the role of psychotherapy in cancer patients represent some lines of research that have been or are being investigated by scientists. Some areas remain to be thoroughly investigated such as the influence of physical exercise (sports), music (classical or modern), and/or relaxation techniques (e.g. yoga) on the development of human cancer. This paper reviews the role of NIM in oncology and provides some perspectives for further research and development of clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Conti
- Istituto Cantonale di Patologia, Centre for Experimental Pathology, via in Selva 24, 6601 Locarno 1, Switzerland.
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Inoue K, Couch EF, Takano K, Ogawa S. The structure and function of folliculo-stellate cells in the anterior pituitary gland. ARCHIVES OF HISTOLOGY AND CYTOLOGY 1999; 62:205-18. [PMID: 10495875 DOI: 10.1679/aohc.62.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The folliculo-stellate cells (FS cells) in the anterior pituitary gland are characterized by their star-like appearance and their ability to form follicles. Although FS cells do not produce any pituitary hormones, their special tendency to surrounding endocrine cells with their long cytoplasmic processes suggests that they regulate endocrine cells by intercellular communication. In spite of many morphological and cytophysiological studies recently performed, a precise understanding of the major functions of FS cells in the pituitary gland remains obscure. We review here the morphological characteristics of FS cells and their suspected functions in the anterior pituitary gland. It is well established that the FS cell produces many kinds of growth factors, i.e., fibroblast growth factor, vascular endothelial cell growth factor and interleukin 6. The biological significances of these growth factors in the anterior pituitary gland are also discussed in this paper. The origin and differentiation of FS cells, especially the possibility that the FS cell is a kind of stem cell which has the potential to differentiate into endocrine cells, is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Inoue
- Department of Regulation Biology, Faculty of Science, Saitama University, Urawa, Japan.
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