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Alinaghipour A, Mazoochi T, Ardjmand A. Low-dose ethanol ameliorates amnesia induced by a brief seizure model: the role of NMDA signaling. Neurol Res 2019; 41:624-632. [PMID: 30967097 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2019.1602322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the ameliorative effect of low-dose ethanol (Eth) on amnesia induced by a brief seizure model and the role of N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) signaling in this event. Materials and Methods: Four groups of rats (total number = 36; n = 9, each group) were used: control, Eth (0.5 g/kg/i.p.), pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) (60 mg/kg/i.p.), and Eth+PTZ. Eth was administered for 6 days before the single injection of PTZ, at minute dose that cannot induce memory impairment. The consequences of Eth pretreatment, coadministered with PTZ, were studied in an inhibitory avoidance (IA) memory model. The PTZ was injected 30 min prior to the IA memory test. Thereafter, locomotion, liver enzymes, and the Real-time PCR for NR1 subunit of NMDA receptor were studied. The statistical analyses were performed using the parametric/nonparametric ANOVA and the post-hoc tests. Results: Our findings revealed that Eth pretreatment significantly improved the IA memory impairment induced by PTZ (P < 0.001), and indicated no change in locomotion and serum ALT, but significantly differed for AST between the PTZ and PTZ groups (P = < 0.05). The Real-time PCR results indicate the decreased NR1 mRNA expression in Eth and PTZ groups and the increased NR1 mRNA expression in Eth+PTZ group, compared to the control group (P < 0.001); however, the NR1 mRNA expression was increased in the Eth+PTZ group, compared to PTZ group (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The present study provides evidence that the low-dose Eth can improve the amnesia induced by a brief seizure model presumably via NMDA signaling in a rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Alinaghipour
- a Physiology Research Center , Kashan University of Medical Sciences , Kashan , Iran
| | - Tahereh Mazoochi
- b Anatomical Science Research Center , Kashan University of Medical sciences , Kashan , Iran
| | - Abolfazl Ardjmand
- a Physiology Research Center , Kashan University of Medical Sciences , Kashan , Iran.,c Department of Physiology , School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences , Kashan , Iran
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Battaini F, Pascale A, Ancona DM, Cagiano R, Cuomo V, Govoni S. Moderate Alcohol Intake: Behavioral and Neurochemical Correlates in Rats. Nutr Neurosci 2016; 1:151-9. [DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.1998.11747224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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3
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Alcohol withdrawal and brain injuries: beyond classical mechanisms. Molecules 2010; 15:4984-5011. [PMID: 20657404 PMCID: PMC6257660 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15074984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Unmanaged sudden withdrawal from the excessive consumption of alcohol (ethanol) adversely alters neuronal integrity in vulnerable brain regions such as the cerebellum, hippocampus, or cortex. In addition to well known hyperexcitatory neurotransmissions, ethanol withdrawal (EW) provokes the intense generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the activation of stress-responding protein kinases, which are the focus of this review article. EW also inflicts mitochondrial membranes/membrane potential, perturbs redox balance, and suppresses mitochondrial enzymes, all of which impair a fundamental function of mitochondria. Moreover, EW acts as an age-provoking stressor. The vulnerable age to EW stress is not necessarily the oldest age and varies depending upon the target molecule of EW. A major female sex steroid, 17β-estradiol (E2), interferes with the EW-induced alteration of oxidative signaling pathways and thereby protects neurons, mitochondria, and behaviors. The current review attempts to provide integrated information at the levels of oxidative signaling mechanisms by which EW provokes brain injuries and E2 protects against it.
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Abstract
Although drugs of abuse have different chemical structures and interact with different protein targets, all appear to usurp common neuronal systems that regulate reward and motivation. Addiction is a complex disease that is thought to involve drug-induced changes in synaptic plasticity due to alterations in cell signaling, gene transcription, and protein synthesis. Recent evidence suggests that drugs of abuse interact with and change a common network of signaling pathways that include a subset of specific protein kinases. The best studied of these kinases are reviewed here and include extracellular signal-regulated kinase, cAMP-dependent protein kinase, cyclin-dependent protein kinase 5, protein kinase C, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, and Fyn tyrosine kinase. These kinases have been implicated in various aspects of drug addiction including acute drug effects, drug self-administration, withdrawal, reinforcement, sensitization, and tolerance. Identifying protein kinase substrates and signaling pathways that contribute to the addicted state may provide novel approaches for new pharmacotherapies to treat drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Lee
- Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
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Jung ME, Jacobs S, Rewal M, Wilson A, Simpkins JW. Estradiol protects against alteration of protein kinase Cɛ in a binge model of ethanol dependence and withdrawal. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 515:62-72. [PMID: 15894303 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2005] [Accepted: 03/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that a binge type of ethanol intake and ethanol withdrawal disturbs protein kinase C (PKC) homeostasis in a manner protected by 17beta-estradiol. Ovariectomized rats implanted with 17beta-estradiol or oil pellets received ethanol (7.5% weight/volume, 7 days) or control solution by a gavage method. The cerebelli were collected during ethanol exposure or ethanol withdrawal to assess the activity, protein levels, and cellular distribution of PKC(epsilon) and total PKC, using an ATP phosphorylation and immunoblot assays. While both ethanol exposure and ethanol withdrawal increased membrane protein levels and membrane translocation, only ethanol withdrawal enhanced activity of PKC(epsilon). Ethanol withdrawal not ethanol exposure increased the three parameters of total PKC. 17beta-Estradiol treatment prevented these changes in PKC profiles. These data suggest that an excessive episodic intake of ethanol followed by ethanol withdrawal disturbs PKC homeostasis and cellular distribution of PKC, in particular PKC(epsilon), in a manner that is protected by estrogen. PKC(epsilon) appears more vulnerable during ethanol withdrawal than during ethanol exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Eunsun Jung
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, USA.
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Castorina M, Marino R, Grassi M, Drago F. Very low doses of ethanol induce behavioral changes involving dopamine D2 receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2003; 477:129-35. [PMID: 14519416 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2003.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In male rats, pretreatment for 20 days with very low (0.5, 1%, v/v) but not with high (5, 10%, v/v) oral doses of ethanol delayed the initiation and reduced the duration of narcosis induced by an acute high intraperitoneal (i.p.) dose of the drug (3 g/kg in 25% saline solution). Furthermore, the treatment improved the acquisition of shuttle-box active avoidance response but did not affect the emission of ultrasonic calls, an index of emotional state of animals. These effects were inhibited by peripheral administration of the dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, sulpiride (1 mg/kg). A higher dose of sulpiride (10 mg/kg) prolonged the duration of narcosis in rats pretreated with high-dose ethanol and reduced the number of conditioned avoidance responses in the shuttle-box paradigm. The pretreatment with the dopamine D2 receptor agonist, (+/-)-2-(N-phenethyl-N-propylamino)-5-hydroxytetralin (PPHT, 0.1 mg/kg), enhanced the effects of ethanol very low doses in delaying the initiation and reducing the duration of narcosis induced by an acute i.p. dose of the drug. A pharmacokinetic study in ethanol-pretreated animals revealed that administration of 0.5% or 1% ethanol for 20 days did not modify significantly the bioavailability of acute ethanol administered i.p. in a dose of 3 g/kg in 25% saline solution. Thus, repeated administration of ethanol very low doses may have affected the sensitivity of presynaptic dopamine D2 receptors. The influence on dopamine release through an action on presynaptic receptors may be involved in these effects of small doses of ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Castorina
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Catania Medical School, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
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Jung ME, Watson DG, Wen Y, Simpkins JW. Role of protein kinase C in estrogen protection against apoptotic cerebellar cell death in ethanol-withdrawn rats. Alcohol 2003; 31:39-48. [PMID: 14615010 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2003.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Results of studies from our laboratory have shown that administration of 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) reduces cerebellar neuronal damage during ethanol withdrawal (EW). In the current study, we examined mechanisms underlying E(2) protection against EW-associated cerebellar damage by assessing apoptotic indicators: DNA fragmentation, caspase-3 activity, and protein kinase C (PKC) activity. Ovariectomized rats, implanted with E(2) or oil pellets, received ethanol [7.5% weight/volume (wt./vol.)] (EW/E(2) group and EW/Oil group, respectively) chronically (for 5 weeks) or control dextrin diet (Dextrin/Oil group). At day 14 of EW, cerebelli were collected for the terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase (TdT)-mediated dUDP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay to detect DNA fragmentation and for immunohistochemistry to detect caspase-3 activation. A separate group of rat cerebelli was prepared to assess for total PKC activity, as well as for activity of a specific PKC isozyme, epsilon (PKCepsilon), by using an in vitro [gamma-(32)P]ATP phosphorylation assay at days 1 and 14 of EW. Results indicated that rats in the EW/Oil group had more DNA fragments and caspase-3-positive neuronal cells than observed for control rats, and these effects were inhibited by E(2) treatment. For total PKC activity at day 1 of EW, rats in the EW/E(2) group had a lower cytosolic PKC activity than observed for either rats in the EW/Oil group or control rats. At day 14 of EW, both EW groups had a lower total PKC activity than observed for control rats. For PKCepsilon activity, rats in the EW/E(2) group had a lower cytosolic PKCepsilon activity than observed for rats in the EW/Oil group or for control rats at day 1, and they had a lower membrane PKCepsilon activity at day 14 of EW than observed for control rats. These findings support the suggestion that E(2) protects against cerebellar neuronal damage in ethanol-withdrawn rats by inhibition of DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 activation, and that reduced PKC activity may be involved in the protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna E Jung
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas HSC at Fort Worth, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, USA.
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Yang X, Wand G. Ethanol Uses cAMP-Independent Signal Transduction Mechanisms to Activate Proenkephalin Promoter Activity in Rat C6 Glioma Cells. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2000. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2000.tb04636.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Puzziferri I, Signorile A, Guerrieri F, Papa S, Cuomo V, Steardo L. Chronic low dose ethanol intake: biochemical characterization of liver mitochondria in rats. Life Sci 2000; 66:477-84. [PMID: 10794064 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(99)00617-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Liver mitochondria were isolated from male rats exposed for 2 months to low doses of ethanol (3% v/v in drinking water), a condition not associated with tolerance or dependence. The results show no significant changes in the content of reduced or oxidized glutathione in the liver mitochondria of ethanol treated rats with respect to controls. However, a slight but significant increase in lipid peroxidation, accompanied by an increased content of oxidized proteins, was found in ethanol exposed animals. Mitochondrial content of cytochrome complexes was not significantly affected by ethanol intake. The specific enzymatic activity of cytochrome oxidase showed, however, a significant decrease in ethanol-treated rats. The slight mitochondrial alterations found in the liver of rats exposed chronically to low doses of ethanol might represent the beginning of a more extensive damage previously observed in rats exposed to high doses of this substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Puzziferri
- Bonomo Research Center and International Biomedical Institute, Castel del Monte, Andria-Bari, Italy
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CARON MURIELLE, LARSSON CHRISTER, ALLING CHRISTER. Chronic effects of ethanol on muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are modulated by protein kinase C. Addict Biol 1999; 4:163-8. [PMID: 20575782 DOI: 10.1080/13556219971669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that long-term ethanol treatment increased the number and function of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) in human neuroblastoma cells, but the molecular mechanisms involved in these changes are unknown. In the present study, the effect of protein kinase C (PKC) on these events was investigated in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Following exposure to 100 mM ethanol for 2 days, both [³H]N-methylscopolamine binding and carbachol-stimulated I(1,4,5)P₃formation were increased. When cells were cultured in the presence of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), a potent activator of PKC, the effects of ethanol on mAChR number were totally inhibited but ethanol still potentiated carbacholstimulated I(1,4,5)P₃ formation in TPA treated cells. TPA dose-dependently inhibited carbochol-stimulated I(1,4,5)P₃ formation and this effect appeared to be independent of PKC phosphorylating activity. On the other hand, PKC inhibitors mimicked ethanol effects on mAChR number and function. Selective inhibition of classical PKC isozymes with 1 μΜ Gö 6976 for 2 days caused an increase in mAChR number and function, suggesting a role for these isozymes in ethanol-induced upregulation of mAChRs. These data indicate that longterm ethanol treatment may upregulate the number of mAChRs by counteracting PKC-mediated phosphorylation. The effects of ethanol on receptor-coupled phosphoinositide hydrolysis appear to be independent of PKC activity.
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Cagiano R, Tattoli M, Persichella M, Mazzoccoli M, Govoni S, Cuomo V. Effects of chronic low-dose ethanol intake on sexual behavior in rats. Alcohol 1998; 16:135-8. [PMID: 9665315 DOI: 10.1016/s0741-8329(97)00182-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The effects of 8-week ethanol intake (3% v/v in drinking water) on the sexual activity of male rats were investigated during three experimental sessions with 15-day intersession intervals. Chronic ethanol consumption did not significantly influence any copulatory parameter during the three experimental sessions. The evaluation of ultrasonic emission during sexual behavior showed that rats treated with ethanol exhibited a significant increase of the postejaculatory vocalization length during the third test session. These results indicate that the chronic intake of low doses of ethanol, which does not induce either tolerance or dependence, only slightly affects the motivational state of male rats during sexual activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cagiano
- Department of Pharmacology and Human Physiology, Medical School, University of Bari, Italy
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