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Chitin Synthesis and Degradation in Crustaceans: A Genomic View and Application. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19030153. [PMID: 33804177 PMCID: PMC8002005 DOI: 10.3390/md19030153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin is among the most important components of the crustacean cuticular exoskeleton and intestinal peritrophic matrix. With the progress of genomics and sequencing technology, a large number of gene sequences related to chitin metabolism have been deposited in the GenBank database in recent years. Here, we summarized the genes and pathways associated with the biosynthesis and degradation of chitins in crustaceans based on genomic analyses. We found that chitin biosynthesis genes typically occur in single or two copies, whereas chitin degradation genes are all multiple copies. Moreover, the chitinase genes are significantly expanded in most crustacean genomes. The gene structure and expression pattern of these genes are similar to those of insects, albeit with some specific characteristics. Additionally, the potential applications of the chitin metabolism genes in molting regulation and immune defense, as well as industrial chitin degradation and production, are also summarized in this review.
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Zou E. Invisible endocrine disruption and its mechanisms: A current review. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 293:113470. [PMID: 32234298 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The research on impacts of environmental chemicals on crustacean molting dates back to the 1970s when ground-breaking studies investigated the disruption of molting in Crustacea by organochlorines. With the emergence of a new scientific inquiry, termed environmental endocrine disruption, in the early 1990s, increasing attention has been attracted to the possibility that environmental chemicals capable of wreaking havoc on sex steroid-regulated processes in vertebrates can also adversely affect ecdysteroid-mediated processes, e.g. molting, in crustaceans. Given the fact that many molting-disrupting chemicals accumulate in crustacean tissues and that the effect on molting is not readily visible in the field, the disruption of molting by environmental chemicals has been dubbed the invisible endocrine disruption. In recent years, much advancement has been made in both the documentation of the phenomenon of molting disruption and the search for mechanisms, by which molting disruption occurs. This review provides an overview of the current status of the field of invisible endocrine disruption, and perspectives on future directions are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enmin Zou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Nicholls State University, Thibodaux, LA 70310, USA.
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Song Y, Evenseth LM, Iguchi T, Tollefsen KE. Release of chitobiase as an indicator of potential molting disruption in juvenile Daphnia magna exposed to the ecdysone receptor agonist 20-hydroxyecdysone. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2017; 80:954-962. [PMID: 28849998 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2017.1352215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
During arthropod molting, the old exoskeleton is degraded and recycled by the molting fluid. Chitobiase, a major chitinolytic enzyme in the molting fluid, has been widely used as a biomarker to indicate endocrine disruption of molting in arthropods under environmental stress. Although release of chitobiase was extensively studied in organisms exposed to molting-inhibiting chemicals, enzymic association with molting and response of the molting hormone receptor, ecdysone receptor (EcR), is not well understood. The present study was therefore conducted to identify potential linkages between release of chitobiase, molting frequency, and EcR activation in a freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna after short-term (96 hr) exposure to endogenous molting hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). A suite of bioassays was used for this purpose, including the chitobiase activity, molting frequency, viability, and in vitro EcR activation. Effect concentrations were compared between different assays analyzed. Results showed that exposure to 20E reduced chitobiase release and molting frequency in a concentration-dependent manner. Exposure to as low as 250 nM 20E significantly decreased release of chitobiase after 72 hr exposure, whereas adverse effects on molting frequency and incomplete molting-associated mortality required higher 20E exposure concentrations. The EcR reporter assay further demonstrated that as low as 100 nM 20E may activate EcR in vitro. Data suggest that release of chitobiase may be employed as a sensitive indicator of potential molting disruption in crustaceans after exposure to EcR agonists such as 20E.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Song
- a Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) , Gaustadalléen , Oslo , Norway
| | - Linn Mari Evenseth
- b Department of Medical Biology , Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway , Tromsø , Norway
| | - Taisen Iguchi
- c Department of Basic Biology , Faculty of Life Science, SOKENDAI, (Graduate University for Advanced Studies) , Okazaki , Aichi , Japan
- d Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), National Institutes of Natural Sciences , Okazaki , Aichi , Japan
| | - Knut Erik Tollefsen
- a Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) , Gaustadalléen , Oslo , Norway
- e Department of Environmental Sciences (IMV), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU) , Faculty of Environmental Science and Technology, Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD) , Ås , Norway
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Lafontaine A, Gismondi E, Boulangé-Lecomte C, Geraudie P, Dodet N, Caupos F, Lemoine S, Lagadic L, Thomé JP, Forget-Leray J. Effects of chlordecone on 20-hydroxyecdysone concentration and chitobiase activity in a decapod crustacean, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 176:53-63. [PMID: 27108204 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Chlordecone (CLD) is an organochlorine insecticide abundant in aquatic environment of the French West Indies. However, few studies have investigated its impact on freshwater invertebrates. Whereas CLD is suspected of inducing endocrine disruption, this work aimed to study the effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of CLD on the 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE) hormone concentration and on the chitobiase activity, both having key roles in the molting process of crustaceans. In addition, the bioaccumulation of CLD was measured in the muscle tissue of Macrobrachium rosenbergii to underline potential dose-response relationship. The results have shown that CLD was bioaccumulated in exposed organisms according to a trend to a dose-response relationship. Moreover, it was observed that CLD decreased the 20-HE concentration in exposed prawns when compared to control, whatever the duration of exposure, as well as it inhibited the chitobiase activity after 30days of exposure. The present study indicates that CLD could interfere with molting process of M. rosenbergii by disturbing the 20-HE concentration and the activity of chitobiase, suggesting consequences at the long term on the shrimp development. This study also confirmed that CLD could be an endocrine disruptor in decapod crustaceans, as it was already observed in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Lafontaine
- University of Liège, Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Ecotoxicology (LEAE), Centre of Analytical Research and Technology (CART), 15 Allée du Six Aout, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Eric Gismondi
- University of Liège, Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Ecotoxicology (LEAE), Centre of Analytical Research and Technology (CART), 15 Allée du Six Aout, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Céline Boulangé-Lecomte
- Normandie University, ULH, UMR I-02, Environmental Stresses and Biomonitoring of Aquatic Ecosystems (SEBIO)-FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, 25 rue Philippe Lebon, F-76600 Le Havre, France
| | - Perrine Geraudie
- Akvaplan-Niva (Norwegian Institute of Water Research) AS, Fram Centre, 9296 Tromsoe, Norway
| | - Nathalie Dodet
- University of Liège, Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Ecotoxicology (LEAE), Centre of Analytical Research and Technology (CART), 15 Allée du Six Aout, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Fanny Caupos
- DYNECAR-UMR BOREA (MNHN/CNRS 7208/IRD207/UPMC), University of the French West Indies and Guiana, Campus de Fouillole, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe F-97110, France; INRA, UMR0985 Ecology and Ecosystem Health Research Unit, Ecotoxicology and Quality of Aquatic Environments Research Group, 65 rue de Saint Brieuc, F-35042 Rennes, France
| | - Soazig Lemoine
- DYNECAR-UMR BOREA (MNHN/CNRS 7208/IRD207/UPMC), University of the French West Indies and Guiana, Campus de Fouillole, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe F-97110, France
| | - Laurent Lagadic
- INRA, UMR0985 Ecology and Ecosystem Health Research Unit, Ecotoxicology and Quality of Aquatic Environments Research Group, 65 rue de Saint Brieuc, F-35042 Rennes, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Thomé
- University of Liège, Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Ecotoxicology (LEAE), Centre of Analytical Research and Technology (CART), 15 Allée du Six Aout, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Joëlle Forget-Leray
- Normandie University, ULH, UMR I-02, Environmental Stresses and Biomonitoring of Aquatic Ecosystems (SEBIO)-FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, 25 rue Philippe Lebon, F-76600 Le Havre, France
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Luo J, Pei S, Jing W, Zou E, Wang L. Cadmium inhibits molting of the freshwater crab Sinopotamon henanense by reducing the hemolymph ecdysteroid content and the activities of chitinase and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase in the epidermis. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 169:1-6. [PMID: 25463647 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Molting is an essential process during the growth of crustaceans, which is coordinated by ecdysteroids secreted by the Y-organ, molting inhibiting hormone secreted by the X-organ sinus-gland complex, as well as chitinase and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase synthesized by the epidermis. Cadmium is one of the toxic metals in the aquatic environment. However, the endocrine effects of cadmium on the molting of freshwater crabs and the underlying mechanisms are unknown. To investigate these, freshwater crabs (Sinopotamon henanense) were acutely exposed to 0, 7.25, 14.5 and 29 mg/l Cd for 3, 4, 5 days or in some experiments for 4 days after eyestalk-ablation. The concentration of hemolymph ecdysone and the activities of the molting enzymes chitinase and NAG were measured. Histological changes in the epidermal tissues were documented. Our results showed that eyestalk ablation increased the ecdysteroid content as well as the activities of chitinase and NAG, which were inhibited by cadmium in a concentration-dependent manner; histological examinations demonstrated that eyestalk ablation produced storage particles in the epidermal tissues, which was also reduced by cadmium in a concentration-dependent manner. Our data suggest that cadmium disrupts endocrine function through inhibiting the secretion of ecdysteroids by the Y-organ and altering with the regulation of chitinase and NAG activity in the epidermis. This work provides new insights into the mechanisms underlying the molting inhibition effect of cadmium on the crabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixian Luo
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Sihui Pei
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Weixin Jing
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Enmin Zou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Nicholls State University, Thibodaux, LA 70310, USA
| | - Lan Wang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People's Republic of China.
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Gismondi E, Thomé JP. Effects of two PBDE congeners on the moulting enzymes of the freshwater amphipod Gammarus pulex. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 191:119-125. [PMID: 24832922 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are abundant in aquatic environment. However, only few studies have investigated their impacts on freshwater invertebrates. This work aimed to study the effects of BDE-47 and BDE-99 congeners on the chitobiase and chitinolytic enzymes activities of the freshwater amphipod Gammarus pulex, according to gender, PBDE concentration and time of exposure. In addition, the bioaccumulation of BDE-47 and BDE-99 were measured. Results revealed that females have bioaccumulated more PBDE than males, and BDE-99 was more accumulated than BDE-47. PBDE exposures for 96 h have caused chitobiase and chitinolytic enzymes inhibition. This study not only indicate the importance of taking into account various confounding factors (gender, congeners, concentration) to understand PBDE effects, but underline also disruptions of molting enzymes activities. These disturbances suggest effects on the gammarid development and reproduction, and consequently effects on the gammarid population, and on a larger scale, a dysfunction of the ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Gismondi
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Animale et d'Ecotoxicologie (LEAE), Institue de Chimie, Bât. B6C, 15 allée du 6 Août, Sart-Tilman, Université de Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Jean-Pierre Thomé
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Animale et d'Ecotoxicologie (LEAE), Institue de Chimie, Bât. B6C, 15 allée du 6 Août, Sart-Tilman, Université de Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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Hyne RV. Review of the reproductive biology of amphipods and their endocrine regulation: identification of mechanistic pathways for reproductive toxicants. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2011; 30:2647-2657. [PMID: 21898570 DOI: 10.1002/etc.673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The reproductive biology of amphipods is reviewed to update the knowledge of the male and female reproductive processes of oogenesis and spermatogenesis as well as the endocrine systems of amphipods with the aim of advancing studies of reproductive toxicology. The ovarian and reproduction cycles of female gammaridean amphipods are closely correlated with the molt cycle, which is under direct control by the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone. The ability of males to copulate and subsequently for females to ovulate is restricted to the early postmolt period of the females. New developments in our understanding of the molt cycle and the endocrine regulatory pathways for reproduction using genomics techniques on other crustacean species are also discussed. The arthropod sterol ponasterone A or xenobiotics such as the fungicide fenarimol have been shown to elicit endocrine disruption in some crustaceans by acting as an agonist for 20-hydroxyecdysone at the ecdysone receptor or by inhibiting the synthesis of 20-hydroxyecdysone, respectively, resulting in disruption of molting and reproduction. Recent studies suggest that cadmium can inhibit secondary vitellogenesis in amphipods. Experimental approaches for examining the metabolic pathways associated with ecdysteroid hormonal signaling or metabolism, exoskeleton maintenance and molting, and the regulation of vitellogenin in amphipods are discussed. This information should aid in the identification of useful biomarkers for reproductive toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross V Hyne
- Centre for Ecotoxicology, Office of Environment and Heritage, Lidcombe, New South Wales, Australia.
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