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Vlastos D, Zeinah M, Ninkovic-Hall G, Vlachos S, Salem A, Asonitis A, Chavan H, Kalampalikis L, Al Shammari A, Alvarez Gallesio JM, Pons A, Andreadou I, Ikonomidis I. The effects of ischaemic conditioning on lung ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Respir Res 2022; 23:351. [PMID: 36527070 PMCID: PMC9756694 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-022-02288-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischaemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) encompasses the deleterious effects on cellular function and survival that result from the restoration of organ perfusion. Despite their unique tolerance to ischaemia and hypoxia, afforded by their dual (pulmonary and bronchial) circulation as well as direct oxygen diffusion from the airways, lungs are particularly susceptible to IRI (LIRI). LIRI may be observed in a variety of clinical settings, including lung transplantation, lung resections, cardiopulmonary bypass during cardiac surgery, aortic cross-clamping for abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, as well as tourniquet application for orthopaedic operations. It is a diagnosis of exclusion, manifesting clinically as acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Ischaemic conditioning (IC) signifies the original paradigm of treating IRI. It entails the application of short, non-lethal ischemia and reperfusion manoeuvres to an organ, tissue, or arterial territory, which activates mechanisms that reduce IRI. Interestingly, there is accumulating experimental and preliminary clinical evidence that IC may ameliorate LIRI in various pathophysiological contexts. Considering the detrimental effects of LIRI, ranging from ALI following lung resections to primary graft dysfunction (PGD) after lung transplantation, the association of these entities with adverse outcomes, as well as the paucity of protective or therapeutic interventions, IC holds promise as a safe and effective strategy to protect the lung. This article aims to provide a narrative review of the existing experimental and clinical evidence regarding the effects of IC on LIRI and prompt further investigation to refine its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Vlastos
- grid.415914.c0000 0004 0399 9999Department of Vascular Surgery, Countess of Chester Hospital, Chester, UK ,grid.411449.d0000 0004 0622 4662Second Department of Cardiology, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece ,Present Address: Liverpool, UK
| | - Mohamed Zeinah
- grid.415992.20000 0004 0398 7066Department of Cardiac Surgery, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK ,grid.7269.a0000 0004 0621 1570Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - George Ninkovic-Hall
- grid.415970.e0000 0004 0417 2395Department of Vascular Surgery, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Stefanos Vlachos
- grid.411449.d0000 0004 0622 4662Second Department of Cardiology, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Agni Salem
- grid.415992.20000 0004 0398 7066Department of Cardiac Surgery, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Athanasios Asonitis
- grid.413157.50000 0004 0590 2070Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, NHS Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glascow, UK
| | - Hemangi Chavan
- grid.421662.50000 0000 9216 5443Department of Thoracic Surgery, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Lazaros Kalampalikis
- grid.414012.20000 0004 0622 6596Department of Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery, Metropolitan General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Abdullah Al Shammari
- grid.421662.50000 0000 9216 5443Department of Thoracic Surgery, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - José María Alvarez Gallesio
- grid.421662.50000 0000 9216 5443Department of Thoracic Surgery, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Aina Pons
- grid.421662.50000 0000 9216 5443Department of Thoracic Surgery, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ioanna Andreadou
- grid.5216.00000 0001 2155 0800School of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ignatios Ikonomidis
- grid.411449.d0000 0004 0622 4662Second Department of Cardiology, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Lee J, Balasubramanya S, Agopian VG. Solid Organ Transplantation. Perioper Med (Lond) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-56724-4.00035-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Lung Transplantation, Pulmonary Endothelial Inflammation, and Ex-Situ Lung Perfusion: A Review. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061417. [PMID: 34200413 PMCID: PMC8229792 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung transplantation (LTx) is the gold standard treatment for end-stage lung disease; however, waitlist mortality remains high due to a shortage of suitable donor lungs. Organ quality can be compromised by lung ischemic reperfusion injury (LIRI). LIRI causes pulmonary endothelial inflammation and may lead to primary graft dysfunction (PGD). PGD is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality post-LTx. Research into preservation strategies that decrease the risk of LIRI and PGD is needed, and ex-situ lung perfusion (ESLP) is the foremost technological advancement in this field. This review addresses three major topics in the field of LTx: first, we review the clinical manifestation of LIRI post-LTx; second, we discuss the pathophysiology of LIRI that leads to pulmonary endothelial inflammation and PGD; and third, we present the role of ESLP as a therapeutic vehicle to mitigate this physiologic insult, increase the rates of donor organ utilization, and improve patient outcomes.
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RC-3095, a selective gastrin-releasing peptide receptor antagonist, does not protect the lungs in an experimental model of lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:496378. [PMID: 25893195 PMCID: PMC4393930 DOI: 10.1155/2015/496378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
RC-3095, a selective GRPR antagonist, has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties in different models of inflammation. However, its protective effect on lungs submitted to lung ischemia-reperfusion injury has not been addressed before. Then, we administrated RC-3095 intravenously before and after lung reperfusion using an animal model of lung ischemia-reperfusion injury (LIRI) by clamping the pulmonary hilum. Twenty Wistar rats were subjected to an experimental model in four groups: SHAM, ischemia-reperfusion (IR), RC-Pre, and RC-Post. The final mean arterial pressure significantly decreased in IR and RC-Pre compared to their values before reperfusion (P < 0.001). The RC-Post group showed significant decrease of partial pressure of arterial oxygen at the end of the observation when compared to baseline (P = 0.005). Caspase-9 activity was significantly higher in the RC-Post as compared to the other groups (P < 0.013). No significant differences were observed in eNOS activity among the groups. The groups RC-Pre and RC-Post did not show any significant decrease in IL-1β (P = 0.159) and TNF-α (P = 0.260), as compared to IR. The histological score showed no significant differences among the groups. In conclusion, RC-3095 does not demonstrate a protective effect in our LIRI model. Additionally, its use after reperfusion seems to potentiate cell damage, stimulating apoptosis.
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Weyker PD, Webb CAJ, Kiamanesh D, Flynn BC. Lung Ischemia Reperfusion Injury. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2012; 17:28-43. [DOI: 10.1177/1089253212458329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lung ischemia reperfusion injury (LIRI) is a pathologic process occurring when oxygen supply to the lung has been compromised followed by a period of reperfusion. The disruption of oxygen supply can occur either via limited blood flow or decreased ventilation termed anoxic ischemia and ventilated ischemia, respectively. When reperfusion occurs, blood flow and oxygen are reintroduced to the ischemic lung parenchyma, facilitating a toxic environment through the creation of reactive oxygen species, activation of the immune and coagulation systems, endothelial dysfunction, and apoptotic cell death. This review will focus on the mechanisms of LIRI, the current supportive treatments used, and the many therapies currently under research for prevention and treatment of LIRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D. Weyker
- College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - David Kiamanesh
- College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brigid C. Flynn
- College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
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Kremer TM, Zwerdling RG, Michelson PH, O'Sullivan P. Intensive care management of the patient with cystic fibrosis. J Intensive Care Med 2008; 23:159-77. [PMID: 18443012 DOI: 10.1177/0885066608315679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis was previously thought to be a disease of childhood. With a better understanding of this condition along with improvements in therapy, patients with cystic fibrosis are now living well into adulthood. The aim of this article is to familiarize the intensive care unit physician with cystic fibrosis care, to discuss complications associated with cystic fibrosis specifically related to the intensive care unit, and to detail the current recommendations for the clinical management of the patient with cystic fibrosis. With advancing disease, the most severely affected organs are the lungs. Obstruction, infection, and inflammation contribute to the decline of pulmonary function, ultimately leading to death. Some patients may be eligible for lung transplantation, but choosing wisely will affect posttransplant survival. Because other organs are affected by the genetic defect and associated treatments, serious complications related to the liver, pancreas, intestines, and kidneys must be considered by the intensivist faced with a patient with cystic fibrosis. As practitioners, the fact that not all patients will survive and help our patients and families gracefully through the end-of-life process should be accepted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted M Kremer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA.
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