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Tsai R, Sanchez LA, Yano M. Computed Tomography Identifies Clinically Unsuspected Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis Complicating Abdominal Aortic Repair. Ann Vasc Surg 2020; 66:415-423. [DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2019.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Yan L, Li QF, Rong YT, Chen YH, Huang ZH, Wang ZZ, Peng J. The protective effects of rutaecarpine on acute pancreatitis. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:3121-3126. [PMID: 29435045 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is the acute inflammation of the pancreas. The morbidity of AP has increased in recent years. Certain patients eventually develop severe AP (SAP), which rapidly progresses to multiple organ dysfunction; the incidence of this occurring in patients with AP is 20-30%. To date, no specific drugs or methods exist to treat this disease. Rutaecarpine relaxes vascular smooth muscle by stimulating calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) release via activation of vanilloid receptor subtype 1 (VR1). It has been demonstrated that rutaecarpine induces a therapeutic effect on SAP. The present study was conducted to characterize the molecular mechanisms underlying the protective effects of rutaecarpine against AP using a rat model of AP. Gross pathological changes of the pancreas, as well as the pancreatic tissue histopathological score, were assessed following treatment with rutaecarpine, capsazepine or a combination of the two. Serum amylase activity was detected using an automatic biochemistry analyzer. Changes in the serum concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), IL-10 and CGRP were assessed by ELISA and radioimmunoassay. The results demonstrated that pre-treatment with rutaecarpine markedly decreased pancreatic inflammation and necrosis, reduced the volume of ascites, and significantly increased the plasma concentration of CGRP and the serum concentration of IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine. However, serum concentrations of the inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α were decreased. The effect of rutaecarpine treatment markedly improved with increases in the drug dose. Capsazepine, as a competitive vanilloid receptor antagonist, abolished these protective effects of rutaecarpine against AP. Therefore, the results of the present study indicate that rutaecarpine protects against AP in rats by upregulating endogenous CGRP release via activation VR1 of, to improving the microcirculation of the pancreatic tissue and regulate the expression of inflammatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Fu Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Ting Rong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Heng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Zhao-Hong Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Zhi Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Jie Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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Inhibition of pancreatic oxidative damage by stilbene derivative dihydro-resveratrol: implication for treatment of acute pancreatitis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22859. [PMID: 26971398 PMCID: PMC4789643 DOI: 10.1038/srep22859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Trans-resveratrol is a natural stilbenoid possessing multifarious pharmacological benefits; however, when orally consumed, it is rapidly metabolised by colonic microflora and converted to dihydro-resveratrol. Thus, this microbial metabolite is of great therapeutic relevance. In the present study, upon the oral administration of dihydro-resveratrol (10–50 mg/kg), the severity of acute pancreatitis in the cerulein-treated rats was significantly ameliorated as evidenced by decreased α-amylase activities in the plasma and lessened oedema formation in the pancreatic parenchyma. In addition, the generation of intracellular reactive oxidative products, including malondialdehyde and protein carbonyls, was accordingly reduced, so as the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. While inhibiting the activities of NADPH oxidase and myeloperoxidase, the depletion of glutathione was considerably restored. Importantly, the attenuation of pancreatic oxidative damage by dihydro-resveratrol was associated with a down-regulation of the nuclear factor-kappaB and phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase-serine/threonine kinase signalling pathways. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the solubility of dihydro-resveratrol was at least 5 times higher than trans-resveratrol whilst exhibiting a much lower cytotoxicity. Collectively, the current findings accentuate new mechanistic insight of dihydro-resveratrol in pancreatic oxidative damage, and advocate its therapeutic potential for the management of acute pancreatitis, particularly for patients unresponsive to trans-resveratrol due to the lack of proper microbial strains.
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Effect of hospital volume on clinical outcome in patients with acute pancreatitis, based on a national administrative database. Pancreas 2011; 40:1018-23. [PMID: 21926541 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e31821bd233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the relationship between hospital volume and clinical outcome in patients with acute pancreatitis, using a Japanese national administrative database. METHODS A total of 7007 patients with acute pancreatitis were referred to776 hospitals in Japan. Patient data were corrected according to the severity of acute pancreatitis to allow the comparison of risk-adjusted in-hospital mortality and length of stay in relation to hospital volume. Hospital volume was categorized based on the number of cases during the study period into low-volume (<10 cases), medium-volume (10-16 cases), and high-volume hospitals (HVHs, >16 cases). RESULTS Increased hospital volume was significantly associated with decreased relative risk of in-hospital mortality in both patients with mild and those with severe acute pancreatitis. The odds ratios for HVHs were 0.424 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.228-0.787; P = 0.007) and 0.338 (95% CI, 0.138-0.826; P = 0.017), respectively. Hospital volume was also significantly associated with shorter length of stay in patients with mild acute pancreatitis. The unstandardized coefficient for HVHs was -0.978 days (95% CI, -1.909 to -0.048; P = 0.039). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that hospital volume influences the clinical outcome in both patients with mild and those with severe acute pancreatitis.
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A descriptive study evaluating the circumstances of medical treatment for acute pancreatitis before publication of the new JPN guidelines based on the Japanese administrative database associated with the Diagnosis Procedure Combination system. JOURNAL OF HEPATO-BILIARY-PANCREATIC SCIENCES 2011; 18:678-83. [PMID: 21431888 DOI: 10.1007/s00534-011-0375-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Polymorphisms in tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) gene in patients with acute pancreatitis. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2010:482950. [PMID: 20396411 PMCID: PMC2855055 DOI: 10.1155/2010/482950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2009] [Revised: 12/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα), play fundamental roles in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis (AP). The aim of this study was to determine if polymorphisms in the TNFα gene are associated with AP. Two polymorphisms located in the promoter region (positions −308 and −238) in TNFα gene were determined using polymerase chain reaction- (PCR-) restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) methods in 103 patients with AP and 92 healthy controls. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, BMI and smoking. The frequencies of TNFα polymorphisms were both similar in patients with mild or severe pancreatitis, so were in pancreatitis patients and in controls. We suggest that both SNPs of TNFα are not genetic risk factor for AP susceptibility (OR = 1.63; 95% CI: 1.13−4.01 for TNFα−308 and OR = 0.86; 95% CI: 0.75−1.77 for TNFα−238).
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Abstract
Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, together popularly known as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), are characterized by a number of extraintestinal manifestations. Although infrequent, acute pancreatitis, and less often chronic pancreatitis, may occur as a result of the disease itself or secondary to the medications used in the treatment. The increased incidence of acute pancreatitis in Crohn's disease can be explained based on the high predisposition to cholesterol as well as pigment stones as a result of ileal disease, anatomic abnormalities of the duodenum, immunologic disturbances associated with IBD, and, above all, to the side effects of many medications used in the treatment. Sulfasalazine, 5-aminosalicylic acid, azathioprine, and 6-mercaptopurine are well known to cause acute pancreatitis as a result of a possible idiosyncratic mechanism. Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis share many clinical manifestations and treatment modalities. Nonspecific elevations of serum pancreatic enzymes in IBD make it difficult to avoid over diagnosis of acute pancreatitis, particularly in patients with Crohn's disease who suffer from abdominal pain often. The IBD-pancreas association is further reflected in many reports of exocrine as well as endocrine pancreatic insufficiency.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of our study were to determine if polymorphisms in the cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) gene is associated with acute pancreatitis (AP) and to evaluate if inflammation risk is associated with specific COX-2 gene haplotypes containing these polymorphisms. METHODS The COX-2 genotypes for 7 polymorphisms (rs5275, rs2206593, rs4648262, rs4648261, rs2066826, rs5277, rs2745557) were determined using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis in 103 patients with AP and 92 healthy controls. RESULTS Except for rs5275, the frequencies of COX-2 polymorphisms were both similar in patients with mild or severe pancreatitis, so were in pancreatitis patients and in controls. Only rs5275 was statistically significantly associated with AP risk. The association was seen with rs5275 (P = 0.03); specifically, patients carrying the TT genotype in comparison with patients carrying the CC genotype had a significantly lower risk of disease (odds ratio, 1.88; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-3.34). Haplotypes with nucleotide T at the -18491961 position (rs5275) and A at the 184915627 position (rs4648261) of COX-2 promoter seem to increase susceptibility (odds ratio, 2.46; 95% confidence interval, 1.15-5.29; P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the rs5275 polymorphism in the 3'-untranslated region of the COX-2 gene may be used as 1 marker for defining the risk of AP.
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Manso MA, Ramudo L, De Dios I. Extrapancreatic organ impairment during acute pancreatitis induced by bile-pancreatic duct obstruction. Effect of N-acetylcysteine. Int J Exp Pathol 2007; 88:343-9. [PMID: 17877536 PMCID: PMC2517330 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2007.00538.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple organ failure is frequently associated with acute pancreatitis (AP). Our aim was to study pulmonary, hepatic and renal complications developed in the course of AP experimentally induced in rats by bile-pancreatic duct obstruction (BPDO), differentiating the complications caused by AP itself, from those directly caused by bile duct obstruction (BDO), after ligating the choledocus. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) was administered as a therapeutic approach. Myeloperoxidase activity revealed neutrophil infiltration in lungs from 12 h after BDO, even if AP was not triggered. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity indicated hepatocyte death from 48 h after BDO, and from 24 h following BPDO-induced AP onwards, an effect delayed until 48 h by NAC treatment. Rats with single cholestasis (BDO) and rats with BPDO-induced AP showed a significant increase in plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and bilirubin concentration from 12 h onwards, whose values were reduced by NAC treatment at early BPDO. No renal failure was found during 120 h of bile-pancreatic obstruction. Our results showed lung and liver impairment as a result of BDO, even if AP does not develop. Pancreatic damage and extrapancreatic complications during AP induced by BPDO were palliated by NAC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A Manso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Cheng BQ, Liu CT, Li WJ, Fan W, Zhong N, Zhang Y, Jia XQ, Zhang SZ. Ethyl pyruvate improves survival and ameliorates distant organ injury in rats with severe acute pancreatitis. Pancreas 2007; 35:256-61. [PMID: 17895847 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e318064678a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of ethyl pyruvate (EP) in improving the survival and ameliorating distant organ damage and to investigate the role of high-mobility group box (HMGB) 1 in rats with established severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). METHODS Severe acute pancreatitis was induced by retrograde infusion of sodium taurodeoxycholate (5%, 1 mL/kg) into the biliopancreatic ducts in male Wistar rats. The rats were infused intravenously with EP of 40 mg/kg, 4 mg/kg, and 0.4 mg/kg initiating 12 hours, and EP of 40 mg/kg was administered beginning 2 hours before surgery (-2 hours) and 12, 24, and 36 hours after induction of SAP; then, the mortality was recorded. Serum tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin (IL) 6, and IL-1beta were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. High-mobility group box 1 levels were measured using Western immunoblotting analysis. RESULTS Serum HMGB1 levels were increased dramatically after 12 hours, remained at high levels for 72 hours, and were significantly higher in rats with SAP than in those with mild and moderate pancreatitis (P < 0.01). Treatment with EP (40 mg/kg) conferred protection from lethality of SAP (EP survival [63%] vs vehicle survival [6.3%]; P < 0.001). No survival advantage occurred when treatment was initiated 36 hours after surgery, but administration beginning 2 hours before operation (-2 hours) and 12 and 24 hours after induction of SAP significantly increased survival. Ethyl pyruvate treatment significantly decreased serum HMGB1, tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6 levels and ameliorated extrapancreatic organ dysfunction in rats with SAP. CONCLUSIONS Ethyl pyruvate improves survival and ameliorates distant organ injury of SAP. These beneficial effects of EP are because of the modulation of HMGB1 and other inflammatory cytokine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Quan Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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Lee VTW, Chung AYF, Chow PKH, Thng CH, Low ASC, Ooi LLPJ, Wong WK. Infected Pancreatic Necrosis – An Evaluation of the Timing and Technique of Necrosectomy in a Southeast Asian Population. ANNALS OF THE ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, SINGAPORE 2006. [DOI: 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v35n8p523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Acute pancreatitis appears to be less prevalent in multi-ethnic Southeast Asia, where the aetiology also appears to be influenced by ethnicity. As with acute pancreatitis elsewhere, however, pancreatic necrosis is a cause of significant mortality and the aim of this study was to review our institutional experience with pancreatic necrosectomy.
Materials and Methods: The records of all patients who underwent pancreatic necrosectomy from January 2000 to December 2004 were analysed. Indications for surgery were the presence of infected necrosis, unresolving sepsis attributable to ongoing pancreatitis or the presence of gas in the pancreatic bed on imaging. Surgical debridement was achieved by debridement with closure over drains or by debridement with open packing.
Results: The cohort comprised 14 of 373 patients admitted for acute pancreatitis (3.8%), with an overall mortality rate of 29%. All patients had infected necrosis with positive bacteriological cultures. Eight patients (57%) underwent debridement with closure over drains and 6 patients (43%) underwent debridement with open packing. All mortalities occurred in patients who underwent open packing, who were also associated with a higher mean Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score. The mortality rate in patients who underwent debridement less than 4 weeks after admission was 33% (2 of 6), compared with 25% (2 of 8) in patients who underwent debridement after 4 weeks. There were no mortalities in patients operated on after 6 weeks.
Conclusion: Surgical debridement with closure of drains and a policy of performing delayed necrosectomy are viable in our population.
Key words: Necrosectomy, Necrotising pancreatitis, Surgery
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Rahman SH, Salter G, Holmfield JHM, Larvin M, McMahon MJ. Soluble CD14 receptor expression and monocyte heterogeneity but not the C-260T CD14 genotype are associated with severe acute pancreatitis. Crit Care Med 2004; 32:2457-63. [PMID: 15599151 DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000148008.99716.9c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Soluble CD14 is derived from a membrane glycoprotein, and it enhances endothelial cytokine responses to lipopolysaccharide. We studied the role of soluble CD14 in the pathogenesis of the systemic inflammatory response associated with acute pancreatitis, to determine whether altered expression was due to a functional C-260T polymorphism in the CD14 promoter gene or altered monocyte heterogeneity. DESIGN Prospective case-matched study. SETTING Tertiary pancreatic treatment unit in the United Kingdom. SUBJECTS Patients with pancreatitis and controls. INTERVENTIONS DNA from 117 patients with pancreatitis (34 severe) and 263 controls underwent CD14 genotyping using restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Peripheral venous blood samples at 24 and 72 hrs after the onset of abdominal pain were analyzed for sCD14 levels. Isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells were phenotyped for CD14/CD16 receptor expression using immunofluorescence flow cytometry. Disease severity was assessed using Atlanta criteria, Acute Physiology Scores, and C-reactive protein.Soluble CD14 levels were higher in severe (24-hr median, 66.6 ng/mL; 72-hr median, 72.2 ng/mL) compared with mild attacks (24-hr median, 50.7 ng/mL; 72-hr median, 49.7 ng/mL, p < .001), although the latter was similar to controls (median, 51 ng/mL). Furthermore, soluble CD14 levels correlated with Acute Physiology Scores (p < .001) and C-reactive protein (p = .01).Peripheral blood mononuclear cells CD14++ (p = .008), CD14+/16+ (p = .003), and CD16++ (p = .015) receptor densities were all increased in severe attacks at 24 hrs. Early CD14+/16+ receptor density correlated with sCD14 (p < .001), Acute Physiology Scores (p < .001), and C-reactive protein (p = 0.006). The CD14 genotype prevalence in acute pancreatitis was similar to controls and failed to correlate with any variables studied. CONCLUSIONS Increased soluble CD14 expression is associated with the systemic inflammatory response to acute pancreatitis and an expansion of the proinflammatory CD14+/CD16+ monocyte subset. Its targeted disruption may afford some benefit in preventing the development of systemic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakhawat H Rahman
- Academic Unit of Surgery, University of Leeds, General Infirmary, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
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Cinar E, Ateskan U, Baysan A, Mas MR, Comert B, Yasar M, Ozyurt M, Yener N, Mas N, Ozkomur E, Altinatmaz K. Is late antibiotic prophylaxis effective in the prevention of secondary pancreatic infection? Pancreatology 2003; 3:383-8. [PMID: 14526147 DOI: 10.1159/000073653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2003] [Accepted: 05/30/2003] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secondary infection of the inflamed pancreas is the principal cause of death after severe acute pancreatitis (AP). Although patients are not always managed early in the course of AP in clinical practice, prophylactic antibiotics that were used in experimental studies in rats were always initiated early after induction of pancreatitis. The effectiveness of antibiotics initiated later is unknown. AIM The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of ciprofloxacin and meropenem initiated early versus later in the course of acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP) in rats. METHODS 100 Sprague-Dawley rats were studied. ANP was induced in rats by intraductal injection of 3% taurocholate. Rats were divided randomly into five groups: group I rats received normal saline as a placebo, group II and IV rats received three times daily meropenem 60 mg/kg i.p. at 2 and 24 h, respectively and group III and V rats received twice daily ciprofloxacin 50 mg/kg i.p. at 2 and 24 h, respectively, after induction. At 96 h, all rats were killed for quantitative bacteriologic study. A point-scoring system of histological features was used to evaluate the severity of pancreatitis. RESULTS Meropenem and ciprofloxacin initiated 2 h after induction of pancreatitis significantly reduced the prevalence of pancreatic infection (p < 0.001 and p < 0.04, respectively) as compared to controls. Neither of the antibiotics initiated later during the course of AP caused a significant decrease in pancreatic infection in rats (p > 0.05). Although the rats treated early infected less frequently than the rats treated later, the comparison reached statistical significance only in the meropenem group (p < 0.02). CONCLUSION Early antibiotic treatment reduces pancreatic infection more efficiently than late antibiotic treatment in ANP in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esref Cinar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Gulhane School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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Satoh A, Masamune A, Kimura K, Kaneko K, Sakai Y, Yamagiwa T, Satoh M, Kikuta K, Asakura T, Shimosegawa T. Nuclear factor kappa B expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with acute pancreatitis. Pancreas 2003; 26:350-6. [PMID: 12717267 DOI: 10.1097/00006676-200305000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although many experimental studies have implicated the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) as a pivotal step in the pathobiology of acute pancreatitis, no clinical investigations have been reported. AIMTo investigate the expression of NF-kappaB and its characteristics in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patient with acute pancreatitis. METHODOLOGY Forty-five patients were prospectively enrolled. The expression of NF-kappaB in PBMCs was measured in the patients by electrophoretic mobility shift assay at admission and 14 days after the onset of acute pancreatitis. Twelve healthy individuals were also included as control subjects. RESULTS At admission, the PBMCs from patients with acute pancreatitis showed higher levels of NF-kappaB activities than did those from control subjects. In vitro, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment of the PBMCs from the control subjects and patients with mild pancreatitis induced further activation of the NF-kappaB. The response was significantly reduced in patients with severe pancreatitis. Patients who had persistently high NF-kappaB activities, a reduced response of NF-kappaB to LPS, and a low p50p65:p50p50 ratio after LPS stimulation at 14 days developed serious systemic complications in the later clinical course. CONCLUSIONS An alteration of the characteristics of PBMCs occurs in the early phase of acute pancreatitis and may predispose patients to a higher risk of serious systemic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Satoh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan.
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Tsang SW, Ip SP, Wong TP, Che CT, Leung PS. Differential effects of saralasin and ramiprilat, the inhibitors of renin-angiotensin system, on cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 2003; 111:47-53. [PMID: 12609748 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-0115(02)00226-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease characterized by pancreatic tissue edema, acinar cell necrosis, hemorrhage and inflammation of the damaged gland. It is believed that acinar cell injury is initiated by the activation of digestive zymogens inside the acinar cells, leading finally to the autodigestion of the pancreas. Previous study in our laboratory demonstrated that cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis was associated with an up-regulation of local renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in rat pancreas. Therefore, the utilization of RAS inhibitors may provide a novel and alternative treatment for acute pancreatitis. By means of a rat model of cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis, results from the present study showed that an intravenous injection of saralasin, an antagonist for angiotensin II receptors, at a dose of 40 microg/kg 30 min before the induction of acute pancreatitis significantly attenuated pancreatic edema. Results from the biochemical measurements showed that pretreatment with saralasin at a dose of 20 microg/kg markedly reduced pancreatic injury, as evidenced by the decreased activities of alpha-amylase and lipase in plasma. However, the same recipe of ramiprilat, a specific inhibitor for angiotensin-converting enzyme, at a dose of 20 microg/kg did not provide any protective effect against acute pancreatitis. On the contrary, pretreatment with ramiprilat at a dose 40 microg/kg enhanced cerulein-induced pancreatic injury. Results from histopathological analysis of these RAS inhibitors further confirmed with those results as obtained from biochemical analysis. These data indicate that administration of saralasin but not ramiprilat could be protective against acute pancreatitis and that activation of pancreatic RAS in acute pancreatitis may play a role in pancreatic tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu Wai Tsang
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, PR China
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Satoh A, Miura T, Satoh K, Masamune A, Yamagiwa T, Sakai Y, Shibuya K, Takeda K, Kaku M, Shimosegawa T. Human leukocyte antigen-DR expression on peripheral monocytes as a predictive marker of sepsis during acute pancreatitis. Pancreas 2002; 25:245-50. [PMID: 12370535 DOI: 10.1097/00006676-200210000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The mortality associated with severe acute pancreatitis is still high, and death in the later stage of the disease is chiefly due to bacterial infection and sepsis. However, objective parameters for the risk of sepsis in acute pancreatitis have not been established. AIM To investigate the value of human leukocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR) on peripheral monocytes for predicting the development of sepsis during acute pancreatitis. METHODOLOGY The expression of HLA-DR on peripheral monocytes was measured in 64 patients by flow cytometry at admission and 7 and 14 days after the onset of acute pancreatitis. Twenty-eight patients with severe acute pancreatitis and 36 with mild acute pancreatitis, as determined by the Atlanta classification, were enrolled. RESULTS Six patients had sepsis, and two of them died during the hospital stay. At admission, the percentage of HLA-DR-expressing cells in the monocyte population was significantly lower in the patients who had sepsis in the later course than in the patients who did not have sepsis. A percentage lower than 80% at admission was observed in 17 patients, and the patients who had persistently low percentages of HLA-DR-expressing monocytes throughout the observation period had sepsis in the later clinical course, whereas the patients in whom expression recovered to the normal range were spared the development of sepsis. CONCLUSION In acute pancreatitis, the low percentage of HLA-DR-expressing cells in the monocyte population is a reliable predictor of the development of sepsis. Monitoring of monocyte HLA-DR expression may be a useful marker for identifying the patients who are at high risk of sepsis in acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Satoh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
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Sharma VK, Howden CW. Prophylactic antibiotic administration reduces sepsis and mortality in acute necrotizing pancreatitis: a meta-analysis. Pancreas 2001; 22:28-31. [PMID: 11138967 DOI: 10.1097/00006676-200101000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute pancreatitis is frequently complicated by local and systemic infections resulting in substantial morbidity, mortality, and health care costs. Antibiotic prophylaxis may prevent some infections. We searched for randomized, controlled trials comparing antibiotic prophylaxis with no prophylaxis in patients with acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP). Only trials that used antibiotics that reach minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in necrotic pancreatic tissue were included. We calculated relative risk reduction (RRR), absolute risk reduction (ARR), and number needed to treat (NNT) for individual trials and pooled data. Antibiotic prophylaxis significantly reduced sepsis by 21.1% (NNT = 5) and mortality by 12.3% (NNT = 8) compared with no prophylaxis. There was also a nonsignificant trend toward a decrease in local pancreatic infections (ARR = 12%; NNT = 8). Antibiotic prophylaxis decreases sepsis and mortality in patients with ANP. All patients with ANP should be given prophylaxis with an antibiotic with proven efficacy in necrotic pancreatic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- V K Sharma
- Department of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock 72205-7199, USA.
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McGrail LH, Sehn LH, Weiss RB, Robson MR, Antin JH, Byrd JC. Pancreatitis during therapy of acute myeloid leukemia: cytarabine related? Ann Oncol 1999; 10:1373-6. [PMID: 10631468 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008342320532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute pancreatitis in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has been rarely associated with cytarabine therapy. This report attempts to characterize this toxicity. PATIENTS AND METHODS Criteria for pancreatitis was prospectively defined. Seven patients with pancreatitis were identified from an AML database and a clinical study at two tertiary care centers (n = 134). Their records were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS Seven patients with pancreatitis complicating AML therapy were identified. Median age was 36 (range 25-73) years. Median amylase was 184 (range 77-552) U/l and median lipase was 1026 (range 630-6087) U/l. The patients had received high dose bolus cytarabine (2 g/m2 i.v. bolus every 12 hours; n = 2), and continuous infusion cytarabine followed by high-dose cytarabine (100 mg/m2 i.v. CI days 1-7 then 2 g/m2 i.v. bolus every 12 hours days 8-10; n = 2), or standard dose continuous infusion cytarabine (200 mg/m2/d; n = 3) prior to developing pancreatitis. Pancreatitis occurred at a median of 10 days following day one of cytarabine administration with resolution at a median of 11 days after initial diagnosis. Six patients did not suffer major complications. One patient died of causes unrelated to pancreatitis. Five of six patients was rechallenged and all remained free of pancreatitis. One patient subsequently did develop pancreatitis on a later rechallenge. CONCLUSIONS Pancreatitis in the setting of AML therapy may be an infrequent and self-limited toxicity of cytarabine. A schedule dependent toxicity with cytarabine was not identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H McGrail
- Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington DC, USA
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