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Poppenga RH, Hooser SB. Commercial and Industrial Chemical Hazards for Ruminants: An Update. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2020; 36:621-639. [PMID: 32948410 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2020.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Livestock can be exposed to a wide variety of commercial or industrial chemicals that have variable toxicity. Adverse effects can be due to acute or chronic illnesses and deaths or due to contamination of meat or milk intended for human consumption. A diagnosis can be challenging in the absence of a known exposure. It is critical that a complete evaluation be conducted and appropriate samples be collected for possible analysis. Appropriate experts and regulatory agencies should be consulted as soon as possible to avoid potential contaminated animal products reaching consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Poppenga
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California, School of Veterinary Medicine, 620 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Stephen B Hooser
- Toxicology Section, Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Purdue University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 406 South University Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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2
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Henríquez-Hernández LA, Carretón E, Camacho M, Montoya-Alonso JA, Boada LD, Bernal Martín V, Falcón Cordón Y, Falcón Cordón S, Zumbado M, Luzardo OP. Potential Role of Pet Cats As a Sentinel Species for Human Exposure to Flame Retardants. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:79. [PMID: 28620612 PMCID: PMC5449440 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Flame retardants are a wide group of chemicals used by the industry to avoid combustion of materials. These substances are commonly found in plastics, electronic equipment, fabrics, and in many other everyday articles. Subsequently, ubiquitous environmental contamination by these common chemical is frequently reported. In the present study, we have evaluated the level of exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs), and organophosphorous flame retardants (OPFRs) in pet cats through the analysis of their serum. We also analyzed the level exposure to such chemicals in a series of 20 cat owners, trying to disclose the role of pet cats as sentinel species of human exposure to FRs. Our results showed that PCBs, banned 40 years ago, showed the lowest levels of exposure, followed by BDEs—banned recently. Congeners PCB-138 and PCB-180 were detected in ≥50% of the series, while BDE-47 was detected in near 90% of the pet cats. On the other hand, the highest levels were that of OPFRs, whose pattern of detection was similar to that observed in humans, thus suggesting a potential role of cats as a sentinel species for human exposure to these currently used FRs. Six out of 11 OPFRs determined [2-ethylhexyldiphenyl phosphate, tributylphosphate, triisobutylphosphate, triphenylphosphate, tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate, and tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate] were detected in 100% of the samples. It will be interesting to perform future studied aimed to elucidating the potential toxicological effects of these highly detected chemicals both, in cats and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Henríquez-Hernández
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Elena Carretón
- Internal Medicine Service, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - María Camacho
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - José Alberto Montoya-Alonso
- Internal Medicine Service, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Luis D Boada
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Verónica Bernal Martín
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Yaiza Falcón Cordón
- Internal Medicine Service, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Soraya Falcón Cordón
- Internal Medicine Service, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Manuel Zumbado
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Octavio P Luzardo
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Las Palmas, Spain
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3
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Lee YJ, Jang JS, Yang JH. Potential Health Risks from Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Marine Ecosystem. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.15433/ksmb.2016.8.1.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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4
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Poppenga RH. Commercial and industrial chemical hazards for ruminants. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2011; 27:373-87, viii-ix. [PMID: 21575775 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2011.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many potentially hazardous commercial or industrial products used in or around ruminant environments. Although some products are highly toxic, their proper storage and use minimize their hazard to ruminants. Although most exposures to such materials occur via ingestion, inhalation or dermal exposures also are possible. The diagnosis of intoxication requires both thorough antemortem and postmortem examination of affected animals and thorough investigation of their environment. Fortunately, intoxications from such materials are relatively infrequent. The possibility of residues affecting meat or milk from exposed animals always needs to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Poppenga
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Henríquez-Hernández LA, Luzardo OP, Almeida-González M, Alvarez-León EE, Serra-Majem L, Zumbado M, Boada LD. Background levels of polychlorinated biphenyls in the population of the Canary Islands (Spain). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2011; 111:10-16. [PMID: 21106193 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2010.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 11/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent and toxic compounds that have been detected in human serum or tissues worldwide. The objective of our study was to determine serum PCB levels in a representative sample of the general population of the Spanish Archipelago of the Canary Islands (607 serum samples from subjects aged between 6 and 75 years) in order to establish the main causes of this contamination and to evaluate the potential risks posed by these chemicals on the population through the use of toxicity equivalence to dioxins (TEQs). PCB congeners (28, 52, 77, 81, 101, 105, 114, 118, 123, 126, 138, 153, 156, 157, 167, 169, 180, and 189) were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Our results showed that PCB residues were found in 76% of serum samples analyzed, with the congeners 153 and 180 being the most frequently detected and having the highest median values (21.8 and 6.7 ng/g lipid, respectively). Serum levels of non-dioxin-like PCBs increased with age, body mass index (BMI), urban habitat, and smoking. The median concentration of the sum of PCBs considered as markers of environmental contamination by these chemicals (M-PCBs) was 46.4 ng/g lipid. Levels of the sum of dioxin-like PCBs (DL-PCBs) were 48.5 ng/g lipid in the 95th percentile, and were also positively associated with age. As a consequence, age seemed to be positively associated with TEQs levels, reaching values as high as 58.6 pg/g lipid in the serum samples from oldest people. Our results indicate that the inhabitants of the Canary Archipelago show levels of PCB contamination lower than other populations present on the Spanish mainland, as well as many populations from developed countries. Nevertheless, as these compounds may induce adverse health effects even at very low doses, our findings should be considered by local Public Health authorities in order to establish measures for diminishing the exposure of the population of these islands to PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Henríquez-Hernández
- Toxicology Unit, Dept. of Clinical Sciences, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, and Instituto Canario de Investigación del Cáncer (ICIC), P.O. Box 550, 35080 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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Hongxia Z, Jingwen C, Xie Q, Baocheng Q, Xinmiao L. Octanol-air partition coefficients of polybrominated biphenyls. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 74:1490-1494. [PMID: 19117592 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Revised: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The octanol-air partition coefficients (K(OA)) for PBB15, PBB26, PBB31, PBB49, PBB103 and PBB153 were determined as a function of temperature using a gas chromatographic retention time technique with 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis (4-chlorophenyl) ethane (p,p'-DDT) as a reference substance. The internal energies of phase change from octanol to air (Delta(OA)U) were calculated for the six compounds and were in the range from 74 to 116 kJ mol(-1). Simple regression equations of log K(OA) versus relative retention times (RRTs) on gas chromatography (GC), and log K(OA) versus molecular connectivity indexes (MCI) were obtained, for which the correlation coefficients (r(2)) were greater than 0.985 at 283.15K and 298.15K. Thus the K(OA) values of the remaining PBBs can be predicted by using their RRTs and MCI according to these relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Hongxia
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, MOE, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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Zhao H, Guo R, Chen J, Liang X. A noval method of predicting soil organic carbon content normalized adsorption coefficients (Koc) of polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs). CHEMOSPHERE 2006; 64:574-8. [PMID: 16388835 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2005] [Revised: 07/29/2005] [Accepted: 11/03/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
By a soil column liquid chromatograph (SCLC) method, the soil organic carbon content normalized adsorption coefficients (K(oc)) of six polybrominated biphenyls (PBB15, PBB26, PBB31, PBB49, PBB103 and PBB153) are determined. Based on the similarity between the molecular structures of PBBs and PCBs, a simple linear predictive model has been developed with the correlation coefficient R=0.9812 and standard error SE=0.19. The logK(oc) values of any PBB congeners can be predicted by using the logK(oc) values of the corresponding PCBs according to this model. Using the published data for logK(oc) values of PCB congeners, logK(oc) values of all 209 PBB congeners have been for the first time predicted. Compared with the data obtained from the experiment, the results of prediction are very accurate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Zhao
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 161 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116011, PR China
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Curran CP, Miller KA, Dalton TP, Vorhees CV, Miller ML, Shertzer HG, Nebert DW. Genetic Differences in Lethality of Newborn Mice Treated In Utero with Coplanar versus Non-Coplanar Hexabromobiphenyl. Toxicol Sci 2005; 89:454-64. [PMID: 16291824 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfj048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) exposure in humans is known to cause immunotoxicity and disorders related to the central nervous system. Coplanar PBBs bind to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) in vertebrates. We compared the coplanar PBB, 3,3',4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl (cHBB), with its stereoisomer, the non-coplanar PBB, 2,2',4,4'6,6'-hexabromobiphenyl (ncHBB), using C57BL/6J (B6) inbred mice (having the high-affinity AHR) and congenic B6.D2-Ahr d mice (having the low-affinity AHR in a >99.8% C57BL/6J genetic background). Pregnant dams were treated i.p. with vehicle alone, cHBB, or ncHBB on gestational day 5 (GD 5). Unexpectedly, neonatal lethality within the first 72 h postpartum was significant in cHBB-treated B6 mice at doses as low as 2.5 mg/kg, whereas no deaths were seen in B6 pups whose mother had received ncHBB 100 mg/kg or in either B6.D2-Ahr d or Ahr(-/-) knockout mice whose mother had received cHBB 100 mg/kg. Histological and gross anatomical analyses of a battery of tissues in the mother or fetus at GD 18, as well as 24 h postpartum, revealed no significant differences, except for decreased thymus and spleen weights in cHBB-treated B6 GD 18 fetuses. Cross-fostering and genetics experiments confirmed the association of neonatal deaths principally with in utero (rather than lactational) exposure to cHBB, and also no paternal effect. For the end points of mouse neonatal lethality and immunotoxicity, cHBB appears to act through the high-affinity AHR receptor. Although dioxin in utero is well known to cause AHR-dependent cleft palate and hydronephrosis, cHBB did not; thus, chronic activation of the AHR appears to be necessary but not sufficient for AHR-mediated teratogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine P Curran
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, P.O. Box 670056, Cincinnati OH 45267-0056, USA
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Zhao HX, Zhang Q, Xue XY, Liang XM, Kettrup A. Predicting gas chromatographic retention times of 209 polybrominated diphenyls (PBBs) for different temperature programs. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 382:1304-10. [PMID: 15926051 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-3265-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2005] [Revised: 04/06/2005] [Accepted: 04/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A method has been developed to predict the retention times of 209 individual polybrominated diphenyl congeners for different temperature programs. The retention equations lnk'=A+B/T of five PBBs in gas chromatography (GC) were used to evaluate the properties of the regression coefficients A and B, which are widely accepted as being highly reliable chromatographic retentions. The quantitative relationships between the A and B values of PCBs and those of PBBs were found. The regression equations derived have coefficients of determination greater than 0.999. The A, B values of any PBB can be predicted by using the A, B values of the PCB according to these relationships. Using these predicted A and B values, the retention times of all PBBs can be predicted. This is an important advance in the identification of PBBs because at present there are only a few PBB standards available.
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Affiliation(s)
- H X Zhao
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116011, P. R. China
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Kristoffersen A, Voie ØA, Fonnum F. Ortho-substituted polybrominated biphenyls activate respiratory burst in granulocytes from humans. Toxicol Lett 2002; 129:161-6. [PMID: 11879987 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(02)00005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The in vivo consequences of exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) have been reported to involve reduced phagocytic function, which could be related to increased susceptibility to infections. Though less abundant in the environment, polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) have similar toxicological properties as PCB. In this respect the effect of different PBBs on human granulocytes was elucidated. Ortho-substituted PBBs activated respiratory burst, measured by the chemiluminescence assay, and elevated intracellular calcium. The most active polybrominated congener 2,2',5-TBB increased chemiluminescence in a concentration-dependent manner, and ED(50) was approximately 10 microM. PBBs stimulated elevation of intracellular [Ca(2+)] in human granulocytes. The [Ca(2+)]i was elevated from 50 to 250 nM. The respiratory burst due to stimulation by PBBs was inhibited by U73122, ethanol (1%), wortmannin, and bisindolylmaleimide and by the elimination of extracellular calcium in the same way as shown previously for PCBs, indicating that PBB act by the same mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kristoffersen
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Division for Environmental Toxicology, PO Box 25, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
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Fiddler W, Pensabene JW, Shadwell RJ, Lehotay SJ. Potential artifact formation of dioxins in ball clay during supercritical fluid extraction. J Chromatogr A 2000; 902:427-32. [PMID: 11192175 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00813-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Earlier surveys indicate that meat, fish and dairy products are the principal source of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) exposure in the diet. A recent finding by others of PCDDs in chickens that consumed a feed containing PCDD led to the finding of ball clay, an anti-caking agent, as the source. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was studied as a means to isolate PCDDs from commercial ball clays using GC-electron capture detection (muECD) as a means to screen for these contaminants. The finding of ng/g amounts and recoveries >100% in several samples of ball clay containing octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) suggested that PCDD may form artifactually as a result of analysis. Studies on pentachlorophenol (PCP) fortified ball clay were carried out by SFE and soxhlet extraction and the results compared. The values obtained by SFE were considered more problematic. The results obtained from ball clay suggest that precautions need to be exercised when using SFE to analyze for dioxins in solid samples containing chlorophenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Fiddler
- Food Safety Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
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Poppenga RH. Current environmental threats to animal health and productivity. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2000; 16:545-58, viii. [PMID: 11084992 DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30086-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Livestock can be exposed to literally thousands of environmental contaminants. Fortunately, most do not cause significant livestock morbidity or mortality and relatively few present significant residue concerns in animal products intended for human consumption. Some environmental contaminants, however, present livestock health or residue concerns. The significance of specific environmental contaminants on livestock health and productivity can change with time and unforeseen threats can emerge as new chemicals or technologies are introduced or new knowledge about health effects of established chemicals emerges.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Poppenga
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center, Kennett Square, USA
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