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Anabolic Steroids in Fattening Food-Producing Animals—A Review. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162115. [PMID: 36009705 PMCID: PMC9405261 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Anabolic steroids significantly affect animal tissues and cause morphological and histological changes, which are often irreversible. This issue is currently a very hot topic, as the answers to the questions concerning the health of endangered animals and humans vary greatly from country to country. There is a need to further investigate whether the use of anabolic steroids in animal fattening threatens consumer health and to develop new tools for the detection of anabolic steroids in meat. One possibility for detection could be to observe histological changes in the tissues, which form a typical pattern of anabolic abuse. This review gathered information on the anabolic steroids most commonly used in animal fattening, the legislation governing this issue, and the main effects of anabolics on animal tissues. Abstract Anabolic steroids are chemically synthetic derivatives of the male sex hormone testosterone. They are used in medicine for their ability to support muscle growth and healing and by athletes for esthetic purposes and to increase sports performance, but another major use is in fattening animals to increase meat production. The more people there are on Earth, the greater the need for meat production and anabolic steroids accelerate the growth of animals and, most importantly, increase the amount of muscle mass. Anabolic steroids also have proven side effects that affect all organs and tissues, such as liver and kidney parenchymal damage, heart muscle degeneration, organ growth, coagulation disorders, and increased risk of muscle and tendon rupture. Anabolic steroids also have a number of harmful effects on the developing brain, such as brain atrophy and changes in gene expression with consequent changes in the neural circuits involved in cognitive functions. Behavioral changes such as aggression, irritability, anxiety and depression are related to changes in the brain. In terms of long-term toxicity, the greatest impact is on the reproductive system, i.e., testicular shrinkage and infertility. Therefore, their abuse can be considered a public health problem. In many countries around the world, such as the United States, Canada, China, Argentina, Australia, and other large meat producers, the use of steroids is permitted but in all countries of the European Union there is a strict ban on the use of anabolic steroids in fattening animals. Meat from a lot of countries must be carefully inspected and monitored for steroids before export to Europe. Gas or liquid chromatography methods in combination with mass spectrometry detectors and immunochemical methods are most often used for the analysis of these substances. These methods have been considered the most modern for decades, but can be completely ineffective if they face new synthetic steroid derivatives and want to meet meat safety requirements. The problem of last years is the application of “cocktails” of anabolic substances with very low concentrations, which are difficult to detect and are difficult to quantify using conventional detection methods. This is the reason why scientists are trying to find new methods of detection, mainly based on changes in the structure of tissues and cells and their metabolism. This review gathered this knowledge into a coherent form and its findings could help in finding such a combination of changes in tissues that would form a typical picture for evidence of anabolic misuse.
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Halleran JL, Papich MG, Li M, Lin Z, Davis JL, Maunsell FP, Riviere JE, Baynes RE, Foster DM. Update on withdrawal intervals following extralabel use of procaine penicillin G in cattle and swine. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:50-55. [PMID: 34793323 DOI: 10.2460/javma.21.05.0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Halleran
- Food Animal Residue Avoidance and Depletion Program (FARAD), Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Mark G Papich
- FARAD, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Miao Li
- FARAD, Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Zhoumeng Lin
- FARAD, Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Jennifer L Davis
- FARAD, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Fiona P Maunsell
- FARAD, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Jim E Riviere
- Food Animal Residue Avoidance and Depletion Program (FARAD), Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Ronald E Baynes
- Food Animal Residue Avoidance and Depletion Program (FARAD), Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Derek M Foster
- Food Animal Residue Avoidance and Depletion Program (FARAD), Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
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Lee KH, Jang H, Kim YS, Lee C, Cho SH, Kim M, Son H, Bae KB, Dao DV, Jung YS, Lee I. Synergistic SERS Enhancement in GaN-Ag Hybrid System toward Label-Free and Multiplexed Detection of Antibiotics in Aqueous Solutions. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2100640. [PMID: 34363354 PMCID: PMC8498916 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Noble metal-based surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has enabled the simple and efficient detection of trace-amount molecules via significant electromagnetic enhancements at hot spots. However, the small Raman cross-section of various analytes forces the use of a Raman reporter for specific surface functionalization, which is time-consuming and limited to low-molecular-weight analytes. To tackle these issues, a hybrid SERS substrate utilizing Ag as plasmonic structures and GaN as charge transfer enhancement centers is presented. By the conformal printing of Ag nanowires onto GaN nanopillars, a highly sensitive SERS substrate with excellent uniformity can be fabricated. As a result, remarkable SERS performance with a substrate enhancement factor of 1.4 × 1011 at 10 fM for rhodamine 6G molecules with minimal spot variations can be realized. Furthermore, quantification and multiplexing capabilities without surface treatments are demonstrated by detecting harmful antibiotics in aqueous solutions. This work paves the way for the development of a highly sensitive SERS substrate by constructing complex metal-semiconductor architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Hyun Lee
- Department of Semiconductor Systems EngineeringKorea University145 Anam‐ro, Seongbuk‐guSeoul02841Republic of Korea
| | - Hanhwi Jang
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)291 Daehak‐ro, Yuseong‐guDaejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Seok Kim
- KU‐KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and TechnologyKorea University145 Anam‐ro, Seongbuk‐guSeoul02841Republic of Korea
| | - Chul‐Ho Lee
- KU‐KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and TechnologyKorea University145 Anam‐ro, Seongbuk‐guSeoul02841Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrative Energy EngineeringKorea University145 Anam‐ro, Seongbuk‐guSeoul02841Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghee H. Cho
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)291 Daehak‐ro, Yuseong‐guDaejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Minjoon Kim
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)291 Daehak‐ro, Yuseong‐guDaejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Hoki Son
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKorea University145 Anam‐ro, Seongbuk‐guSeoul02841Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Bin Bae
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKorea University145 Anam‐ro, Seongbuk‐guSeoul02841Republic of Korea
| | - Dung Van Dao
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKorea University145 Anam‐ro, Seongbuk‐guSeoul02841Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Sik Jung
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)291 Daehak‐ro, Yuseong‐guDaejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - In‐Hwan Lee
- Department of Semiconductor Systems EngineeringKorea University145 Anam‐ro, Seongbuk‐guSeoul02841Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKorea University145 Anam‐ro, Seongbuk‐guSeoul02841Republic of Korea
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Pereira SC, Crisóstomo L, Sousa M, Oliveira PF, Alves MG. Metabolic diseases affect male reproduction and induce signatures in gametes that may compromise the offspring health. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2020; 6:dvaa019. [PMID: 33324496 PMCID: PMC7722800 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvaa019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The most prevalent diseases worldwide are non-communicable such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Noteworthy, the prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes is expected to steadily increase in the next decades, mostly fueled by bad feeding habits, stress, and sedentarism. The reproductive function of individuals is severely affected by abnormal metabolic environments, both at mechanical and biochemical levels. Along with mechanical dysfunctions, and decreased sperm quality (promoted both directly and indirectly by metabolic abnormalities), several studies have already reported the potentially harmful effects of metabolic disorders in the genetic and epigenetic cargo of spermatozoa, and the epigenetic inheritance of molecular signatures induced by metabolic profile (paternal diet, obesity, and diabetes). The inheritance of epigenetic factors towards the development of metabolic abnormalities means that more people in reproductive age can potentially suffer from these disorders and for longer periods. In its turn, these individuals can also transmit this (epi)genetic information to future generations, creating a vicious cycle. In this review, we collect the reported harmful effects related to acquired metabolic disorders and diet in sperm parameters and male reproductive potential. Besides, we will discuss the novel findings regarding paternal epigenetic inheritance, particularly the ones induced by paternal diet rich in fats, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. We analyze the data attained with in vitro and animal models as well as in long-term transgenerational population studies. Although the findings on this topic are very recent, epigenetic inheritance of metabolic disease has a huge societal impact, which may be crucial to tackle the 'fat epidemic' efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara C Pereira
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Microscopy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Crisóstomo
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Microscopy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mário Sousa
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Microscopy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro F Oliveira
- QOPNA & LAQV, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Marco G Alves
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Microscopy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Factors Affecting Consumers’ Alternative Meats Buying Intentions: Plant-Based Meat Alternative and Cultured Meat. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12145662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Consumers have started to become aware of the negative aspects of conventional meat, including concerns about environmental issues, animal welfare, and consumer health. Alternative meats (i.e., cultured meat and plant-based meat alternatives) have been introduced recently to address these problems, and the rapid growth of the alternative meat market could pose a threat to the conventional meat market. It is necessary to identify the features of alternative meat that affect consumers’ purchasing intentions. Thus, we aimed to: (1) explore the positive and negative feelings toward alternative meat and (2) compare the differences in factors influencing alternative meat buying intentions. This study conducted an online survey with Korean participants in two separate sections (cultured meat: n = 513; plant-based meat alternatives: n = 504), and relationships between the variables and willingness to buy were analyzed using the partial least squares method. The results showed that sustainability and food neophobia are two of the different factors, and food curiosity, unnaturalness, and distrust of biotechnology are the common factors affecting consumers’ purchasing choice. The results of this study provide useful guidelines for effective promotional messages about cultured meat, plant-based meat alternatives, and conventional meat marketers focusing on the positive and negative aspects of significant factors.
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Kim H, Jeon EH, Park BC, Kim SJ. Dudleya brittonii extract promotes survival rate and M2-like metabolic change in porcine 3D4/31 alveolar macrophages. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019; 32:1789-1800. [PMID: 31208190 PMCID: PMC6817779 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.19.0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective Although alveolar macrophages play a key role in the respiratory immunity of livestock, studies on the mechanism of differentiation and survival of alveolar macrophages are lacking. Therefore, we undertook to investigate changes in the lipid metabolism and survival rate, using 3D4/31 macrophages and Dudleya brittonii which has been used as a traditional asthma treatment. Methods 3D4/31 macrophages were used as the in vitro porcine alveolar macrophages model. The cells were activated by exposure to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Dudleya brittonii extraction was performed with distilled water. For evaluating the cell survival rate, we performed the water-soluble tetrazolium salt cell viability assay and growth curve analysis. To confirm cell death, cell cycle and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured using flow cytometric analysis by applying fluorescence dye dichlorofluorescein diacetate and propidium iodide. Furthermore, we also evaluated cellular lipid accumulation with oil red O staining, and fatty acid synthesis related genes expression levels using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) with SYBR green dye. Glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle related gene expression levels were measured using qPCR after exposure to Dudleya brittonii extract (DB) for 12 h. Results The ROS production and cell death were induced by PMA treatment, and exposure to DB reduced the PMA induced downregulation of cell survival. The PMA and DB treatments upregulated the lipid accumulation, with corresponding increase in the acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha, fatty acid synthase mRNA expressions. DB-PMA co-treatment reduced the glycolysis genes expression, but increased the expressions of fatty acid oxidation and TCA cycle genes. Conclusion This study provides new insights and directions for further research relating to the immunity of porcine respiratory system, by employing a model based on alveolar macrophages and natural materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungkuen Kim
- Division of Cosmetics and Biotechnology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Hoseo University, Baebang, Asan 31499, Korea
| | - Eek Hyung Jeon
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Byung-Chul Park
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology and Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea
| | - Sung-Jo Kim
- Division of Cosmetics and Biotechnology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Hoseo University, Baebang, Asan 31499, Korea
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Dhakal S, Chao K, Huang Q, Kim M, Schmidt W, Qin J, Broadhurst CL. A Simple Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopic Method for on-Site Screening of Tetracycline Residue in Whole Milk. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E424. [PMID: 29389871 PMCID: PMC5856142 DOI: 10.3390/s18020424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic and subtherapeutic use of veterinary drugs has increased the risk of residue contamination in animal food products. Antibiotics such as tetracycline are used for mastitis treatment of lactating cows. Milk expressed from treated cows before the withdrawal period has elapsed may contain tetracycline residue. This study developed a simple surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopic (SERS) method for on-site screening of tetracycline residue in milk and water. Six batches of silver colloid nanoparticles were prepared for surface enhancement measurement. Milk-tetracycline and water-tetracycline solutions were prepared at seven concentration levels (1000, 500, 100, 10, 1, 0.1, and 0.01 ppm) and spiked with silver colloid nanoparticles. A 785 nm Raman spectroscopic system was used for spectral measurement. Tetracycline vibrational modes were observed at 1285, 1317 and 1632 cm-1 in water-tetracycline solutions and 1322 and 1621 cm-1 (shifted from 1317 and 1632 cm-1, respectively) in milk-tetracycline solutions. Tetracycline residue concentration as low as 0.01 ppm was detected in both the solutions. The peak intensities at 1285 and 1322 cm-1 were used to estimate the tetracycline concentrations in water and milk with correlation coefficients of 0.92 for water and 0.88 for milk. Results indicate that this SERS method is a potential tool that can be used on-site at field production for qualitative and quantitative detection of tetracycline residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Dhakal
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Bldg. 303 BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - Kuanglin Chao
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Bldg. 303 BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - Qing Huang
- Hefei Institute of Physical Science, CAS 350 Shushanhu Road, Hefei 230031, China.
| | - Moon Kim
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Bldg. 303 BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - Walter Schmidt
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Bldg. 303 BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - Jianwei Qin
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Bldg. 303 BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - C Leigh Broadhurst
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Bldg. 303 BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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Abstract
Residues of veterinary drugs have potential implications for human food safety and international trade in animal-derived food commodities. A particular concern is the slow depletion of residues of some injectable formulations from the site of administration. Licensing authorities have adopted different approaches to the human food safety assessment of injection site residues. European agencies apply the maximum residue limit (MRL) for muscle to muscle at the injection site and specify a withdrawal period sufficient to ensure the ingestion of a 300 g portion of muscle, if comprised entirely of injection site tissue, does not exceed the acceptable daily intake. The agencies in Australia, Canada and the USA also exclude injection site residues from the MRL-setting process. These agencies evaluate the risk to consumers posed by potential acute manifestations resulting from the infrequent ingestion of injection site residues based on acute dietary exposure considerations. While all of these approaches protect the safety of consumers, the adoption of different approaches has potential implications for residue surveillance programs in the international trade in meat. In particular, when an exporting country establishes standards for residues at injection sites based on acute dietary exposure considerations and the importing country assesses these residues against the MRL for muscle, the unnecessary condemnation of meat and disruption to market access may result. The latter may represent a potential economical impost to the exporting country. An internationally harmonized approach to the risk analysis of residues of veterinary drugs at injection sites, which protects the safety of consumers and facilitates the international trade in meat, is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P T Reeves
- Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
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Abstract
Penicillin is one of the most commonly detected drug residues in tissues and milk, and is the antimicrobial for which information is most often sought through FARAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Payne
- Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD), Environmental Toxicology Extension, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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OTSUKA M, MUTO T, KATSUNUMA Y, NAKAMURA Y, TAKADA R, MINATO H. Effect of administration of acid- and bile-tolerant lactobacilli on pigs intestinal microbial population. Anim Sci J 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1344-3941.2002.00068.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Tanaka Y, Taguchi S, Yoshida S, Hori S, Takagaki Y. [Effects of veterinary drugs on beta-hexosaminidase release from rat basophilic leukemia cells (RBL-2H3)]. SHOKUHIN EISEIGAKU ZASSHI. JOURNAL OF THE FOOD HYGIENIC SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2002; 43:306-11. [PMID: 12607930 DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.43.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the effects of residual veterinary drugs on the allergic reaction, except for the antigenicity of antibiotics and synthetic antimicrobials. Therefore, 59 kinds of veterinary drugs were investigated for their effects on the IgE receptor-mediated beta-hexosaminidase release from RBL-2H3 cells as an index of immediate allergic reaction. We found that the antibiotics chlorotetracycline, doxycycline, monensin, the synthetic antimicrobial pyrimethamine and the steroid hormone testosterone inhibited beta-hexosaminidase release. Most of the veterinary drugs showed no action, though the ionophores lasalocid, salinomycin and the steroid hormone hexestrol promoted beta-hexosaminidase release from injured cells. Based on the residual levels of these drugs and the frequencies of detection in actual food samples, it seems unlikely that these drugs have any immediate allergic effect in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Tanaka
- Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health: 1-3-69, Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
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Paige JC, Tollefson L, Miller MA. Health implications of residues of veterinary drugs and chemicals in animal tissues. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 1999; 15:31-43, viii. [PMID: 10088210 DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30205-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The animal drug approval process in the United States is based upon the premise that the presence of drug residues in meat and poultry above tolerance is a public health hazard. Tolerances represent the maximum level of concentration of antimicrobials permitted in animal tissues at the time of slaughter. The tolerances are intended to ensure that residual drugs will have no harmful effects if ingested. The purpose of this article is to present existing evidence of the acute and chronic health consequences that may occur because of food of animal origin contaminated with illegal residues above the tolerance. The impact of food-borne drug residues on the gut microflora, residue detection limitations, and the responsibility of the veterinary practitioner in ensuring food safety is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Paige
- Office of Surveillance and Compliance, United States Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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Abstract
Ecologically sustainable development is aimed at reducing environmental degradation while enabling economic development with equity between the developed and developing worlds and between generations. Parasite control in livestock can both contribute to, and take advantage of, sustainable agriculture. This will tend towards less intensive, lower input, diversified crop and animal production with less risk of parasite-induced losses and greater opportunities for integrated control including the exploitation of grazing management. Chemotherapy will continue to play a part but the most serious problem is resistance in the target species. Except for a few isolated issues, currently used parasiticides are relatively minor contaminants of the food supply or the environment. Nevertheless, the compounds of the future will need to be narrow-spectrum, non-persistent and rapidly degraded, with convenience in the hands of the user reduced in importance. Environmentally friendly alternatives to chemotherapy, including genetic resistance of hosts, vaccines, and biological control, show considerable promise and must be pursued. Sustainable systems pose optimisation problems and more attention must be given to systems research, models and products to aid decisions. If governments are serious about sustainable development, greater support will be needed for longer-term patient, multi-disciplinary research.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Donald
- Institute of Animal Production and Processing, CSIRO, N.S.W., Australia
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Abstract
The tetracyclines have served for decades as an important class of antibiotics in food animal health and production. As such, they have also been a source of concern for residue monitoring authorities around the world. In response to this concern a number of microbial inhibition, immunoassay and bacterial receptor methods have evolved for the detection of this class of compounds in various foods of animal origin. However, these methods often lack specificity and are subject to false positive and false negative results. For these reasons a number of chromatographic methods for the separation and determination of the tetracyclines isolated from foods have been developed that are capable of identifying and quantifying individual tetracycline drugs. We present here an overview of tetracycline analytical methods, including microbial inhibition, immunoassay and receptor technologies for detection, techniques for isolation from food matrices, and thin-layer chromatographic, high-performance liquid chromatographic, gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric procedures for determination of this class of compounds. A discussion of the variables involved in such methodology and a review of method criteria are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Barker
- Laboratory for Residue Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803
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Abstract
Diethylstilboestrol is a non-steroidal orally active oestrogen that in the past has been widely used in a variety of conditions in both medical and veterinary fields. In recognition of potential systemic availability to man of DES in the tissues of treated food-producing animals, together with an understanding of the potential teratogenic and carcinogenic toxicity of DES in man, the veterinary use of DES has been restricted to oral use in small animals only. Use of DES is prohibited in all food-producing animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Page
- Australian Veterinary Association Subcommittee on Therapeutics, Artarmon, New South Wales
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Abstract
Chloramphenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic which has enjoyed extensive use in both medical and veterinary practice. Shortly after its introduction in the late 1940s, the use of chloramphenicol was associated with the induction of an idiosyncratic form of aplastic anaemia in man. This rare and unpredictable adverse effect has since been associated not only with systemic use but with topical applications, as well as occupational exposure. Recognition of the small risk of a potentially fatal adverse reaction, together with the risk of selection of chloramphenicol-resistant pathogens, has led to restrictions on the veterinary uses of chloramphenicol. In Australia at present, the use of chloramphenicol is only permitted in small animals. Its use is specifically prohibited in food-producing animals, including horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Page
- Australian Veterinary Association Subcommittee on Therapeutics, Artarmon, New South Wales
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