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Schmitz-Peiffer F, Lukas M, Mohan AM, Albrecht J, Aschenbach JR, Brenner W, Beindorff N. Effects of isoflurane anaesthesia depth and duration on renal function measured with [ 99mTc]Tc-mercaptoacetyltriglycine SPECT in mice. EJNMMI Res 2024; 14:4. [PMID: 38180547 PMCID: PMC10769950 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-023-01065-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of anaesthetic depth and the potential influence of different anaesthetic beds and thus different handling procedures were investigated in 86 severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice using semi-stationary dynamic single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) for kidney scintigraphy. Therefore, isoflurane concentrations were adjusted using respiratory rate for low (80-90 breath/min) and deep anaesthesia (40-45 breath/min). At low anaesthesia, we additionally tested the influence of single bed versus 3-mouse bed hotel; the hotel mice were anaesthetized consecutively at ~ 30, 20, and 10 min before tracer injections for positions 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Intravenous [99mTc]Tc-MAG3 injection of ~ 28 MBq was performed after SPECT start. Time-activity curves were used to calculate time-to-peak (Tmax), T50 (50% clearance) and T25 (75% clearance). RESULTS Low and deep anaesthesia corresponded to median isoflurane concentrations of 1.3% and 1.5%, respectively, with no significant differences in heart rate (p = 0.74). Low anaesthesia resulted in shorter aortic blood clearance half-life (p = 0.091) and increased relative renal tracer influx rate (p = 0.018). A tendency toward earlier Tmax occurred under low anaesthesia (p = 0.063) with no differences in T50 (p = 0.40) and T25 (p = 0.24). Variance increased with deep anaesthesia. Compared to single mouse scans, hotel mice in position 1 showed a delayed Tmax, T50, and T25 (p < 0.05 each). Furthermore, hotel mice in position 1 showed delayed Tmax versus position 3, and delayed T50 and T25 versus position 2 and 3 (p < 0.05 each). No difference occurred between single bed and positions 2 (p = 1.0) and 3 (p = 1.0). CONCLUSIONS Deep anaesthesia and prolonged low anaesthesia should be avoided during renal scintigraphy because they result in prolonged blood clearance half-life, delayed renal influx and/or later Tmax. Vice versa, low anaesthesia with high respiratory rates of 80-90 rpm and short duration (≤ 20 min) should be preferred to obtain representative data with low variance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Schmitz-Peiffer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Experimental Radionuclide Imaging Center (BERIC), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mathias Lukas
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ajay-Mohan Mohan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Experimental Radionuclide Imaging Center (BERIC), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jakob Albrecht
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg R Aschenbach
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Winfried Brenner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Experimental Radionuclide Imaging Center (BERIC), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicola Beindorff
- Berlin Experimental Radionuclide Imaging Center (BERIC), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
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Abstract
Summary: Opioid use and misuse in the United States has been at epidemic proportions and is predicted to increase further in the setting of the Coronavirus disease 19 pandemic. Acute kidney injury is a condition associated with significant morbidity and increased mortality. We review the literature on the effect of opioids on kidney function and critically examine the association between opioid use and acute kidney injury and identify at-risk populations in whom opioids should be used with caution. We also discuss the role of biomarkers in elucidating this condition and propose preventive measures, novel therapeutic options, and research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Mallappallil
- Assistant Professor of Medicine, State University of New York at Downstate, Brooklyn, NY; Director of Service Nephrology, Kings County Hospital Center, Health and Hospitals Corporation, Brooklyn, NY.
| | - Siddhartha Bajracharya
- Clinical Instructor of Medicine, State University of New York at Downstate, Brooklyn, NY; Renal Fellow, Kings County Hospital Center, Health and Hospitals Corporation, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Moro Salifu
- Professor and Chairman of Medicine, Chief of Nephrology, State University of New York at Downstate, Brooklyn, NY; Physician Specialist, Kings County Hospital Center, Health and Hospitals Corporation, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Ernie Yap
- Assistant Professor of Medicine, State University of New York at Downstate, Brooklyn, NY; Physician Specialist, Kings County Hospital Center, Health and Hospitals Corporation, Brooklyn, NY
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Akhigbe RE, Ajayi LO, Ajayi AF. Codeine exerts cardiorenal injury via upregulation of adenine deaminase/xanthine oxidase and caspase 3 signaling. Life Sci 2020; 273:118717. [PMID: 33159958 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Codeine treatment has been shown to be associated with glucolipid deregulation, though data reporting this are inconsistent and the mechanisms are not well understood. Perturbation of glutathione-dependent antioxidant defense and adenosine deaminase (ADA)/xanthine oxidase (XO) signaling has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiometabolic disorders. We thus, hypothesized that depletion of glutathione contents and upregulation of ADA/XO are involved in codeine-induced glucolipid deregulation. The present study also investigated whether or not codeine administration would induce genotoxicity and apoptosis in cardiac and renal tissues. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male New Zealand rabbits received per os distilled water or codeine, either in low dose (4 mg/kg) or high dose (10 mg/kg) for 6 weeks. KEY FINDINGS Codeine treatment led to reduced absolute and relative cardiac and renal mass independent of body weight change, increased blood glucose, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), as well as increased atherogenic indices and triglyceride-glucose index (TyG). Codeine administration significantly increased markers of cardiac and renal injury, as well as impaired cardiorenal functions. Codeine treatment also resulted in increased cardiac and renal malondialdehyde, Advanced Glycation Endproducts (AGE) and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG), and myeloperoxidase (MPO), ADA, XO, and caspase 3 activities. These observations were accompanied by impaired activities of cardiac and renal proton pumps. SIGNIFICANCE Findings of this study demonstrate that upregulation of ADA/XO and caspase 3 signaling are, at least partly, contributory to the glucolipid deregulation and cardiorenal injury induced by codeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Akhigbe
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo, Nigeria; Reproductive Biology and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Oasis of Grace Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - L O Ajayi
- Department of Biochemistry, Adeleke University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - A F Ajayi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo, Nigeria.
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Pharmacokinetic Properties of the Nephrotoxin Orellanine in Rats. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10080333. [PMID: 30126099 PMCID: PMC6116018 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10080333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Orellanine is a nephrotoxin found in mushrooms of the Cortinarius family. Accidental intake of this substance may cause renal failure. Orellanine is specific for proximal tubular cells and could, therefore, potentially be used as treatment for metastatic renal cancer, which originates from these cells. However, more information is needed about the distribution and elimination of orellanine from the body to understand its potential use for therapy. In this study, 5 mg/kg orellanine (unlabeled and 3H-labeled) was injected intravenously in rats (Wistar and Sprague Dawley). Distribution was measured (Wistar rats, n = 10, n = 12) using radioluminography and the highest amount of orellanine was found in the kidney cortex and bladder at all time-points investigated. The pharmacokinetic properties of orellanine were investigated using LC-MS/MS and β-scintillation to measure the amount of orellanine in plasma. Three groups of rats were investigated: control rats with intact kidneys (n = 10) and two groups with bilateral renal artery ligation (n = 7) where animals in one of these groups were treated with peritoneal dialysis (n = 8). Using LC-MS/MS, the half-life of orellanine was found to be 109 ± 6 min in the controls. In the groups with ligated renal arteries, orellanine had a half-life of 756 ± 98 min without and 238 ± 28 min with dialysis. Thus, orellanine was almost exclusively eliminated by glomerular filtration as well as by peritoneal dialysis.
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Mallappallil M, Sabu J, Friedman EA, Salifu M. What Do We Know about Opioids and the Kidney? Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E223. [PMID: 28117754 PMCID: PMC5297852 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests a link between opioid use and kidney disease. This review summarizes the known renal manifestations of opioid use including its role in acute and chronic kidney injury. Both the direct and indirect effects of the drug, and the context which leads to the development of renal failure, are explored. While commonly used safely for pain control and anesthesia in those with kidney disease, the concerns with respect to side effects and toxicity of opioids are addressed. This is especially relevant with the worldwide increase in the use of opioids for medical and recreational use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Mallappallil
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of New York at Downstate, Brooklyn, New York, NY 11203, USA.
| | - Jacob Sabu
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of New York at Downstate, Brooklyn, New York, NY 11203, USA.
| | - Eli A Friedman
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of New York at Downstate, Brooklyn, New York, NY 11203, USA.
| | - Moro Salifu
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of New York at Downstate, Brooklyn, New York, NY 11203, USA.
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Carrara F, Azzollini N, Nattino G, Corna D, Villa S, Cerullo D, Zoja C, Abrante B, Luis-Lima S, Porrini E, Cannata A, Ferrari S, Fois M, Stucchi N, Gaspari F. Simplified Method to Measure Glomerular Filtration Rate by Iohexol Plasma Clearance in Conscious Rats. Nephron Clin Pract 2016; 133:62-70. [DOI: 10.1159/000445843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Zhao M, Li X, Li M, Gao Y. Effects of anesthetics pentobarbital sodium and chloral hydrate on urine proteome. PeerJ 2015; 3:e813. [PMID: 25789206 PMCID: PMC4362303 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Urine can be a better source than blood for biomarker discovery since it accumulates many changes. The urine proteome is susceptible to many factors, including anesthesia. Pentobarbital sodium and chloral hydrate are commonly used anesthetics in animal experiments. This study demonstrated the effects of these two anesthetics on the rat urine proteome using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). With anesthesia, the urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio of all rats increased twofold. The relative abundance of 22 and 23 urinary proteins were changed with pentobarbital sodium or chloral hydrate anesthesia, respectively, as determined by label-free quantification. Among these changed proteins, fifteen had been considered as candidate biomarkers such as uromodulin, and sixteen had been considered stable in healthy human urine, which are more likely to be considered as potential biomarkers when changed, such as transferrin. The pattern of changed urinary proteins provides clues to the discovery of urinary proteins regulatory mechanisms. When determining a candidate biomarker, anesthetic-related effects can be excluded from future biomarker discovery studies. Since anesthetics take effects via nervous system, this study is the first to provide clues that the protein handling function of the kidney may possibly be regulated by the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindi Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
| | - Xundou Li
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
| | - Menglin Li
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
| | - Youhe Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China ; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Beijing Normal University, Gene Engineering and Biotechnology Beijing Key Laboratory , Beijing , China
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Moura-Grec PG, Assis VH, Cannabrava VP, Vieira VM, Siqueira TLD, Anaguizawa WH, Sales-Peres SHDC. Systemic consequences of bariatric surgery and its repercussions on oral health. ABCD-ARQUIVOS BRASILEIROS DE CIRURGIA DIGESTIVA 2013; 25:173-7. [PMID: 23411807 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-67202012000300008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Morbid obesity control can be done by bariatric surgery that restricts or reduces the amount of food absorption. The objective of this review was to identify the consequences of bariatric surgery and its repercussions on oral health. METHOD It was used the Virtual Library of Health, which included articles that had any direct or indirect connection between bariatric surgery and oral health, and published in the last ten years. RESULTS Some complications of the surgery are chronicle reflux and nutritional deficiency, which may bring repercussions on the oral cavity, such as tooth erosion, bone loss and dental caries. On the other hand, there are also positive impacts, such as the decrease of diabetes, apnea and improvement on self-esteem, that makes the patients less vulnerable to complications regarding oral health, for example xerostomy and periodontal disease. CONCLUSION Maintaining proper oral health in patients undergoing bariatric surgery contributes to success after surgery protecting benefits and minimizing side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Garcia Moura-Grec
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Public Health in the Faculty of Dentistry of Bauru, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
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9
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Eslava-Schmalbach JH. ¿Anestesia basada en el cirujano o en el paciente? COLOMBIAN JOURNAL OF ANESTHESIOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0120-3347(08)63003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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10
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Béji S, Kaaroud H, Ben Moussa F, Abderrahim E, Zghidi S, Ben Hamida F, Ben Maiz H, Kheder A. Insuffisance rénale aiguë secondaire à la povidone iodée. Presse Med 2006; 35:61-3. [PMID: 16462667 DOI: 10.1016/s0755-4982(06)74522-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Povidone iodine is a widely-used antiseptic agent, especially for cutaneous lesions. Despite its apparent innocuousness, some cases of acute renal failure are reportedly due to iodine toxicity. CASE We report a case of an acute renal failure secondary to povidone iodine exposure in a 37-year-old woman. She underwent a hysteroscopy for diagnosis of primary sterility, and povidone iodine was used as the contrast agent. She developed acute renal failure with oliguria during the postoperative period. Treatment with diuretics and hemodialysis led to a favorable outcome and return of normal kidney function. DISCUSSION Mucosal administration of povidone iodine appears to lead to greater iodine toxicity than cutaneous administration. The clinical feature of our patient suggested tubular necrosis caused by iodine, after the other possible causes of acute renal failure were ruled out. CONCLUSION Acute renal failure secondary to povidone iodine administration is possible, especially through mucosal surfaces. Outcome is favorable after the conclusion of exposure and symptomatic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumaya Béji
- Service de néphrologie et de médecine interne, Hôpital Charles Nicolle, Tunis, Tunisie
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11
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Canaud B. [Postoperative acute renal failure: definition, diagnostic and prognostic criteria]. ANNALES FRANCAISES D'ANESTHESIE ET DE REANIMATION 2005; 24:125-33. [PMID: 15737498 DOI: 10.1016/j.annfar.2004.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Canaud
- Service de néphrologie, hôpital Lapeyronie, CHU de Montpellier, 371, avenue du Doyen-G.-Giraud, 34925 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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Tost H, Gógl A, Lendvai A, Bartha J. Effect of extracellular volume expansion and surgical stress on splanchnic blood flow and cardiac output in anesthetized rats: role of nitric oxide. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2003; 41:452-9. [PMID: 12605024 DOI: 10.1097/00005344-200303000-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In a normal volume state, surgical stress decreases rather than increases nitric oxide (NO) production in the vascular system. In our studies, the effect of minor and major surgical stress and three different degrees of volume expansion on systemic and splanchnic circulatory parameters and on the NO dependence of the circulation have been investigated. When the degree of volume expansion was increased, cardiac output and organ blood flow increased without significant change in vascular resistances. Major surgical stress reduced the increase in cardiac output and organ blood flow elicited by the volume expansion. NO synthase (NOS) inhibition significantly increased blood pressure and total peripheral resistance (TPR) and decreased cardiac output in all groups of animals. As the degree of volume expansion was increased, the NO dependence of the circulation in the surgically less- and more-stressed animals was inversely influenced in some cases. With the three degrees of volume expansion (20, 40, and 60 ml/kg), the NOS inhibition increased the TPR from 30.7 R/kg +/- 1.90 to 73.6 R/kg +/- 5.00, from 20.7 R/kg +/- 1.43 to 66.7 R/kg +/- 3.88, and from 19.9 R/kg +/- 1.25 to 49.1 R/kg +/- 3.84 in the surgically less-stressed animals and from 38.6 R/kg +/- 2.14 to 59.8 R/kg +/- 5.62, from 31.9 R/kg +/- 2.70 to 81.7 R/kg +/- 9.89, and from 29.1 R/kg +/- 2.49 to 91.1 R/kg +/- 6.36 in the surgically more-stressed animals. Volume expansion increases the NO dependence of the vascular resistance in the surgically more-stressed animals but decreases it in the surgically less-stressed animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda Tost
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweiss University, Budapest, Hungary.
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Derrier M, Mercatello A. [Role of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents in the perioperative period. Usefulness and limitations]. ANNALES FRANCAISES D'ANESTHESIE ET DE REANIMATION 1998; 16:498-520. [PMID: 9750605 DOI: 10.1016/s0750-7658(97)83344-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including various chemical families of drugs, inhibit prostaglandin synthesis and act on the central nervous system. Prostaglandins are involved in regulation of regional circulations, cell turn-over in the gastrointestinal tract, and in primary haemostasis. The patterns of action of NSAIDs result in analgesic properties, but also in adverse effects. NSAIDs are increasingly used perioperatively, alone or associated with opioids or local anaesthetics, because of their analgesic and opioid sparing properties. Some of their adverse effects, especially ischaemic acute renal failure and gastrointestinal complications, can be life-threatening, and increased haemorrhagic risk is an issue for spinal or epidural anaesthesia in patients taking aspirin. Safe use of NSAIDs is possible in consideration of contraindications (elderly patient, hypovolaemia, cirrhosis, congestive heart failure, renal failure, active gastrointestinal ulcer, bleeding diathesis, pregnancy), and requires close monitoring of renal function if they must be used in patients at risk for renal failure. NSAIDs are not ulcerogenic in the short-term in healthy subjects. They must be used with caution in patients with a preexisting haemostatic defect or undergoing haemorrhagic surgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Derrier
- Département d'anesthésie et de réanimation chirurgicale, hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Lyon, France
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Huang CS, Boudinot FD, Feldman S. Effects of gender, pregnancy, and anesthesia on the pharmacokinetics of zidovudine in rats. Pharm Res 1995; 12:1647-51. [PMID: 8592664 DOI: 10.1023/a:1016293017318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The effects of gender, pregnancy and anesthesia on the pharmacokinetics of zidovudine (AZT) were studied in rats. METHODS Unanesthetized male (MR), female (FR) and pregnant (day 20, PR) rats received 50 mg/kg AZT via a jugular vein cannula. Female (FRA), pregnant (day 20, PRA) and pregnant (day 20, PRR) rats maintained under ketamine: acepromazine:xylazine anesthesia also received 50 mg/kg AZT. Two fetuses were removed at each sampling time from the PRR group. Plasma samples were collected and analyzed by RIA. RESULTS With the exception of a lower non-renal clearance in female rats, there were no gender differences in the disposition of AZT. No significant differences were noted in total clearance, non-renal clearance or volume of distribution between pregnant and female rats, however, significant differences in renal clearance values were evident. Anesthesia resulted in decreased total, renal and non-renal clearances in female and pregnant rats. The removal of fetuses during the experiments did not alter the total clearance of AZT in pregnant rats, however, renal clearance and volume of distribution were decreased by cesarian section. CONCLUSIONS The rat appears to be a suitable laboratory animal model for investigating AZT disposition during pregnancy. However, results of pharmacokinetic studies when animals are maintained under anesthesia with ketamine:acepromazine:xylazine must be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens 30602-2353, USA
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