Abstract
OBJECTIVE
Menopause is considered to be a cardiovascular risk factor, but this belief is based on opinions rather than on evidence. Confounding effects of age are often neglected.
DESIGN
Population-based study with further subanalysis of case-to-case age-matched cohorts of men and fertile and menopausal women.
SETTING
Epidemiology in primary, public, institutional frame.
PARTICIPANTS
Nine thousand three hundred and sixty-four men and women aged 18-70 years representative of Italian general population followed-up for 18.8 +/- 7.7 years.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Blood pressure (BP), prevalence and incidence of hypertension, serum total, high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, glucose tolerance, body adiposity, vascular reactivity, target organ damage, overall and cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, by gender and by menopausal status.
RESULTS
Cross-sectional: crude BP, pressor response to cold, orthostatic BP decrease, BMI, skinfold thickness, fasting and postload blood glucose and insulin, serum lipids, left ventricular mass, serum creatinine, microalbuminuria and augmetantion index were higher in menopausal than in fertile women, and comparable in menopausal women and men, a difference that was no longer present when adjusting for age or considering age-matched cohorts. Longitudinal: BP increase during follow-up, cardiovascular mortality and morbidity were greater in menopausal than in fertile women, and comparable in menopausal women and men, a difference no longer present in age-matched cohorts. Menopausal status was rejected from multivariate Cox analysis also including age.
CONCLUSION
The cardiovascular effects usually attributed to menopause seem to be a mere consequence of the older age of menopausal women.
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