Maladies neuromusculaires de l’adulte : quelles explorations des muscles respiratoires pour quelle prise en charge

[Long term domiciliary mechanical ventilation in patients with neuromuscular disease (indications, establishment and follow up)]

Neuromuscular diseases represent a heterogeneous group of pathologies which common feature is the development of a restrictive ventilatory failure.

BACKGROUND

Respiratory insufficiency of neuromuscular origin manifests itself by functional symptoms that must be carefully searched for in the history, such as headaches, sleep disorders, or dyspnoea of effort, sometimes very mild, or in severe cases associated with orthopnoea. Follow up should be multi-disciplinary. On the respiratory level regular measurement of blood gases, vital capacity, maximum inspiratory and expiratory pressures as well as sleep studies, will detect the criteria for mechanical ventilation (hypercarbia > 45 mm Hg, nocturnal desaturation < 88%, vital capacity < 60%, PImax < 60 cm H2O).

STATE OF THE ART

The establishment of mechanical ventilation is a major decision for patients with neuromuscular disease because of the important physical, psychological, social and sometimes financial consequences. The patients and their family must be instructed precisely in order to obtain the best possible observation and compliance. The establishment requires a stay in hospital of several days to optimise the choice of ventilator, its settings, and connections. The link with the organisation managing the domiciliary ventilation is fundamental in ensuring follow up after discharge from hospital. Techniques of cough assistance must be taught to each neuromuscular patient requiring mechanical ventilation.

CONCLUSION

Ventilation of neuromuscular patients requires careful evaluation of the indications and rigorous follow up by a multidisciplinary team with wide experience of this type of disease.