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Tobe SW, Stone JA, Brouwers M, Bhattacharyya O, Walker KM, Dawes M, Genest J, Grover S, Gubitz G, Lau D, Pipe A, Selby P, Tremblay MS, Warburton DE, Ward R, Woo V, Leiter LA, Liu PP. Harmonization of guidelines for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease: the C-CHANGE Initiative. CMAJ 2011; 183:E1135-50. [PMID: 21911548 PMCID: PMC3193113 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.101508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sheldon W. Tobe
- Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the University of Calgary, the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta and the Cardiac Wellness Institute of Calgary (Stone), Calgary, Alta.; the Departments of Oncology and of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Brouwers), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; the Department of Family and Community Medicine, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital (Bhattacharyya), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Institute of Circulatory and Respiratory Health, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (Walker), Ottawa, Ont.; the Department of Family Medicine (Dawes), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; the Departments of Medicine (Genest), and Clinical Epidemiology (Grover), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Department of Medicine (Gubitz), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; the Departments of Medicine and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; the Minto Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute (Pipe), Ottawa, Ont.; the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (Tremblay), Ottawa, Ont.; the Cardiovascular Physiology and Rehabilitation Laboratory (Warburton), Experimental Medicine Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; the Department of Family Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; the Section of Endocrinology, Health Sciences Centre (Woo), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; the Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital (Leiter), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - James A. Stone
- Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the University of Calgary, the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta and the Cardiac Wellness Institute of Calgary (Stone), Calgary, Alta.; the Departments of Oncology and of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Brouwers), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; the Department of Family and Community Medicine, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital (Bhattacharyya), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Institute of Circulatory and Respiratory Health, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (Walker), Ottawa, Ont.; the Department of Family Medicine (Dawes), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; the Departments of Medicine (Genest), and Clinical Epidemiology (Grover), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Department of Medicine (Gubitz), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; the Departments of Medicine and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; the Minto Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute (Pipe), Ottawa, Ont.; the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (Tremblay), Ottawa, Ont.; the Cardiovascular Physiology and Rehabilitation Laboratory (Warburton), Experimental Medicine Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; the Department of Family Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; the Section of Endocrinology, Health Sciences Centre (Woo), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; the Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital (Leiter), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Melissa Brouwers
- Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the University of Calgary, the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta and the Cardiac Wellness Institute of Calgary (Stone), Calgary, Alta.; the Departments of Oncology and of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Brouwers), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; the Department of Family and Community Medicine, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital (Bhattacharyya), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Institute of Circulatory and Respiratory Health, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (Walker), Ottawa, Ont.; the Department of Family Medicine (Dawes), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; the Departments of Medicine (Genest), and Clinical Epidemiology (Grover), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Department of Medicine (Gubitz), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; the Departments of Medicine and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; the Minto Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute (Pipe), Ottawa, Ont.; the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (Tremblay), Ottawa, Ont.; the Cardiovascular Physiology and Rehabilitation Laboratory (Warburton), Experimental Medicine Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; the Department of Family Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; the Section of Endocrinology, Health Sciences Centre (Woo), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; the Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital (Leiter), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Onil Bhattacharyya
- Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the University of Calgary, the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta and the Cardiac Wellness Institute of Calgary (Stone), Calgary, Alta.; the Departments of Oncology and of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Brouwers), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; the Department of Family and Community Medicine, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital (Bhattacharyya), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Institute of Circulatory and Respiratory Health, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (Walker), Ottawa, Ont.; the Department of Family Medicine (Dawes), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; the Departments of Medicine (Genest), and Clinical Epidemiology (Grover), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Department of Medicine (Gubitz), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; the Departments of Medicine and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; the Minto Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute (Pipe), Ottawa, Ont.; the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (Tremblay), Ottawa, Ont.; the Cardiovascular Physiology and Rehabilitation Laboratory (Warburton), Experimental Medicine Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; the Department of Family Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; the Section of Endocrinology, Health Sciences Centre (Woo), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; the Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital (Leiter), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Kimberly M. Walker
- Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the University of Calgary, the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta and the Cardiac Wellness Institute of Calgary (Stone), Calgary, Alta.; the Departments of Oncology and of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Brouwers), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; the Department of Family and Community Medicine, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital (Bhattacharyya), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Institute of Circulatory and Respiratory Health, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (Walker), Ottawa, Ont.; the Department of Family Medicine (Dawes), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; the Departments of Medicine (Genest), and Clinical Epidemiology (Grover), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Department of Medicine (Gubitz), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; the Departments of Medicine and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; the Minto Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute (Pipe), Ottawa, Ont.; the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (Tremblay), Ottawa, Ont.; the Cardiovascular Physiology and Rehabilitation Laboratory (Warburton), Experimental Medicine Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; the Department of Family Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; the Section of Endocrinology, Health Sciences Centre (Woo), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; the Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital (Leiter), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Martin Dawes
- Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the University of Calgary, the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta and the Cardiac Wellness Institute of Calgary (Stone), Calgary, Alta.; the Departments of Oncology and of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Brouwers), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; the Department of Family and Community Medicine, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital (Bhattacharyya), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Institute of Circulatory and Respiratory Health, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (Walker), Ottawa, Ont.; the Department of Family Medicine (Dawes), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; the Departments of Medicine (Genest), and Clinical Epidemiology (Grover), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Department of Medicine (Gubitz), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; the Departments of Medicine and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; the Minto Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute (Pipe), Ottawa, Ont.; the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (Tremblay), Ottawa, Ont.; the Cardiovascular Physiology and Rehabilitation Laboratory (Warburton), Experimental Medicine Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; the Department of Family Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; the Section of Endocrinology, Health Sciences Centre (Woo), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; the Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital (Leiter), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Jacques Genest
- Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the University of Calgary, the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta and the Cardiac Wellness Institute of Calgary (Stone), Calgary, Alta.; the Departments of Oncology and of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Brouwers), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; the Department of Family and Community Medicine, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital (Bhattacharyya), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Institute of Circulatory and Respiratory Health, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (Walker), Ottawa, Ont.; the Department of Family Medicine (Dawes), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; the Departments of Medicine (Genest), and Clinical Epidemiology (Grover), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Department of Medicine (Gubitz), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; the Departments of Medicine and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; the Minto Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute (Pipe), Ottawa, Ont.; the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (Tremblay), Ottawa, Ont.; the Cardiovascular Physiology and Rehabilitation Laboratory (Warburton), Experimental Medicine Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; the Department of Family Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; the Section of Endocrinology, Health Sciences Centre (Woo), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; the Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital (Leiter), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Steven Grover
- Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the University of Calgary, the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta and the Cardiac Wellness Institute of Calgary (Stone), Calgary, Alta.; the Departments of Oncology and of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Brouwers), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; the Department of Family and Community Medicine, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital (Bhattacharyya), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Institute of Circulatory and Respiratory Health, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (Walker), Ottawa, Ont.; the Department of Family Medicine (Dawes), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; the Departments of Medicine (Genest), and Clinical Epidemiology (Grover), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Department of Medicine (Gubitz), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; the Departments of Medicine and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; the Minto Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute (Pipe), Ottawa, Ont.; the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (Tremblay), Ottawa, Ont.; the Cardiovascular Physiology and Rehabilitation Laboratory (Warburton), Experimental Medicine Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; the Department of Family Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; the Section of Endocrinology, Health Sciences Centre (Woo), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; the Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital (Leiter), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Gordon Gubitz
- Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the University of Calgary, the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta and the Cardiac Wellness Institute of Calgary (Stone), Calgary, Alta.; the Departments of Oncology and of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Brouwers), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; the Department of Family and Community Medicine, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital (Bhattacharyya), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Institute of Circulatory and Respiratory Health, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (Walker), Ottawa, Ont.; the Department of Family Medicine (Dawes), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; the Departments of Medicine (Genest), and Clinical Epidemiology (Grover), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Department of Medicine (Gubitz), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; the Departments of Medicine and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; the Minto Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute (Pipe), Ottawa, Ont.; the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (Tremblay), Ottawa, Ont.; the Cardiovascular Physiology and Rehabilitation Laboratory (Warburton), Experimental Medicine Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; the Department of Family Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; the Section of Endocrinology, Health Sciences Centre (Woo), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; the Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital (Leiter), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - David Lau
- Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the University of Calgary, the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta and the Cardiac Wellness Institute of Calgary (Stone), Calgary, Alta.; the Departments of Oncology and of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Brouwers), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; the Department of Family and Community Medicine, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital (Bhattacharyya), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Institute of Circulatory and Respiratory Health, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (Walker), Ottawa, Ont.; the Department of Family Medicine (Dawes), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; the Departments of Medicine (Genest), and Clinical Epidemiology (Grover), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Department of Medicine (Gubitz), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; the Departments of Medicine and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; the Minto Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute (Pipe), Ottawa, Ont.; the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (Tremblay), Ottawa, Ont.; the Cardiovascular Physiology and Rehabilitation Laboratory (Warburton), Experimental Medicine Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; the Department of Family Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; the Section of Endocrinology, Health Sciences Centre (Woo), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; the Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital (Leiter), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Andrew Pipe
- Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the University of Calgary, the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta and the Cardiac Wellness Institute of Calgary (Stone), Calgary, Alta.; the Departments of Oncology and of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Brouwers), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; the Department of Family and Community Medicine, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital (Bhattacharyya), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Institute of Circulatory and Respiratory Health, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (Walker), Ottawa, Ont.; the Department of Family Medicine (Dawes), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; the Departments of Medicine (Genest), and Clinical Epidemiology (Grover), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Department of Medicine (Gubitz), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; the Departments of Medicine and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; the Minto Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute (Pipe), Ottawa, Ont.; the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (Tremblay), Ottawa, Ont.; the Cardiovascular Physiology and Rehabilitation Laboratory (Warburton), Experimental Medicine Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; the Department of Family Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; the Section of Endocrinology, Health Sciences Centre (Woo), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; the Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital (Leiter), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Peter Selby
- Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the University of Calgary, the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta and the Cardiac Wellness Institute of Calgary (Stone), Calgary, Alta.; the Departments of Oncology and of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Brouwers), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; the Department of Family and Community Medicine, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital (Bhattacharyya), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Institute of Circulatory and Respiratory Health, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (Walker), Ottawa, Ont.; the Department of Family Medicine (Dawes), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; the Departments of Medicine (Genest), and Clinical Epidemiology (Grover), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Department of Medicine (Gubitz), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; the Departments of Medicine and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; the Minto Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute (Pipe), Ottawa, Ont.; the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (Tremblay), Ottawa, Ont.; the Cardiovascular Physiology and Rehabilitation Laboratory (Warburton), Experimental Medicine Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; the Department of Family Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; the Section of Endocrinology, Health Sciences Centre (Woo), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; the Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital (Leiter), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Mark S. Tremblay
- Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the University of Calgary, the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta and the Cardiac Wellness Institute of Calgary (Stone), Calgary, Alta.; the Departments of Oncology and of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Brouwers), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; the Department of Family and Community Medicine, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital (Bhattacharyya), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Institute of Circulatory and Respiratory Health, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (Walker), Ottawa, Ont.; the Department of Family Medicine (Dawes), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; the Departments of Medicine (Genest), and Clinical Epidemiology (Grover), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Department of Medicine (Gubitz), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; the Departments of Medicine and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; the Minto Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute (Pipe), Ottawa, Ont.; the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (Tremblay), Ottawa, Ont.; the Cardiovascular Physiology and Rehabilitation Laboratory (Warburton), Experimental Medicine Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; the Department of Family Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; the Section of Endocrinology, Health Sciences Centre (Woo), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; the Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital (Leiter), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Darren E.R. Warburton
- Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the University of Calgary, the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta and the Cardiac Wellness Institute of Calgary (Stone), Calgary, Alta.; the Departments of Oncology and of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Brouwers), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; the Department of Family and Community Medicine, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital (Bhattacharyya), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Institute of Circulatory and Respiratory Health, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (Walker), Ottawa, Ont.; the Department of Family Medicine (Dawes), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; the Departments of Medicine (Genest), and Clinical Epidemiology (Grover), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Department of Medicine (Gubitz), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; the Departments of Medicine and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; the Minto Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute (Pipe), Ottawa, Ont.; the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (Tremblay), Ottawa, Ont.; the Cardiovascular Physiology and Rehabilitation Laboratory (Warburton), Experimental Medicine Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; the Department of Family Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; the Section of Endocrinology, Health Sciences Centre (Woo), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; the Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital (Leiter), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Richard Ward
- Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the University of Calgary, the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta and the Cardiac Wellness Institute of Calgary (Stone), Calgary, Alta.; the Departments of Oncology and of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Brouwers), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; the Department of Family and Community Medicine, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital (Bhattacharyya), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Institute of Circulatory and Respiratory Health, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (Walker), Ottawa, Ont.; the Department of Family Medicine (Dawes), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; the Departments of Medicine (Genest), and Clinical Epidemiology (Grover), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Department of Medicine (Gubitz), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; the Departments of Medicine and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; the Minto Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute (Pipe), Ottawa, Ont.; the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (Tremblay), Ottawa, Ont.; the Cardiovascular Physiology and Rehabilitation Laboratory (Warburton), Experimental Medicine Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; the Department of Family Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; the Section of Endocrinology, Health Sciences Centre (Woo), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; the Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital (Leiter), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Vincent Woo
- Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the University of Calgary, the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta and the Cardiac Wellness Institute of Calgary (Stone), Calgary, Alta.; the Departments of Oncology and of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Brouwers), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; the Department of Family and Community Medicine, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital (Bhattacharyya), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Institute of Circulatory and Respiratory Health, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (Walker), Ottawa, Ont.; the Department of Family Medicine (Dawes), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; the Departments of Medicine (Genest), and Clinical Epidemiology (Grover), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Department of Medicine (Gubitz), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; the Departments of Medicine and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; the Minto Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute (Pipe), Ottawa, Ont.; the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (Tremblay), Ottawa, Ont.; the Cardiovascular Physiology and Rehabilitation Laboratory (Warburton), Experimental Medicine Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; the Department of Family Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; the Section of Endocrinology, Health Sciences Centre (Woo), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; the Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital (Leiter), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Lawrence A. Leiter
- Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the University of Calgary, the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta and the Cardiac Wellness Institute of Calgary (Stone), Calgary, Alta.; the Departments of Oncology and of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Brouwers), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; the Department of Family and Community Medicine, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital (Bhattacharyya), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Institute of Circulatory and Respiratory Health, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (Walker), Ottawa, Ont.; the Department of Family Medicine (Dawes), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; the Departments of Medicine (Genest), and Clinical Epidemiology (Grover), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Department of Medicine (Gubitz), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; the Departments of Medicine and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; the Minto Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute (Pipe), Ottawa, Ont.; the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (Tremblay), Ottawa, Ont.; the Cardiovascular Physiology and Rehabilitation Laboratory (Warburton), Experimental Medicine Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; the Department of Family Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; the Section of Endocrinology, Health Sciences Centre (Woo), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; the Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital (Leiter), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Peter P. Liu
- Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the University of Calgary, the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta and the Cardiac Wellness Institute of Calgary (Stone), Calgary, Alta.; the Departments of Oncology and of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Brouwers), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; the Department of Family and Community Medicine, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital (Bhattacharyya), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Institute of Circulatory and Respiratory Health, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (Walker), Ottawa, Ont.; the Department of Family Medicine (Dawes), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; the Departments of Medicine (Genest), and Clinical Epidemiology (Grover), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Department of Medicine (Gubitz), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; the Departments of Medicine and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; the Minto Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute (Pipe), Ottawa, Ont.; the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (Tremblay), Ottawa, Ont.; the Cardiovascular Physiology and Rehabilitation Laboratory (Warburton), Experimental Medicine Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; the Department of Family Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; the Section of Endocrinology, Health Sciences Centre (Woo), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; the Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital (Leiter), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
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