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Multicomponent Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Derivatives of 4-Methyl-Substituted 5-Nitropyridines. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11020576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The multicomponent reaction of 2-nitroacetophenone (or nitroacetone), acetaldehyde diethyl acetal, β-dicarbonyl compound, and ammonium acetate in an acetic acid solution allowed the acquisition of previously undescribed 4-methyl-substituted derivatives of 5-nitro-1,4-dihydropyridine in satisfactory yields. The oxidation of the obtained 5-nitro-1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives resulted in the corresponding 2,4-dimethyl-5-nitropyridines. In addition, for the first time in the synthesis of unsymmetrical 1,4-dihydropyridines by the Hantzsch reaction acetaldehyde, diethyl acetal was used as a source of acetaldehyde. The use of more volatile and sufficiently reactive acetaldehyde in this reaction did not lead to a controlled synthesis of unsymmetrical 5-nitro-1,4-dihydropyridines. The proposed multicomponent approach to the synthesis of 4-methyl-substituted 5-nitro-1,4-dihydropyridines and their subsequent aromatization into pyridines made it possible to obtain previously undescribed and hardly accessible substituted 5(3)-nitropyridines.
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Abstract
PURPOSE Development of new thymoleptic medications has primarily centered on anticonvulsants and antipsychotic drugs. Based on our studies of intracellular calcium ion signaling in mood disorders, we were interested in the use of novel medications that act on this mechanism of neuronal activation as potential mood stabilizers. METHOD We reviewed the dynamics of the calcium second messenger system and the international body of data demonstrating increased baseline and stimulated intracellular calcium levels in peripheral cells of patients with bipolar mood disorders. We then examined studies of the effect of established mood stabilizers on intracellular calcium ion levels and on mechanisms of mobilization of this second messenger. After summarizing studies of calcium channel blocking agents, whose primary action is to attenuate hyperactive intracellular calcium signaling, we considered clinical experience with this class of medications and the potential for further research. FINDINGS Established mood stabilizers normalize increased intracellular calcium ion levels in bipolar disorder patients. Most case series and controlled studies suggest an antimanic and possibly mood stabilizing effect of the calcium channel blocking medications verapamil and nimodipine, with fewer data on isradipine. A relatively low risk of teratogenicity and lack of cognitive adverse effects or weight gain suggest possible applications in pregnancy and in patients for whom these are considerations. IMPLICATIONS Medications that antagonize hyperactive intracellular signaling warrant more interest than they have received in psychiatry. Further experience will clarify the applications of these medications alone and in combination with more established mood stabilizers.
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Ling Y, Hao ZY, Liang D, Zhang CL, Liu YF, Wang Y. The Expanding Role of Pyridine and Dihydropyridine Scaffolds in Drug Design. Drug Des Devel Ther 2021; 15:4289-4338. [PMID: 34675489 PMCID: PMC8520849 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s329547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyridine-based ring systems are one of the most extensively used heterocycles in the field of drug design, primarily due to their profound effect on pharmacological activity, which has led to the discovery of numerous broad-spectrum therapeutic agents. In the US FDA database, there are 95 approved pharmaceuticals that stem from pyridine or dihydropyridine, including isoniazid and ethionamide (tuberculosis), delavirdine (HIV/AIDS), abiraterone acetate (prostate cancer), tacrine (Alzheimer's), ciclopirox (ringworm and athlete's foot), crizotinib (cancer), nifedipine (Raynaud's syndrome and premature birth), piroxicam (NSAID for arthritis), nilvadipine (hypertension), roflumilast (COPD), pyridostigmine (myasthenia gravis), and many more. Their remarkable therapeutic applications have encouraged researchers to prepare a larger number of biologically active compounds decorated with pyridine or dihydropyridine, expandeing the scope of finding a cure for other ailments. It is thus anticipated that myriad new pharmaceuticals containing the two heterocycles will be available in the forthcoming decade. This review examines the prospects of highly potent bioactive molecules to emphasize the advantages of using pyridine and dihydropyridine in drug design. We cover the most recent developments from 2010 to date, highlighting the ever-expanding role of both scaffolds in the field of medicinal chemistry and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ling
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-You Hao
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chun-Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Fei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Aali E, Ghaznavi H, Soltanpour MS, Mahmoudian M, Shafiei M. Cardioprotective Effects of Mebudipine in a Rat Model of Doxorubicin-Induced Heart Failure. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 46:136-143. [PMID: 33753958 PMCID: PMC7966930 DOI: 10.30476/ijms.2019.82057.0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Mebudipine, a dihydropyridine calcium-channel blocker (CCB), shows greater time- and voltage-dependent inhibitory effects than nifedipine. Its significant negative chronotropic effects without having considerable negative inotropic properties may make it a suitable candidate for the pharmacotherapy of heart failure (HF). This study aimed to investigate the possible beneficial action of mebudipine in a rat model of HF. Methods The present study carried out in the Department of Pharmacology at the Iran University of Medical Sciences during the years of 2009-2011. An experimental model of HF was induced in male Wistar rats using doxorubicin (DOX). The rats were divided into five groups with seven animals in each group: normal control group, DOX-induced HF control groups, and treatment groups. The animals were administered DOX for 15 days. A consistent deterioration occurred after a four-week rest period. The animals were then treated with intraperitoneal mebudipine (0.5 mg/kg) and intraperitoneal amlodipine (0.35 mg/kg), as well as an equal volume of distilled water for 15 days. The plasma levels of big endothelin-1 (BET-1), creatine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), as well as the clinical status (heart rate and blood pressure), were assessed before and after treatment. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS software using parametric and nonparametric ANOVA. Results Mebudipine and amlodipine reversed the increased plasma BET-1 values in the treated animals when compared with the HF control group (0.103 and 0.112 vs 0.231 pg/mL, respectively). The increased plasma levels of AST, ALT, CK-MB, and LDH were also reversed in the HF animals that received mebudipine or amlodipine. Conclusion The administration of mebudipine to HF animals, akin to amlodipine, palliated the clinical and biochemical signs of the disease in the present study. The abstract was presented in the Iranian Congress of Physiology and Pharmacology as a poster and published in the Scientific Information Database as a supplement (2015; Vol 22).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Aali
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.,Gifted and Talented Students Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Habib Ghaznavi
- Department of Pharmacology, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Soleiman Soltanpour
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Massoud Mahmoudian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Massoumeh Shafiei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Peeters LEJ, Kester MP, Feyz L, Van Den Bemt PMLA, Koch BCP, Van Gelder T, Versmissen J. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations in the treatment of the elderly patient with hypertension. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2019; 15:287-297. [PMID: 30880496 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2019.1588249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypertension is an important risk factor for developing cardiovascular diseases. It is more prevalent in the elderly population. Recently updated American and European guidelines recommend treating every elderly patient with hypertension independent of age, starting with a low dose of antihypertensive drugs. However, little information is available on the optimal dosages of antihypertensive drugs to treat the elderly safely. Areas covered: Comorbidities, co-medication and frailty status can alter the clinical outcome of drug treatment and can cause adverse events in the elderly. Also, due to pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes the interpatient variability when using antihypertensive drugs is considerable. In this review, an overview is given on the extent to which the previously mentioned parameters are changed in elderly patients and what this means for the exposure to antihypertensive medication. Also, recommendations on the starting dose of the most frequently used antihypertensive drugs are given based on literature data. Expert opinion: We believe that recommendations on starting dosages followed by a stepwise increase of dosages will lead to improved blood pressure control and less adverse drug reactions in the elderly patient. This may improve adherence to antihypertensive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E J Peeters
- a Department of Hospital Pharmacy , Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , The Netherlands.,b Department of Internal Medicine , Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , The Netherlands
| | - M P Kester
- b Department of Internal Medicine , Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , The Netherlands
| | - L Feyz
- c Department of Cardiology , Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , The Netherlands
| | - P M L A Van Den Bemt
- a Department of Hospital Pharmacy , Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , The Netherlands
| | - B C P Koch
- a Department of Hospital Pharmacy , Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , The Netherlands
| | - T Van Gelder
- a Department of Hospital Pharmacy , Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , The Netherlands.,b Department of Internal Medicine , Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , The Netherlands
| | - J Versmissen
- b Department of Internal Medicine , Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , The Netherlands
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Abegaz TM, Birru EM, Mekonnen GB. Potentially inappropriate prescribing in Ethiopian geriatric patients hospitalized with cardiovascular disorders using START/STOPP criteria. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195949. [PMID: 29723249 PMCID: PMC5933717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There was a paucity of data on the magnitude of potentially inappropriate prescriptions (PIPs) among Ethiopian elderly cardiovascular patients. Objective The aim of this study was to assess PIPs and associated factors in the elderly population with cardiovascular disorders using the START/STOPP screening criteria. Methods A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at medical wards of a teaching hospital in Ethiopia from 1 December 2016–30 May 2017. Included patients were hospitalized elderly patients aged 65 years or older with cardiovascular disorders; their medications were evaluated using the START/STOPP screening criteria from admission to discharge. Multivariable logistic regression was applied to identify factors associated with inappropriate medications. One Way Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA) was carried out to test significant differences on the number of PIPs per individual diagnosis. Results Two hundred thirty-nine patients were included in the analysis. More-than a third of the patients were diagnosed with heart failure, 88 (36.82%). A total of 221 PIPs were identified in 147 patients, resulting in PIP prevalence of 61.5% in the elderly population. Of the total number of PIPs, occurrence of one, two and three PIPs accounted for 83 (56.4%), 52(35.4%), and 12(8.2%) respectively. One way ANOVA test showed significant differences on the mean number of PIPs per individual diagnosis (f = 5.718, p<0.001). Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEIs) were the most common inappropriately prescribed medications, 32(14.5%). Hospital stay, AOR: 1.086 (1.016–1.160), number of medications at discharge, AOR: 1.924 (1.217–3.041) and the presence of co-morbidities, AOR: 3.127 (1.706–5.733) increased the likelihood of PIP. Conclusion Approximately, two-thirds of elderly cardiovascular patients encountered potentially inappropriate prescriptions. ACEIs were the most commonly mis-prescribed medications. Longer hospital stay, presence of comorbidities and prescription of large number of medications at discharge have been correlated with the occurrence of inappropriate medication. It is essential to evaluate patients’ medications during hospital stay using the STOPP and START tool to reduce PIPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadesse Melaku Abegaz
- Department of clinical pharmacy, school of pharmacy, college of medicine and health sciences, university of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Eshetie Melese Birru
- Department of pharmacology, school of pharmacy, college of medicine and health sciences, university of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Gashaw Binega Mekonnen
- Department of clinical pharmacy, school of pharmacy, college of medicine and health sciences, university of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Fadda AA, Bondock SB, Khalil AM, Tawfik EH. Synthesis of Some New 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydropyrimidine-2-thione and Their Thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidine, Thiazino and Benzothiazepine Derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.1573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Fadda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Mansoura University; ET-35516; Mansoura; Egypt
| | - S. B. Bondock
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Mansoura University; ET-35516; Mansoura; Egypt
| | - A. M. Khalil
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Mansoura University; ET-35516; Mansoura; Egypt
| | - Eman H. Tawfik
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Mansoura University; ET-35516; Mansoura; Egypt
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Mielcarek J, Grobelny P, Osmałek T. Indigotine, azorubine, and cochineal red as photoprotectors of manidipine. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2010. [DOI: 10.3109/03639040903140597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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