1
|
Rodriguez-Lopez V, Hernandez-Poyatos A, Dorronsoro C. Defocus flicker of chromatic stimuli deactivates accommodation. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:3671-3688. [PMID: 37497489 PMCID: PMC10368037 DOI: 10.1364/boe.486466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Tunable lenses, optical elements able to change their optical power within milliseconds, constitute an emerging technology increasingly used in ophthalmic applications. In this study, 25 subjects looked through tunable lenses at a chromatic stimulus to evaluate the perceptual response of the human visual system to periodic changes in defocus of 0.25D of amplitude and 15 Hz of temporal frequency. These defocus changes produce flicker and chromatic distortions that change with the overall level of defocus. The task in this study was to minimize the flicker by varying the average optical power, and it was performed for different myopic and hyperopic starting points. Subjects also performed a blur-minimization task in a black-and-white stimulus of the same geometry. The flicker-minimization task is more repeatable than the blur-minimization task (standard deviations ±0.17D and ±0.49D). The time per repetition of the flicker-minimization task is only 38s. Cycloplegia severely affects the blur-minimization, but not the flicker-minimization task, confirming that defocus flicker deactivates the accommodative system. This discovery can be used to develop new methods for measuring the refractive error of the eye that does not require supervision and can potentially improve existing subjective methods in terms of accuracy, precision, and measurement time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Rodriguez-Lopez
- Institute of Optics, Spanish National Research Council (IO-CSIC), IO-CSIC, Serrano 121, E-28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Hernandez-Poyatos
- Institute of Optics, Spanish National Research Council (IO-CSIC), IO-CSIC, Serrano 121, E-28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Dorronsoro
- Institute of Optics, Spanish National Research Council (IO-CSIC), IO-CSIC, Serrano 121, E-28006, Madrid, Spain
- 2EyesVision SL, Plaza de la Encina, 10, núcleo 3, planta 4ª, E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bamdad S, Momeni-Moghaddam H, Abdolahian M, Piñero DP. Agreement of wavefront-based refraction, dry and cycloplegic autorefraction with subjective refraction. JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY 2022; 15:100-106. [PMID: 32896507 PMCID: PMC8712579 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the agreement of dry, and cycloplegic autorefraction and wavefront-based refraction with subjective refraction. METHOD 83 subjects aged 19-57 years were included in this cross-sectional study. Refractive status was determined using four methods including subjective refraction, wavefront-based refraction, dry and cycloplegic autorefraction. Refractive data were recorded as sphere, cylinder and spherical equivalent (SE). Power vector components were used to compare the astigmatism obtained using the different methods of refraction. RESULTS The more negative spherical, cylindrical and SE components were obtained using dry autorefraction, wavefront-based refraction and dry autorefraction, respectively. The less negative spherical, cylindrical and SE components were obtained using cycloplegic autorefraction, subjective refraction and cycloplegic autorefraction, respectively. Considering the spherical component, there was a statistically significant hyperopic shift (0.12 ± 0.29 D, p = 0.001) with cycloplegic autorefraction and a significant myopic shift (-0.17 ± 0.32 D, p < 0.001) with dry autorefraction compared to subjective refraction, while the difference between wavefront-based and subjective refraction was not significant statistically (p = 0.145). The calculated cylindrical component using subjective refraction showed statistically significant difference with dry auto-refraction (p < 0.001), cycloplegic auto-refraction (p = 0.041) and wavefront refraction (p < 0.001). The highest correlation with subjective refraction in sphere, cylinder and SE was observed for cycloplegic auto-refraction (rs = 0.967), dry auto-refraction (rs = 0.983) and cycloplegic auto-refraction (rs = 0.982), respectively. CONCLUSIONS As subjective refraction is gold standard in our study, sphere in cycloplegic auto-refraction and astigmatism in dry auto-refraction showed better agreement and correlation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Bamdad
- Poostchi Ophthalmology Research Center, Shiraz University Of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hamed Momeni-Moghaddam
- Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Department of Optometry, School of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Milad Abdolahian
- Poostchi Ophthalmology Research Center, Shiraz University Of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - David P Piñero
- Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Agreement and variability of subjective refraction, autorefraction, and wavefront aberrometry in pseudophakic patients. J Cataract Refract Surg 2021; 47:1056-1063. [PMID: 34292891 DOI: 10.1097/j.jcrs.0000000000000583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the comparability and variability of subjective refraction (SR), autorefraction (AR), and wavefront aberrometry (WA) in pseudophakic patients. SETTING Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria. DESIGN Prospective study. METHODS Subjective refraction was performed by 2 independent examiners at 2 study visits. Furthermore, 5 measurements of AR and WA were performed in each patient at both visits. Agreement between the 3 refraction methods for spherical equivalent (M) and cylindrical vectors (J0, J45) was analyzed using Friedman multiple comparison and Bland-Altman plots. Predictability of spherical equivalent determined by SR from AR and WA measurements was tested with partial least squares regression and random forest regression. RESULTS Ninety eyes of 90 pseudophakic patients were measured. The mean absolute error and arithmetic mean difference of SR measurements of M, J0, and J45 were comparable between both examiners. A small mean difference was found for SR between both visits. Spherical equivalent was more negative when measured by AR [-0.87 diopters (D)] and WA (-0.90 D) compared with SR (-0.60 D), whereas astigmatic vectors agreed well. Good test-retest reliability was found between all 3 refraction methods for M, J0, and J45. Partial least squares regression and random forest regression showed moderate predictive power for M measured by objective refraction and SR. CONCLUSIONS Reproducibility and reliability of SR measurements in pseudophakic patients showed good agreement. AR and WA measured the spherical equivalent more myopic than SR, whereas astigmatic vectors were comparable between the 3 methods after uneventful cataract surgery.
Collapse
|
4
|
Dobos MJ, Twa MD, Bullimore MA. An evaluation of the Bausch & Lomb Zywave aberrometer. Clin Exp Optom 2021; 92:238-45. [PMID: 19469012 DOI: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2009.00360.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Dobos
- The Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael D Twa
- University of Houston, College of Optometry, Houston, Texas, USA
E‐mail:
| | - Mark A Bullimore
- The Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shneor E, Millodot M, Avraham O, Amar S, Gordon‐shaag A. Clinical evaluation of the L80 autorefractometer. Clin Exp Optom 2021; 95:66-71. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2011.00644.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Einat Shneor
- Department of Optometry, Hadassah Academic College, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michel Millodot
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China, E‐mail:
| | - Ortal Avraham
- Department of Optometry, Hadassah Academic College, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shany Amar
- Department of Optometry, Hadassah Academic College, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shetty R, Lalgudi VG, Kaweri L, Choudhary U, Chabra A, Gupta K, Khamar P. Customized laser vision correction for irregular cornea post-refractive surgery. Indian J Ophthalmol 2020; 68:2867-2879. [PMID: 33229662 PMCID: PMC7856932 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_2793_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ablation-related complications following the refractive procedures are a major challenge for a refractive surgeon, considering the elective nature of the procedure. The use of topography-guided customized ablation has revolutionized the management of irregular corneas postrefractive surgery. This preferred practice highlights various hurdles encountered while managing cases of decentered ablation, small ablation zones, and planning a cataract surgery in patients with irregular corneas. It will give insight to the refractive surgeon on the planning of corneal regularization on various modern-day refractive platforms available, such as the WaveLight® EX-500 (Alcon Laboratories, Inc., Fort Worth, TX, USA), Schwind Amaris 1050 (Peramis; SCHWIND eye-tech-solutions, Kleinostheim, Germany), and Technolas Teneo 317 model 2 excimer laser (Bausch & Lomb, Rochester, NY, USA). The algorithmic approach outlined will enable the refractive surgeon to choose between the wavefront optomized and the topography-guided ablations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Shetty
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Narayana Nethralaya, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Luci Kaweri
- Department of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, Narayana Nethralaya, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Urvija Choudhary
- Consultant Refractive, Cornea and Cataract, Rajas Eye Hospital and Retina Research Centre, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Aishwariya Chabra
- Department of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, Narayana Nethralaya, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Krati Gupta
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Narayana Nethralaya, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Pooja Khamar
- Department of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, Narayana Nethralaya, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Akondi V, Dubra A. Average gradient of Zernike polynomials over polygons. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:18876-18886. [PMID: 32672177 PMCID: PMC7340383 DOI: 10.1364/oe.393223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Wavefront estimation from slope sensor data is often achieved by fitting measured slopes with Zernike polynomial derivatives averaged over the sampling subapertures. Here we discuss how the calculation of these average derivatives can be reduced to one-dimensional integrals of the Zernike polynomials, rather than their derivatives, along the perimeter of each subaperture. We then use this result to derive closed-form expressions for the average Zernike polynomial derivatives over polygonal areas, only requiring evaluation of polynomials at the polygon vertices. Finally, these expressions are applied to simulated Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensors with 7 and 23 fully illuminated lenslets across a circular pupil, with their accuracy and calculation time compared against commonly used integration methods.
Collapse
|
8
|
Agreement and Repeatability of Noncycloplegic and Cycloplegic Wavefront-based Autorefraction in Children. Optom Vis Sci 2020; 96:879-889. [PMID: 31703049 PMCID: PMC6855388 DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000001444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Increasing prevalence of refractive error requires assessment of ametropia as a screening tool in children. If cycloplegia is not an option, knowledge about the increase in uncertainty for wavefront-based autorefraction is needed. The cycloplegic agent as the principal variant presents cross-reference and allows for extraction of the influence of accommodation. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine the repeatability, agreement, and propensity to accommodate of cycloplegic (ARc) and noncycloplegic (ARnc) wavefront-based autorefraction (ZEISS i.Profiler plus; Carl Zeiss Vision, Aalen, Germany) in children aged 2 to 15 years. METHODS In a clinical setting, three consecutive measurements were feasible for 145 eyes (OD) under both conditions. Data are described by spherical equivalent (M), horizontal or vertical astigmatic component (J0), and oblique astigmatic component (J45). In the case of M, the most positive value of the three measurements was chosen, whereas the mean was applied for astigmatic components. RESULTS Regarding agreement, differences for ARc minus ARnc were statistically significant: for M, 0.55 (0.55 D; mean [SD]; P < .001), that is, more hyperopic in cycloplegia; for J0, −0.03 (0.11 D; P = .002); and for J45, −0.03 D (SD, 0.09 D; P < .001). Regarding repeatability, astigmatic components showed excellent repeatability: SD < 0.11 D (ARnc) and SD < 0.09 D (ARc). The repeatability of M was SD = 0.57 D with a 95% interval of 1.49 D (ARnc). Under cycloplegia, this decreased to SD = 0.17 D (ARc) with a 95% interval of 0.50 D. The mean propensity to accommodate was 0.44 D from repeated measurements; in cycloplegia, this was reduced to 0.19 D. CONCLUSIONS Wavefront-based refraction measurement results are highly repeatable and precise for astigmatic components. Noncycloplegic measurements of M show a systematic bias of 0.55 D. Cycloplegia reduces the propensity to accommodate by a factor of 2.4; for noncycloplegic repeated measurements, accommodation is controlled to a total interval of 1.49 D (95%). Without cycloplegia, results improve drastically when measurements are repeated.
Collapse
|
9
|
Cook WH, McKelvie J, Wallace HB, Misra SL. Comparison of higher order wavefront aberrations with four aberrometers. Indian J Ophthalmol 2019; 67:1030-1035. [PMID: 31238402 PMCID: PMC6611280 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_1464_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate the agreement of selected higher order aberration measurements between aberrometers based on three different wavefront technologies. Methods: Twenty-three eyes of 23 participants were compared between Zywave, OPD-Scan III, and iDesign aberrometers, for total ocular aberrations. Participants were between 19 and 69 years of age, and exclusion criteria were previous ocular surgery or trauma, contact lens wear within the preceding 2 weeks, and ocular or systemic disease. Corneal aberrations were compared between the OPD-Scan III and GALILEI™ G2 aberrometers. Zernike coefficients of vertical and oblique trefoil, vertical and horizontal coma, and spherical aberration were analyzed in R software. Results: In all, 276 scans were captured in total, with a male-to-female ratio of 11:12. Total ocular vertical coma [mean difference (MD) = 0.026 μm, P < 0.005], vertical trefoil (MD = 0.033 μm, P < 0.05), and spherical aberration (MD = 0.022 μm, P < 0.05) differed significantly between the iDesign and OPD-Scan III. Differences in total vertical (MD = 0.072 μm, P < 0.05) and oblique trefoil (MD = 0.058 μm, P < 0.05) were demonstrated between the Zywave and OPD-Scan III, and spherical aberration (MD = 0.030 μm, P < 0.005) between iDesign and Zywave. iDesign corneal horizontal coma (MD = 0.025 μm, P < 0.05) and spherical aberration (MD = 0.043 μm, P < 0.005) measurements were significantly different between the GALILEI™ G2 and the OPD-Scan III. Conclusion: Zywave, iDesign, and OPD-Scan III, and GALILEI™ G2 and OPD-Scan III may be used interchangeably for their total ocular and corneal wavefront functions, respectively; however, care must be taken if using these devices for guiding ablation or monitoring corneal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William H Cook
- Department of Ophthalmology and New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - James McKelvie
- Department of Ophthalmology and New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Henry B Wallace
- Department of Ophthalmology and New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Stuti L Misra
- Department of Ophthalmology and New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE This study provides a descriptive characterization of higher-order optical aberrations for the eyes of a larger number of Chinese children and adolescents. PURPOSE To determine the distribution of higher-order aberrations (HOAs) of Han Chinese young subjects with normal vision and their relationship to age. METHODS Children and adolescents, aged from 3 to 17 years, with normal visual acuity were enrolled, and their wavefront aberrations for a 6-mm pupil were evaluated by the Zywave II aberrometer. Their correlations with age were analyzed, and the 95% statistical reference ranges were computed for each Zernike term. RESULTS A total of 1634 eyes (287 for preschool-age children, 897 for school-age children, and 450 for adolescents) were analyzed. There was a significant correlation with age and the root mean square (RMS) of total HOAs (r = 0.256, P < .0001), third-order aberrations (r = 0.062, P = .029), fourth-order aberrations (r = 0.197, P < .0001), fifth-order aberrations (r = 0.067, P = .017), and trefoil-like aberrations (r = 0.100, P < .0001) in the myopic group. There were significant differences in RMS values (except coma-like aberrations, χ = 4.179, P = .124) as well as the Zernike coefficients among three different age groups. Therefore, the 95% statistical normal reference values were calculated separately for three age groups. CONCLUSIONS The RMS value of total HOAs, coma-like, trefoil-like, third-order, fourth-order, and fifth-order aberrations are correlated with age, and the RMS values and Zernike coefficients of aberrations were different in different age stages of the subjects. This study described the distribution of HOAs in children and adolescents and established 95% statistical normal values of HOAs for different ages of children and adolescents by analyzing the HOAs in a large number of the Han Chinese clinical population.
Collapse
|
11
|
Hervella L, Villegas EA, Prieto PM, Artal P. Assessment of subjective refraction with a clinical adaptive optics visual simulator. J Cataract Refract Surg 2018; 45:87-93. [PMID: 30309774 PMCID: PMC6320260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To clinically validate an adaptive optics visual simulator (VAO) that measures subjective refraction and visual acuity. SETTING Optics Laboratory, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain. DESIGN Prospective case series. METHODS Using the adaptive optics visual simulator, 2 examiners measured the subjective refraction and visual acuity in healthy eyes of volunteers; 1 examiner also used a trial frame as a gold standard. The interexaminer reproducibility and agreement with the gold standard were estimated using the following statistical parameters: limits of agreement from Bland-Altman analysis, significance between differences (P value), and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). RESULTS Seventy-six eyes of 38 volunteers were measured. Interexaminer reproducibility for subjective refraction was excellent (ICC ≥0.96; P > .05), with low 95% confidence interval (CI) values for the power vectors M (spherical equivalent of the given refractive error), J0 (Jackson cross-cylinder, axes at 180 degrees and 90 degrees), and J45 (Jackson cross-cylinder, axes at 45 degrees and 135 degrees) (±0.51 diopter [D], ±0.14 D, and ±0.14 D, respectively). No significant differences in subjective refraction and visual acuity were found between the visual simulator and gold standard (P > .05), with 95% CIs for M, J0, and J45 (subjective refraction) of ±0.67 D, ±0.14 D, and ±0.16 D, respectively, and a ±0.10 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (visual acuity). CONCLUSION Subjective refraction results using the adaptive optics visual simulator agreed with those of the gold standard and can be used as the baseline for visual simulation of any optical corneal profile or intraocular lens design for refractive surgery patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Hervella
- Laboratorio de Óptica, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Departamento de Física, Universidad de Murcia, and Voptica SL, Murcia, Spain
| | - Eloy A Villegas
- Laboratorio de Óptica, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Pedro M Prieto
- Laboratorio de Óptica, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pablo Artal
- Laboratorio de Óptica, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Higher order aberrations in a normal adult population. J Curr Ophthalmol 2016; 27:115-24. [PMID: 27239589 PMCID: PMC4881154 DOI: 10.1016/j.joco.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the distribution of Zernike coefficients and higher order aberrations in a normal population and its relationship with age, gender, biometric components, and spherical equivalent. METHODS During the first phase of the Shahroud cohort study, 6311 people of the 40-64-year-old population of Shahroud city were selected through random cluster sampling. A subsample of participants was examined with Zywave aberrometer (The Bausch & Lomb, Rochester, NY) to measure aberrations. Measurements of aberrations were done before cycloplegic refraction, and values generated from a minimum pupil diameter of 5 mm were reported in this analysis. RESULTS After applying exclusion criteria, 904 eyes of 577 people were analyzed in this study and mean age in this study was 49.5 ± 5.7 years and 62.9% were female. Mean root-mean-square (RMS) of the third-, fourth-, and fifth-order aberrations was 0.194 μm (95%CI: 0.183 to 0.204), 0.115 μm (95%CI: 0.109 to 0.121), and 0.041 μm (95%CI: 0.039 to 0.043), respectively. Total RMS coma (Z3 (-1,) Z3 (1), Z5 (-1), Z5 (1)), Total RMS trefoil (Z3 (-3,) Z3 (3), Z5 (-3), Z5 (3)), and spherical aberration (Z4 (0)) in the studied population was 0.137 μm (95% CI:0.129-0.145), 0.132 μm (95% CI: 0.123-0.140), and -0.161 μm (95%CI:-0.174 to -0.147), respectively. Mean higher-order Zernike RMS in this study was 0.306 (95% CI: 0.295-0.318) micrometer, and in the multiple model, it significantly correlated with older age and short axial length. The highest amounts of higher-order RMS were observed in hyperopes, and the smallest in emmetropes. Increased nuclear opacity was associated with a significant increase in HO RMS (p < 0.001). Analysis of Zernike coefficients demonstrated that spherical aberration (Z4 (0)) significantly correlated with nuclear cataract only (age-adjusted Coef = 0.37 and p = 0.012). CONCLUSION This report is the first to describe the distribution of higher-order aberrations in an Iranian population. Higher-order aberrations in this study were on average higher that those reported in previous studies.
Collapse
|
13
|
Accuracy of an automated refractor using a Hartmann-Shack sensor after corneal refractive surgery and cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg 2015; 41:1889-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
14
|
Comparison of Refractive Error Measures by the IRX3 Aberrometer and Autorefraction. Optom Vis Sci 2014; 91:1183-90. [PMID: 25192432 DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000000379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
15
|
|
16
|
Comparisons of wavefront refraction, autorefraction, and subjective manifest refraction. Tzu Chi Med J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcmj.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
17
|
Kim YS, Ko BY. Preoperative Ocular Aberrations Measured by Zywave® II Aberrometer in Individuals Screened for Refractive Surgery. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2013. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2013.54.11.1680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young Seung Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Byung Yi Ko
- Department of Ophthalmology, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
López-Miguel A, Maldonado MJ, Belzunce A, Barrio-Barrio J, Coco-Martín MB, Nieto JC. Precision of a commercial hartmann-shack aberrometer: limits of total wavefront laser vision correction. Am J Ophthalmol 2012; 154:799-807.e5. [PMID: 22902046 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2012.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the intrasession and intersession precision of higher-order aberrations (HOAs) measured using a commercial Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor (Zywave; Bausch & Lomb) in refractive surgery candidates. DESIGN Prospective, experimental study of a device. METHODS To analyze intrasession repeatability, 1 experienced examiner measured 30 healthy eyes 5 times successively. To study intersession reproducibility, the same clinician obtained measurements from another 30 eyes in 2 consecutive sessions at the same time of day 1 week apart. RESULTS For intrasession repeatability, excellent intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were obtained for total ocular aberrations, total HOAs, and second-order terms (ICC, > 0.94). The ICCs for third-order terms also were high (ICCs, > 0.87); however, fourth-order ICCs varied from 0.71 to 0.90 (Z(4)(0) = 0.90); and fifth-order ICCs were less than 0.85. For intersession reproducibility, only total ocular aberrations, total ocular HOAs, second-order terms, Z(4)(0), Z(3)(1), and Z(3-)(3) had ICCs of 0.90 or more. Bland-Altman analysis showed that the limits of agreement (were clinically too wide for most higher-order Zernike terms, especially for the third-order terms (> 0.21 μm). CONCLUSIONS Total ocular aberrations, total HOAs, and second-order terms can be measured reliably by Zywave aberrometry without anatomic recognition. Third-order terms and Z(4)(0) are repeatable, but not as reproducible between visits. Fourth-order terms, except for Z(4)(0), and fifth-order terms are not sufficiently reliable for clinical decision making or treatment. Because the variability of Zywave can be a major limitation of a truly successful wavefront-guided excimer laser procedure, surgeons should consider treating HOA magnitudes that are more than the intrasession repeatability values (2.77 × S(w)) as those presented in this study.
Collapse
|
19
|
Fotouhi A, Hashemi H, Shariati M, Emamian MH, Yazdani K, Jafarzadehpur E, Koohian H, Khademi MR, Hodjatjalali K, Kheirkhah A, Chaman R, Malihi S, Mirzaii M, Khabazkhoob M. Cohort profile: Shahroud Eye Cohort Study. Int J Epidemiol 2012; 42:1300-8. [PMID: 23081880 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dys161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Shahroud Eye Cohort Study was set up to determine the prevalence and incidence of visual impairment and major eye conditions in the 40-64-year-old population of Shahroud as a Middle Eastern population. The first phase of the study was conducted in 2009-10. Using random cluster sampling, 6311 Shahroud inhabitants were invited for ophthalmologic examinations; of these, 5190 participants completed phase 1 (participation rate of 82.2%). All participants were interviewed to collect data on participants' demographics, occupation status, socioeconomic status, history of smoking, and medical and ophthalmic history, as well as history of medication, and the quality and duration of their insurance. DNA and plasma samples, as well as four dots of whole blood were collected from participants. Extensive optometric and ophthalmologic examinations were performed for each participant, including lensometry of current glasses, testing near and far visual acuity; determining objective and subjective refraction; eye motility; cycloplegic refraction; colour vision test; slit-lamp biomicroscopy and intraocular pressure measurement; direct and indirect fundoscopy; perimetry test; ocular biometry; corneal topography; lens and fundus photography; and the Schirmer's (1008 participants) and tear breakup time tests (1013 participants). The study data are available for collaborative research at Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Tehran, Iran.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akbar Fotouhi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Department of Public Health, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran, Education Development Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Department of Optometry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran and Faculty of Medical Sciences, Open University of Shahroud, Shahroud, Iran
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
van Philips LA. Higher-order aberrations after iris-fixated foldable phakic intraocular lens implantation and wavefront-guided photorefractive keratectomy for the correction of myopia. J Cataract Refract Surg 2011; 37:284-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2010.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
21
|
|
22
|
Effect of pupil size on corneal aberrations before and after standard laser in situ keratomileusis, custom laser in situ keratomileusis, and corneal refractive therapy. Am J Ophthalmol 2010; 150:97-109.e1. [PMID: 20488432 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of changing the pupil size on the corneal first-surface higher-order aberrations induced by different refractive treatments: standard laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), custom LASIK, and corneal refractive therapy. DESIGN Observational study. METHODS Eighty-one right eyes from patients with a mean age of 29.94 +/- 7.5 years, of which 50 were female (61.7%), were analyzed retrospectively at the Clínica Oftalmológica NovoVision, Madrid, Spain. Corneal videokeratographic data were used to obtain corneal first-surface higher-order aberrations for aperture diameters from 3 to 8 mm using the Vol-CT software (Sarver & Associates, Inc). Total root mean square (RMS) and RMS for third- to sixth-order Zernike polynomials as well as spherical-like, coma-like, secondary astigmatism, and spherical plus coma-like variables were calculated. RESULTS We verified an increase in the higher-order aberration total RMS after treatments of 0.014 +/- 0.025 microm, 0.019 +/- 0.027 microm, and 0.018 +/- 0.031 microm for standard LASIK, custom LASIK, and corneal refractive therapy, respectively, for 3-mm pupil diameter. For the 8-mm aperture diameter, changes in total RMS increased by a factor of 50 compared with the variation for the 3-mm diameter up to 0.744 +/- 0.731 microm, 0.493 +/- 0.794 microm, and 0.973 +/- 1.055 microm for standard LASIK, custom LASIK, and corneal refractive therapy, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The 3 techniques increase the wavefront aberrations of the cornea and change the relative contribution of coma-like and spherical-like aberrations. For a large aperture (> 5 mm), corneal refractive therapy induces more spherical-like aberrations than standard and custom LASIK. However, no clinically or statistically significant differences existed for narrower apertures. Standard and custom LASIK did not display statistically significant differences regarding higher-order aberrations.
Collapse
|
23
|
Karimian F, Feizi S, Jafarinasab MR. Conventional versus custom ablation in photorefractive keratectomy: randomized clinical trial. J Cataract Refract Surg 2010; 36:637-43. [PMID: 20362857 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2009.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare visual outcomes and changes in total higher-order aberrations (HOAs) between conventional photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and custom PRK SETTING: Department of Ophthalmology, Labbafinejad Medical Center, Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Negah Eye Center, Tehran, Iran. METHODS This clinical trial comprised eyes having bilateral myopic PRK with the Technolas 217z excimer machine. One eye had conventional ablation (conventional group) and the other eye, wavefront-guided custom treatment (custom group). Changes in postoperative visual acuity, cycloplegic refraction, contrast sensitivity function, and root mean square higher-order aberrations (RMS HOAs) were compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS The mean age of the 28 patients (56 eyes) was 26.7 years. The mean preoperative cycloplegic spherical equivalent refractive error was -4.92 diopters (D) +/- 1.6 (SD) and the mean refractive astigmatism, 0.91 +/- 1.0 D. There was no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups in preoperative cycloplegic refractive error, HOAs, or contrast sensitivity function. The mean follow-up was 8.1 +/- 3.3 months. The increase in RMS HOAs from preoperatively to postoperatively was statistically significantly higher in the custom group in the 6.0 mm zone (P = .03) but not in the 4.0 mm zone (P = .26). The decrease in low mesopic contrast sensitivity function was statistically significant in both groups. CONCLUSIONS The RMS HOAs significantly increased after PRK with both methods. The results suggest that custom ablation is more sensitive to optical zone (OZ) size and may yield more aberrations with an OZ smaller than 6.0 mm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farid Karimian
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Labbafinejad Medical Center, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the on-eye effect of spherical and toric contact lens design on higher-order aberrations (HOA). METHODS Thirty eyes (15 subjects) entered a masked, randomized, cross-over study. Each eye was fitted with the spherical and toric lens of the following brands in random order: Acuvue Advance, Biomedics 55, Frequency 55, and SofLens 66. HOAs were measured using the Zywave II Aberrometer over a 6-mm aperture up to fifth order. A linear model accounting for the fixed effect of lens type and random effects of subject and eye was created. Paired t-tests were completed between lens brands within the spherical and toric lenses and between the spherical and toric lens within each brand. Best-corrected visual acuity (VA) was measured and compared. RESULTS No clinically meaningful differences in total HOAs were found between brands or between the spherical and toric lens within a brand. Positive spherical aberration (SA) was reduced by all spherical and toric lenses compared to wearing no lens by 0.07 to 0.23 microm (p < 0.0001). Frequency toric induced the greatest change in SA. The thin-zone design lens (Acuvue Advance for Astigmatism) had a statistically different amount of vertical coma (-0.04 microm) than the three prism-balast toric lenses (0.11 to 0.23 microm; p < 0.0001). SofLens toric had the greatest amount of vertical coma, but better VA than Acuvue Advance for Astigmatism and Frequency toric. With the exception of Acuvue Advance for Astigmatism, toric lenses had greater absolute magnitude of vertical coma than their sphere counterparts (all p < 0.002). No other significant HOA differences were observed. CONCLUSIONS Toric contact lenses with prism-ballast designs demonstrated more vertical coma, but better VA. Positive SA was reduced by spherical and toric contact lenses. The visual quality effect of lens design and material on induced HOAs warrants further investigation.
Collapse
|
25
|
Kim JH, Lim T, Kim MJ, Tchah H. Changes of higher-order aberrations with the use of various mydriatics. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2009; 29:602-5. [PMID: 19663926 DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-1313.2009.00675.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Advances in corneal refractive surgery have allowed ophthalmologists to correct ocular higher-order aberrations. To obtain more information on the ocular aberrations generated from the optical axis, mydriasis is required. The aim of this study is to evaluate the changes in higher-order aberrations with the use of various mydriatics. Higher-order aberrations were measured in 21 eyes of 21 subjects (age range 24-37 years; 13 males, 8 females). Repeated measurements were conducted before and after the installation of three different mydriatics: 10% phenylephrine, 1% tropicamide, or 1% cyclopentolate. At a pupil size of 6 mm, the average root mean square value of higher-order aberrations (HO-RMS) was 0.430 mum in undilated eyes, and 0.413, 0.410, and 0.477 mum after installation of phenylephrine, tropicamide, and cyclopentolate, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in the HO-RMS between the four conditions. There was a significant difference in the spherical aberration between the undilated or phenylephrine-treated eyes, compared to those treated with tropicamide or cyclopentolate. Cycloplegic mydriatics seemed to shift spherical aberration in a positive direction. These results suggest that mydriatics may affect higher-order aberrations, especially spherical aberration, and this should be considered when performing wavefront analysis and when correcting wavefront errors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hyung Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 388-1 Pungnap-2dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Measurements in ophthalmic research may be of parameters such as visual functions, quality of life or physical measures and can involve different types of instruments such as questionnaires and mechanical, chemical or electronic devices. Whatever the mode of measurement, however, all these devices require sufficient evidence for validity before inferences can be made on the basis of their findings. This article explores the nature and often overlooked importance of validity and explains some of the terminology involved. It discusses the main forms that ophthalmologists should be aware of before they can assess whether the instruments, old and new, are providing results upon which inferences can be made with any level of confidence. The literature search involved use of Medline, PubMed and Ovid as well as referenced papers in journals and books. Searches were comprehensive and international. Foreign texts were translated.
Collapse
|
27
|
Yum JH, Choi SK, Kim JH, Lee DH. Comparison of Aberrations in Korean Normal Eyes Measured With Two Different Aberrometers. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2009. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2009.50.12.1789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hoon Yum
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Suk Kyue Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jin Hyoung Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Do Hyung Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lapid-Gortzak R, van der Linden JW, van der Meulen IJE, Nieuwendaal CP. Advanced personalized nomogram for myopic laser surgery: first 100 eyes. J Cataract Refract Surg 2008; 34:1881-5. [PMID: 19006733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2008.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report the results in the first 100 eyes treated for myopia using a new advanced nomogram. SETTING Private refractive surgery clinic. METHODS This prospective interventional case series comprised 58 patients (100 eyes) consecutively treated for myopia with laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) or laser-assisted subepithelial keratectomy (LASEK) performed by the same surgeon. All treatments used a new nomogram for the Zyoptix 217 Z100 excimer laser. Postoperative mean sphere, cylinder, and spherical equivalent (SE) refraction were evaluated 3 months postoperatively. Safety, efficacy, and predictability were also evaluated. RESULTS In the LASIK group (34 eyes), the mean postoperative sphere was +0.18 diopters (D) +/- 0.47 (SD), the mean postoperative cylinder was -0.10 +/- 0.23 D, and the mean postoperative SE was 0.04 +/- 0.36 D. In the LASEK group (64 eyes), the respective means were 0.10 +/- 0.22 D, -0.05 +/- 0.13 D, and +0.03 +/- 0.16 D. Hyperopic overcorrection (> or = +1.00 D) occurred in 4.1% of patients. Ninety-five percent of eyes in the LASIK group and 97% of eyes in the LASIK group had an uncorrected visual acuity of 1.0 (20/20) or better. Patient satisfaction was slightly higher than that of other laser refractive surgery patients at the clinic. CONCLUSIONS The use of the advanced nomogram increased treatment accuracy in terms of UCVA and postoperative mean refraction and reduced the rate of hyperopic overcorrection over that in earlier studies. The need for enhancement procedures was reduced, and patient satisfaction was high.
Collapse
|
29
|
Tahzib NG, MacRae SM, Yoon G, Berendschot TTJM, Eggink FAGJ, Hendrikse F, Nuijts RMMA. Higher-order aberrations after implantation of iris-fixated rigid or foldable phakic intraocular lenses. J Cataract Refract Surg 2008; 34:1913-20. [PMID: 19006738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2008.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate higher-order aberrations (HOAs) after implantation of Artiflex phakic intraocular lenses (pIOLs). SETTING Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands. METHODS This retrospective comparative case series comprised 27 eyes (14 patients) that had Artiflex pIOL implantation and 22 eyes (13 patients) that had Artisan pIOL implantation. Refractive data, pupil size, IOL decentration, and HOA values were recorded and compared. Laboratory analysis was performed. Follow-up was 1 year. RESULTS In the Artiflex group, the mean spherical equivalent (SE) changed from -9.95 diopters (D) +/- 1.43 (SD) (range -6.75 to -12.13 D) to -0.30 +/- 0.53 D (range -1.94 to 0.56 D). Postoperatively, trefoil-y increased (increase factor 1.73) and spherical aberration decreased (increase factor 0.55). The mean pIOL decentration was 0.24 +/- 0.12 mm; 96.3% were decentered 0.5 mm or less. There was a significant correlation between pIOL decentration and postoperative spherical aberration and coma-y. In the Artisan group, the mean SE changed from -9.90 +/- 2.74 D (range -4.00 to -14.50 D) to -0.20 +/- 0.42 D (range -0.75 to 0.50 D). Postoperatively, trefoil-y and spherical aberration increased (increase factors 3.32 and 6.84, respectively). Laboratory analysis confirmed the negative and positive spherical aberration profile of the Artiflex pIOL and Artisan pIOL, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Artiflex pIOL implantation decreased spherical aberration, while Artisan pIOL implantation increased spherical aberration. Trefoil-y increased in both groups. These changes might be explained by incision size differences in relation to trefoil and differences in optic design in relation to spherical aberration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nayyirih G Tahzib
- Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
PURPOSE To provide a summary of the methods used by clinical wavefront analyzers and their historical, current, and future applications. METHODS Review of the literature and authors' experience with the various devices. RESULTS A wide range of clinical wavefront aberrometers, which use different principles, are available to clinicians and researchers. CONCLUSIONS Applications of wavefront analyzers in vision sciences range from assessment of refractive error, refractive surgery planning, evaluation of outcomes, optimization of contact lenses and IOL designs, evaluation of pathology relating to optical performance of the eye, and evaluation of accommodation alterations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Cerviño
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Subbaram MV, MacRae SM. Customized LASIK Treatment for Myopia Based on Preoperative Manifest Refraction and Higher Order Aberrometry: The Rochester Nomogram. J Refract Surg 2007; 23:435-41. [PMID: 17523502 DOI: 10.3928/1081-597x-20070501-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop and test the efficacy of myopic treatment, based on preoperative manifest refraction and higher order aberrations, in enhancing the postoperative refractive error following customized LASIK treatment and compare results with the manufacturer-recommended sphere offset Zyoptix treatment nomogram, which does not account for the preoperative higher order aberrations. METHODS One hundred seventy-five myopic eyes (89 patients) were treated based on the Rochester nomogram, which specified the amount of myopia to be treated based on preoperative manifest refraction and higher order aberrations, including third order aberrations and spherical aberration. Postoperative refractive error was measured at 1 month and compared to that theoretically estimated with the Zyoptix nomogram. RESULTS The mean preoperative sphere and cylinder were -4.52 +/- 2.05 diopters (D) and -0.81 +/- 0.70 D, respectively. The mean postoperative spheres were +0.04 +/- 0.33 D and +0.31 +/- 0.54 D, using the Rochester and Zyoptix nomograms, respectively. The mean postoperative spherical equivalent refractions were -0.11 +/- 0.34 D and +0.15 +/- 0.53 D using the Rochester and Zyoptix nomograms, respectively. The Rochester nomogram reduced the range of postoperative spherical equivalent to +/- 1.00 D, which was significantly better than that using the Zyoptix nomogram (t = 5.46, P < .0001), which would have resulted in 8% of eyes with a postoperative spherical equivalent refraction > +/- 1.00 D. Using the Rochester nomogram, 93.1% of eyes attained a postoperative UCVA > or = 20/20. The percentage of postoperative hyperopic overcorrection decreased to 2.8% in the Rochester nomogram group from 22.3% using the Zyoptix nomogram, which only adjusts spherical values based on preoperative sphere and does not account for preoperative aberrations. CONCLUSIONS The Rochester nomogram compensates for the effect of preoperative higher order aberrations on sphere and provided reduced range of postoperative spherical equivalent refraction.
Collapse
|
32
|
Cervino A, Hosking SL, Dunne MCM. Operator-induced errors in Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensing: Model eye study. J Cataract Refract Surg 2007; 33:115-21. [PMID: 17189805 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2006.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2006] [Accepted: 09/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of instrument realignment and angular misalignment during the clinical determination of wavefront aberrations by simulation in model eyes. SETTING Aston Academy of Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom. METHODS Six model eyes were examined with wavefront-aberration-supported cornea ablation (WASCA) (Carl Zeiss Meditec) in 4 sessions of 10 measurements each: sessions 1 and 2, consecutive repeated measures without realignment; session 3, realignment of the instrument between readings; session 4, measurements without realignment but with the model eye shifted 6 degrees angularly. Intersession repeatability and the effects of realignment and misalignment were obtained by comparing the measurements in the various sessions for coma, spherical aberration, and higher-order aberrations (HOAs). RESULTS The mean differences between the 2 sessions without realignment of the instrument were 0.020 microm +/- 0.076 (SD) for Z(3)(-1)(P = .551), 0.009 +/- 0.139 microm for Z(3)(1)(P = .877), 0.004 +/- 0.037 microm for Z(4)(0) (P = .820), and 0.005 +/- 0.01 microm for HO root mean square (RMS) (P = .301). Differences between the nonrealigned and realigned instruments were -0.017 +/- 0.026 microm for Z(3)(-1)(P = .159), 0.009 +/- 0.028 microm for Z(3)(1) (P = .475), 0.007 +/- 0.014 microm for Z(4)(0)(P = .296), and 0.002 +/- 0.007 microm for HO RMS (P = 0.529; differences between centered and misaligned instruments were -0.355 +/- 0.149 microm for Z(3)(-1) (P = .002), 0.007 +/- 0.034 microm for Z(3)(1)(P = .620), -0.005 +/- 0.081 microm for Z(4)(0)(P = .885), and 0.012 +/- 0.020 microm for HO RMS (P = .195). Realignment increased the standard deviation by a factor of 3 compared with the first session without realignment. CONCLUSIONS Repeatability of the WASCA was excellent in all situations tested. Realignment substantially increased the variance of the measurements. Angular misalignment can result in significant errors, particularly in the determination of coma. These findings are important when assessing highly aberrated eyes during follow-up or before surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Cervino
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Burakgazi AZ, Tinio B, Bababyan A, Niksarli KK, Asbell P. Higher Order Aberrations in Normal Eyes Measured With Three Different Aberrometers. J Refract Surg 2006; 22:898-903. [PMID: 17124885 DOI: 10.3928/1081-597x-20061101-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the repeatability of measurements of higher order aberrations using three different aberrometers and to compare higher order aberration measurements between optical path difference (OPD) scanning and the Hartmann-Shack method. METHODS Wavefront aberration data obtained using the NIDEK OPD-Scan, Bausch & Lomb Zywave wavefront aberrometer, and VISX CustomVue wavefront analyzer were compared. A total of 19 subjects were included in the study. The repeatability in each machine was assessed by calculating the difference between measurements and the mean of three consecutive measurements in the same eye. Subsequent analysis of the distribution of these differences yields the mean difference, the standard deviation of the differences, and the 95% confidence interval for repeated measurements, also termed the "repeatability coefficient". RESULTS Repeatability errors in all three machines were found to be low, suggesting that all three machines are reliable in their repeated measurements. Significant differences were demonstrated between OPD scanning and Hartmann-Shack aberrometers. All three machines showed statistically significant differences in several higher order aberration parameters when compared to each other. CONCLUSIONS The three different aberrometers provided repeatable measurements but statistical differences were noted in the measurement of higher order aberrations when comparing the machines. No instrument was superior over the other and all three were reliable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Z Burakgazi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Martinez AA, Pandian A, Sankaridurg P, Rose K, Huynh SC, Mitchell P. Comparison of Aberrometer and Autorefractor Measures of Refractive Error in Children. Optom Vis Sci 2006; 83:811-7. [PMID: 17106401 DOI: 10.1097/01.opx.0000238708.74276.6c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the Complete Ophthalmic Analysis System (COAS) G200 Aberrometer (Wavefront Sciences Inc., Albuquerque, NM) and Canon RK-F1 Autorefractor (Canon Inc., Tokyo, Japan) for measuring refractive errors in young children. METHODS The Sydney Myopia Study is a population-based study of refractive error and eye health in young Australian children. Cycloplegic refractions were performed on 1504 school year 1 students (mostly 6 years old) and 890 school year 7 (mostly 12 years old) students using both the COAS G200 Aberrometer and Canon RK-F1 autorefractor. Refractive data were analyzed using power vectors. Mean differences and 95% limits of agreement were determined for refractive components between the two instruments. RESULTS The mean age +/- standard deviation was 6.7 +/- 0.4 years (range, 5.5-9.1 years) and 12.6 +/- 0.5 years (range, 11.1-14.4 years) for the year 1 and year 7 students, respectively. Mean paired differences for the M component (spherical equivalent) between the COAS G200 and Canon RK-F1 were <0.25 D in both age groups and were statistically significant in the year 1 group only (p < 0.001). Small significant differences were found in the astigmatic components (J0 and J45) in both groups. A smaller coefficient of agreement for the M component was found in the older group (0.54 D), whereas the coefficients of agreement of the astigmatic components (J0 and J45) were similar for both groups. CONCLUSIONS The COAS G200 aberrometer was an easy-to-use instrument for the measurement of refractive error in children. In addition to being able to measure higher and lower order aberrations, the COAS G200 provides refractive error measurements comparable to those of an autorefractor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aldo A Martinez
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Subbaram MV, MacRae S, Slade SG, Durrie DS. Customized LASIK Treatment for Myopia: Relationship Between Preoperative Higher Order Aberrations and Refractive Outcome. J Refract Surg 2006; 22:746-53. [PMID: 17061711 DOI: 10.3928/1081-597x-20061001-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the effect of preoperative higher order aberrations on postoperative sphere and cylinder outcome. METHODS Three hundred thirty myopic eyes (mean: -3.32 +/- 1.54 diopters [D], range: -1.0 to -7.0 D) treated with customized ablation using the Technolas 217z laser (Bausch & Lomb) were followed through 6 months after LASIK. Pre- and postoperative visual acuity, higher order root mean square (RMS), third order RMS, and spherical aberration were compared to study the safety and efficacy of the treatment. The relationship between preoperative higher order aberrations and manifest refraction after LASIK was analyzed. RESULTS Following LASIK, 91.5% of eyes obtained an uncorrected visual acuity of > or = 20/20 and 70.3% of eyes obtained 20/16 without retreatment; 99% had a best spectacle-corrected visual acuity of > or = 20/20 (75.9% of eyes were within +/- 0.50 D). Mean value of significant increase in postoperative higher order aberrations was 0.12 +/- 0.18 microm (P<.0001). Increased spherical aberration was associated with increased myopia treatment (P<.0001). Greater positive spherical aberration after LASIK was significantly correlated to postoperative hyperopia (overcorrection). Change in third order RMS was significantly correlated to change in spherical equivalent refraction among eyes with postoperative astigmatism (P<.0001). CONCLUSIONS With the Bausch & Lomb Technolas 217z Zyoptix software, treatment of higher order aberrations, especially third order (coma and trefoil) and spherical aberration, significantly improved postoperative refractive status.
Collapse
|
36
|
Tahzib NG, Bootsma SJ, Eggink FAGJ, Nuijts RMMA. Functional outcome and patient satisfaction after Artisan phakic intraocular lens implantation for the correction of myopia. Am J Ophthalmol 2006; 142:31-39. [PMID: 16815248 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2006.01.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2005] [Revised: 01/27/2006] [Accepted: 01/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine patient satisfaction after Artisan phakic intraocular lens (PIOL) implantation to correct myopia. DESIGN Non-comparative prospective case series. METHODS One hundred twenty eyes of 60 patients who had undergone Artisan PIOL implantation to correct myopia were analyzed. A validated questionnaire that consisted of 66 satisfaction items were self-administered by patients 12 months after surgery. Clinical parameters (PIOL decentration, the difference between pupil size and PIOL optical zone, and optical aberrations) were measured. Main outcome measures of satisfaction scale scores (global satisfaction, quality of uncorrected and corrected vision, night vision, glare, day and night driving) were analyzed. Correlations with clinical parameters were obtained. RESULTS After surgery, 98.3% of patients were satisfied, and 73.3% of patients considered their night vision to be the same or better; 44.1% of patients reported more bothersome glare. The night vision score correlated with spheric aberration (r = -0.303; P = .020). The glare score correlated with the difference between scotopic pupil size and PIOL optical zone (r = -0.280; P = .030) and vertical coma (r = -0.337; P = .009). The night driving score correlated with postoperative spheric equivalent (r = 0.375; P = .009), total root mean square aberrations (r = -0.337; P = .017), higher order root mean square aberrations (r = -0.313; P = .027), and vertical coma (r = -0.297; P = .036). CONCLUSION Overall satisfaction after Artisan PIOL implantation for myopia is excellent. The quality of night vision and night driving were related to scotopic pupil size, individual higher order aberrations, and residual refractive error.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nayyirih G Tahzib
- Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Nissman SA, Tractenberg RE, Saba CM, Douglas JC, Lustbader JM. Accuracy, Repeatability, and Clinical Application of Spherocylindrical Automated Refraction Using Time-Based Wavefront Aberrometry Measurements. Ophthalmology 2006; 113:577.e1-2. [PMID: 16527354 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2005.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2005] [Revised: 12/05/2005] [Accepted: 12/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the clinical utility of spherocylindrical automated refraction (AR) based on time-based wavefront technology compared with subjective manifest refraction (MR) for the purpose of prescribing eyeglasses. DESIGN Prospective observational case series. PARTICIPANTS A convenience sample of 105 eyes of 53 patients (ages 19 to 87) with corrected acuity no worse than 20/40(-2). METHODS Manifest refraction was performed on all subjects followed by three consecutive wavefront measurements at both a 4-mm and 6-mm optical zone using the 3D Wave OPD Scan ARK 10,000 aberrometer. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Repeatability of multiple consecutive ARs; difference in the sphere, cylinder, and axis of AR compared with MR; difference between the corrected visual acuity based on AR- and MR-derived acuity. RESULTS Repeatability analysis showed that the initial wavefront refraction was not significantly different from the mean of the three refractions. At the 4-mm zone, the absolute value (+/- standard deviation) of the difference between the initial AR compared with the MR was 0.34+/-0.28 diopters (D) for sphere, 0.22+/-0.21 D for cylinder, and 12.5+/-15.8 degrees for axis. At the 6-mm zone, these values were 0.32+/-0.29 D for sphere, 0.25+/-0.24 D for cylinder, and 11.8+/-14.6 degrees for axis. When 4-mm AR visual acuity was superior to MR acuity (19.0% of eyes) it was 0.28+/-0.24 Snellen lines better, and when inferior (53.3% of eyes) it was 0.47+/-0.37 lines worse. When 6-mm AR acuity was superior to MR acuity (16.2% of eyes) it was 0.32+/-0.22 Snellen lines better, and when inferior (60.0% of eyes) it was 0.48+/-0.48 lines worse. The absolute value of the difference in spherical equivalent of the first AR measurement at the 4-mm zone compared with the MR value was 0.33+/-0.23 D, and at the 6-mm zone it was 0.30+/-0.27 D. CONCLUSIONS The wavefront-derived AR values reflect the physical optical system, but not necessarily subjectively derived values, and the impact of this disagreement on patient satisfaction is unknown. Future studies evaluating this technology and its role in clinical ophthalmology are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Nissman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Sight, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC 20007 , USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Iseli HP, Bueeler M, Hafezi F, Seiler T, Mrochen M. Dependence of wave front refraction on pupil size due to the presence of higher order aberrations. Eur J Ophthalmol 2006; 15:680-7. [PMID: 16329051 DOI: 10.1177/112067210501500605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Propagation of light through the optical pathway within the eye can lead to a deformation of the wave front that might affect objective but also subjective refraction depending on pupil size. The aim of this study was to investigate the change in wave front refraction that is calculated on the basis of second order Zernike polynomials when varying the pupil size from 6 mm to 3 mm. The change was correlated with the amount of fourth and sixth order spherical aberration and fourth and sixth order astigmatism. METHODS Wave front aberrations were measured in 130 eyes by means of a Tscherning wave front sensor at a pupil size of 6 mm. Wave front aberrations in terms of Zernike coefficients up to sixth order were approximated for 6 mm and 3 mm pupil size. The wave front refraction was calculated based on the second order Zernike coefficients for both pupil diameters. Resulting differences in wave front refraction (sphere or cylinder) due to the change in pupil size were correlated with the initial higher order aberrations determined for the 6.0 mm pupil by means of a linear regression (Spearman rank correlation coefficient). RESULTS The correlation between the change in sphere and cylinder on one hand and the spherical aberration and higher order astigmatism on the other hand was found to be highly significant (p<0.001), with a correlation coefficient of R = 0.96 for sphere and R = 0.85 for cylinder. CONCLUSIONS Calculating the wave front refraction on the basis of second order Zernike polynomials is plagued with the influence of the higher order aberration preexisting in the individual eye. This is one reason why this method does not represent precisely enough subjective refraction. Other methods that calculate the refraction based on wave front measurement independent from the pupil size should be established in the ophthalmic community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H P Iseli
- IROC Institute of Refractive and Ophthalmic Surgery, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ginis HS, Plainis S, Pallikaris A. Variability of wavefront aberration measurements in small pupil sizes using a clinical Shack-Hartmann aberrometer. BMC Ophthalmol 2004; 4:1. [PMID: 15018630 PMCID: PMC362876 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2415-4-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2003] [Accepted: 02/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, instruments for the measurement of wavefront aberration in the living human eye have been widely available for clinical applications. Despite the extensive background experience on wavefront sensing for research purposes, the information derived from such instrumentation in a clinical setting should not be considered a priori precise. We report on the variability of such an instrument at two different pupil sizes. METHODS A clinical aberrometer (COAS Wavefront Scienses, Ltd) based on the Shack-Hartmann principle was employed in this study. Fifty consecutive measurements were performed on each right eye of four subjects. We compared the variance of individual Zernike expansion coefficients as determined by the aberrometer with the variance of coefficients calculated using a mathematical method for scaling the expansion coefficients to reconstruct wavefront aberration for a reduced-size pupil. RESULTS Wavefront aberration exhibits a marked variance of the order of 0.45 microns near the edge of the pupil whereas the central part appears to be measured more consistently. Dispersion of Zernike expansion coefficients was lower when calculated by the scaling method for a pupil diameter of 3 mm as compared to the one introduced when only the central 3 mm of the Shack - Hartmann image was evaluated. Signal-to-noise ratio was lower for higher order aberrations than for low order coefficients corresponding to the sphero-cylindrical error. For each subject a number of Zernike expansion coefficients was below noise level and should not be considered trustworthy. CONCLUSION Wavefront aberration data used in clinical care should not be extracted from a single measurement, which represents only a static snapshot of a dynamically changing aberration pattern. This observation must be taken into account in order to prevent ambiguous conclusions in clinical practice and especially in refractive surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harilaos S Ginis
- Vardinoyiannion Eye Institute of Crete (VEIC), Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Sotiris Plainis
- Vardinoyiannion Eye Institute of Crete (VEIC), Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Aristophanis Pallikaris
- Vardinoyiannion Eye Institute of Crete (VEIC), Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Fernández de Castro LE, Sandoval HP, Al Sarraf O, Vroman DT, Solomon KD. Relationship Between Cycloplegic and Wavefront-derived Refraction. J Refract Surg 2003; 19:S677-81. [PMID: 14640434 DOI: 10.3928/1081-597x-20031101-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare cycloplegic refractions to preoperative wavefront-derived refractions from three Hartmann-Shack-based wavefront devices. METHODS Ninety-nine eyes of 55 subjects were evaluated preoperatively using the LADARWave, WaveScan, and Zywave aberrometers. With cycloplegic refraction as the standard, the spherical equivalent refraction, sphere, and cylinder were compared to the wavefront-derived refractions using the three wavefront devices. RESULTS The LADARWave unit showed the highest correlation between wavefront-derived sphere and mean spherical equivalent refraction values relative to cycloplegic refraction, followed by Zywave and WaveScan. The WaveScan unit exhibited higher variability than the LADARWave or Zywave. Although Alcon Laboratories (LADARWave) and Bausch & Lomb Surgical (Zywave) recommend dilation, VISX specifically recommends against dilation in their WaveScan unit. All devices showed high cylinder error vectors when the cycloplegic cylinder was greater than 1.00 D. CONCLUSION Although wavefront-derived refractions appeared to correlate well to cycloplegic refractions, further research is required to reduce variability and improve the calculation of cylinder terms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis E Fernández de Castro
- Magill Research Center for Vision Correction, Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Sarver EJ, Sanders DR, Vukich JA. Image Quality in Myopic Eyes Corrected With Laser in situ Keratomileusis and Phakic Intraocular Lens. J Refract Surg 2003; 19:397-404. [PMID: 12899469 DOI: 10.3928/1081-597x-20030701-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare image quality due to higher-order aberrations following laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) or implantation of phakic intraocular lens (PIOL) to correct high myopia. METHODS Postoperative wavefront examinations, normalized to a pupil size of 5.5 mm, were obtained for 19 LASIK and 20 PIOL eyes for the same surgeon over the same time period. Higher-order aberrations and simulated retinal images were compared. RESULTS For this small sample, the LASIK eyes yielded an average three times more spherical aberration and two times more coma than PIOL eyes. The effects of these differences were visualized using the simulated retinal images. CONCLUSION Spherical aberration and coma are the major differences between postoperative LASIK and PIOL higher-order aberrations, and simulated retinal images can be used to visualize these effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin J Sarver
- Sarver and Associates, Inc., Celebration, FL 34747, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|