1
|
Fubini B, Aust AE, Bolton RE, Borm PJ, Bruch J, Ciapetti G, Donaldson K, Elias Z, Gold J, Jaurand MC, Kane AB, Lison D, Muhle H. Non-animal Tests for Evaluating the Toxicity of Solid Xenobiotics. Altern Lab Anim 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299802600505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bice Fubini
- Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, North Yorkshire YO4 1LZ, UK
| | - Ann E. Aust
- Department of Health Risk Analysis, University of Limburg, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert E. Bolton
- Institut für Hygiene und Arbeitsmedizin, Universitäts-klinikum Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 4300 Essen, Germany
| | - Paul J.A. Borm
- Laboratorio di Biocompatibilità dei Materiali da Impianto, Istituti Ortopedici Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Joachim Bruch
- Department of Biological Sciences, Napier University, 10 Golinton Road, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK
| | - Gabriela Ciapetti
- INRS Laboratoire de Carcinogenèse In Vitro, Avenue de Bourgogne, 54501 Vandoeuvre Les Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Ken Donaldson
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, University of Gothenburg, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Zoe Elias
- INSERM, U139, Faculté de Medicine, 8 rue du General Sarrail, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France
| | - Julie Gold
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Marie Claude Jaurand
- INSERM, U139, Faculté de Medicine, 8 rue du General Sarrail, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France
| | - Agnes B. Kane
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Dominique Lison
- Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Medicine, Catholic University of Louvain, Clos Chapelle-aux-Champs 30.54, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hartwig Muhle
- Fraunhofer Institut Toxikologie und Aerosol-forschung, Nikolai-Fuchs-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Katsumiti A, Thorley AJ, Arostegui I, Reip P, Valsami-Jones E, Tetley TD, Cajaraville MP. Cytotoxicity and cellular mechanisms of toxicity of CuO NPs in mussel cells in vitro and comparative sensitivity with human cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 48:146-158. [PMID: 29408664 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
There is a need to assess human and ecosystem health effects of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs), extensively used in many industrial products. Here, we aimed to determine the cytotoxicity and cellular mechanisms involved in the toxicity of CuO NPs in mussel cells (hemocytes and gill cells) in parallel with exposures to ionic Cu and bulk CuO, and to compare the sensitivity of mussel primary cells with a well-established human cell line (pulmonary TT1 cells). At similar doses, CuO NPs promoted dose-dependent cytotoxicity and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in mussel and human cells. In mussel cells, ionic Cu was more toxic than CuO NPs and the latter more than bulk CuO. Ionic Cu and CuO NPs increased catalase and acid phosphatase activities in both mussel cells and decreased gill cells Na-K-ATPase activity. All Cu forms produced DNA damage in hemocytes, whereas in gill cells only ionic Cu and CuO NPs were genotoxic. Induction of the MXR transport activity was found in gill cells exposed to all forms of Cu and in hemocytes exposed to ionic Cu and CuO NPs. Phagocytosis increased only in hemocytes exposed to CuO NPs, indicating a nanoparticle-specific immunostimulatory effect. In conclusion, toxicity of CuO NPs is driven by ROS in human and mussel cells. Mussel cells respond to CuO NP exposure by triggering an array of defensive mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Katsumiti
- CBET Research Group, Dept. Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology PIE, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Andrew J Thorley
- Lung Cell Biology, Airway Disease, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Inmaculada Arostegui
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Statistics and Operations Research, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Paul Reip
- Intrinsiq Materials Ltd, Cody Technology Park, Hampshire, UK
| | - Eugenia Valsami-Jones
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Teresa D Tetley
- Lung Cell Biology, Airway Disease, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Miren P Cajaraville
- CBET Research Group, Dept. Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology PIE, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Basque Country, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Katsumiti A, Gilliland D, Arostegui I, Cajaraville MP. Cytotoxicity and cellular mechanisms involved in the toxicity of CdS quantum dots in hemocytes and gill cells of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 153:39-52. [PMID: 24636493 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
CdS quantum dots (QDs) show a great promise for treatment and diagnosis of cancer and for targeted drug delivery, due to their size-tunable fluorescence and ease of functionalization for tissue targeting. In spite of their advantages it is important to determine if CdS QDs can exert toxicity on biological systems. In the present work, cytotoxicity of CdS QDs (5 nm) at a wide range of concentrations (0.001-100 mg Cd/L) was screened using neutral red (NR) and thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays in isolated hemocytes and gill cells of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis). The mechanisms of action of CdS QDs were assessed at sublethal concentrations (0.31-5 mg Cd/L) in the same cell types through a series of functional in vitro assays: production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), catalase (CAT) activity, DNA damage, lysosomal acid phosphatase (AcP) activity, multixenobiotic resistance (MXR) transport activity, Na-K-ATPase activity (only in gill cells) and phagocytic activity and damage to actin cytoskeleton (only in hemocytes). Exposures to CdS QDs lasted for 24h and were performed in parallel with exposures to bulk CdS and ionic Cd. Ionic Cd was the most toxic form to both cell types, followed by CdS QDs and bulk CdS. ROS production, DNA damage, AcP activity and MXR transport were significantly increased in both cell types exposed to the 3 forms of Cd. CAT activity increased in hemocytes exposed to the three forms of Cd while in gill cells only in those exposed to ionic Cd. No effects were found on hemocytes cytoskeleton integrity. Effects on phagocytosis were found in hemocytes exposed to bulk CdS and to CdS QDs at concentrations equal or higher than 1.25 mg Cd/L but not in those exposed to ionic Cd, indicating a particle-specific effect on phagocytosis. In conclusion, cell-mediated immunity and gill cell function represent significant targets for CdS QDs toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Katsumiti
- CBET Research Group, Dept. Zoology and Animal Cell Biology; Faculty of Science and Technology and Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology PIE, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Basque Country, Spain
| | - D Gilliland
- EU Commission-Joint Research Centre, Institute of Health and Consumer Protection, NSB Unit, Ispra (VA), Italy
| | - I Arostegui
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Statistics and Operations Research, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - M P Cajaraville
- CBET Research Group, Dept. Zoology and Animal Cell Biology; Faculty of Science and Technology and Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology PIE, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Basque Country, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Canesi L, Ciacci C, Vallotto D, Gallo G, Marcomini A, Pojana G. In vitro effects of suspensions of selected nanoparticles (C60 fullerene, TiO2, SiO2) on Mytilus hemocytes. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2010; 96:151-158. [PMID: 19900724 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Revised: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
As the nanotechnology industries increase production, nanoscale products will enter the aquatic environment, posing a possible threat to aquatic organisms. Suspension-feeding invertebrates may represent a unique target group for nanoparticle (NP) ecotoxicity, since they have highly developed processes for the cellular internalisation of nano- and microscale particles (endocytosis and phagocytosis), which are integral to key physiological functions such as intracellular digestion and cellular immunity. In the marine bivalve Mytilus, short-term exposure to nanosized carbon black (NCB) was shown to significantly affect immune parameters of immune cells, the hemocytes, in vitro. In this work, we further investigated the effects of other types of commercial NPs (C60 fullerene, TiO(2) and SiO(2) at 1, 5, 10 microg/ml) on Mytilus hemocytes. Characterization of NP suspensions in artificial sea water (ASW) was performed, indicating the formation of agglomerates of different sizes for different types of NPs. None of the NP tested significantly affected lysosomal membrane stability, indicating the lack of a major toxic effect. However, all NP suspensions induced a concentration-dependent lysozyme release, extracellular oxyradical and nitric oxide (NO) production, to a different extent and with different time courses depending on the concentration and the NP type. The inflammatory effects of NPs were mediated by rapid activation of the stress-activated p38 MAPK. The results further support the hypothesis that in bivalves the immune system represents a significant target for NPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Canesi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Genova, Corso Europa 26, Genoa, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Canesi L, Ciacci C, Betti M, Fabbri R, Canonico B, Fantinati A, Marcomini A, Pojana G. Immunotoxicity of carbon black nanoparticles to blue mussel hemocytes. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2008; 34:1114-1119. [PMID: 18486973 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2008.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2008] [Revised: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 04/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The potential for human and ecological toxicity associated with nanomaterials is a growing area of investigation. In mammalian cells, nanoparticles have been shown to induce inflammation and oxidative stress, and changes in cell signalling and gene expression. As the nanotechnology industries increase production, nanoscale products and by products will enter the aquatic environment, posing a possible threat to aquatic organisms. In particular, filter-feeding organisms may represent a unique target group for nanoparticle toxicology. In this work, the effects of commercial nanosized carbon black (NCB) on the immune cells, the hemocytes, of the bivalve mollusc Mytilus, and the possible mechanisms involved were investigated. The results demonstrate that NCB (1, 5, and 10 microg/ml), did not induce significant lysosomal membrane destabilization, as evaluated by the NR retention time assay. A concentration-dependent uptake of NCB by hemocytes was observed and it was associated by a rapid increase in extracellular lysozyme release, extracellular oxyradical production, and nitric oxide (NO) release. Moreover, at the highest concentration tested, NCB induced significant changes in mitochondrial parameters (decrease mitochondrial mass/number and membrane potential), as evaluated by flow cytometry. The effects of NCB were mediated by rapid activation of the stress-activated MAPKs (Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases) p38 and JNKs, that play a key role in immune and inflammatory responses. The results demonstrate that in mussel hemocytes like in mammalian cells NCB exposure can induce inflammatory processes, and indicate that bivalve immunocytes can represent a suitable model for investigating the effects and modes of action of nanoparticles in the cells of aquatic invertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Canesi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bernstein D, Castranova V, Donaldson K, Fubini B, Hadley J, Hesterberg T, Kane A, Lai D, McConnell EE, Muhle H, Oberdorster G, Olin S, Warheit DB. Testing of Fibrous Particles: Short-Term Assays and Strategies. Inhal Toxicol 2008; 17:497-537. [PMID: 16040559 DOI: 10.1080/08958370591001121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
7
|
Oberdörster G, Maynard A, Donaldson K, Castranova V, Fitzpatrick J, Ausman K, Carter J, Karn B, Kreyling W, Lai D, Olin S, Monteiro-Riviere N, Warheit D, Yang H. Principles for characterizing the potential human health effects from exposure to nanomaterials: elements of a screening strategy. Part Fibre Toxicol 2005; 2:8. [PMID: 16209704 PMCID: PMC1260029 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1103] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2005] [Accepted: 10/06/2005] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid proliferation of many different engineered nanomaterials (defined as materials designed and produced to have structural features with at least one dimension of 100 nanometers or less) presents a dilemma to regulators regarding hazard identification. The International Life Sciences Institute Research Foundation/Risk Science Institute convened an expert working group to develop a screening strategy for the hazard identification of engineered nanomaterials. The working group report presents the elements of a screening strategy rather than a detailed testing protocol. Based on an evaluation of the limited data currently available, the report presents a broad data gathering strategy applicable to this early stage in the development of a risk assessment process for nanomaterials. Oral, dermal, inhalation, and injection routes of exposure are included recognizing that, depending on use patterns, exposure to nanomaterials may occur by any of these routes. The three key elements of the toxicity screening strategy are: Physicochemical Characteristics, In Vitro Assays (cellular and non-cellular), and In Vivo Assays. There is a strong likelihood that biological activity of nanoparticles will depend on physicochemical parameters not routinely considered in toxicity screening studies. Physicochemical properties that may be important in understanding the toxic effects of test materials include particle size and size distribution, agglomeration state, shape, crystal structure, chemical composition, surface area, surface chemistry, surface charge, and porosity. In vitro techniques allow specific biological and mechanistic pathways to be isolated and tested under controlled conditions, in ways that are not feasible in in vivo tests. Tests are suggested for portal-of-entry toxicity for lungs, skin, and the mucosal membranes, and target organ toxicity for endothelium, blood, spleen, liver, nervous system, heart, and kidney. Non-cellular assessment of nanoparticle durability, protein interactions, complement activation, and pro-oxidant activity is also considered. Tier 1 in vivo assays are proposed for pulmonary, oral, skin and injection exposures, and Tier 2 evaluations for pulmonary exposures are also proposed. Tier 1 evaluations include markers of inflammation, oxidant stress, and cell proliferation in portal-of-entry and selected remote organs and tissues. Tier 2 evaluations for pulmonary exposures could include deposition, translocation, and toxicokinetics and biopersistence studies; effects of multiple exposures; potential effects on the reproductive system, placenta, and fetus; alternative animal models; and mechanistic studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Günter Oberdörster
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, P.O. Box EHSC, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Andrew Maynard
- Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 1300 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20004-3027, USA
| | - Ken Donaldson
- MRC/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, ELEGI Colt Laboratory Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Vincent Castranova
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Julie Fitzpatrick
- Risk Science Institute, ILSI Research Foundation, International Life Sciences Institute, One Thomas Circle, N.W., Suite 900, Washington, DC 20005-5802, USA
| | - Kevin Ausman
- Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology, MS-63, P.O. Box 1892, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251-1892, USA
| | - Janet Carter
- Respiratory/Inhalation Toxicology, Central Product Safety, Procter & Gamble Company, PO Box 538707, Cincinnati, OH 45253-8707, USA
| | - Barbara Karn
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Ariel Rios Building, Mail Code: 8722F, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20460, USA
- Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 1300 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20004-3027, USA
| | - Wolfgang Kreyling
- Institute for Inhalation Biology & Focus Network: Aerosols and Health, GSF National Research Centre for Environment and Health, Ingolstadter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Munich, Germany
| | - David Lai
- Risk Assessment Division, Office of Pollution Prevention & Toxics, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 7403M, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20460, USA
| | - Stephen Olin
- Risk Science Institute, ILSI Research Foundation, International Life Sciences Institute, One Thomas Circle, N.W., Suite 900, Washington, DC 20005-5802, USA
| | - Nancy Monteiro-Riviere
- Center for Chemical Toxicology and Research Pharmacokinetics, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - David Warheit
- DuPont Haskell Laboratory for Health and Environmental Sciences, P.O. Box 50, 1090 Elkton Road, Newark, DE 19714-0050, USA
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Gavett Hall 253, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dörger M, Krombach F. Interaction of alveolar macrophages with inhaled mineral particulates. JOURNAL OF AEROSOL MEDICINE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR AEROSOLS IN MEDICINE 2001; 13:369-80. [PMID: 11262443 DOI: 10.1089/jam.2000.13.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary disorders triggered by inhalation of occupational and environmental mineral particulates can be endpoints of a chronic inflammatory process in which alveolar macrophages (AMs), as a first line of defense, play a crucial role. The biological processes involved in particulate-induced activation of AMs include indirect or direct interactions of particulates with the cell membrane, subsequent stimulation of signal transduction pathways, and activation of gene transcription. Depending on the nature of particulate involved, particulate-induced activation of AMs has been shown to result in the release of potent mediators, such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, cytokines, eicosanoids, and growth factors. The prolonged and enhanced production of such effector molecules may result in a complex cascade of events that can contribute to the development of pulmonary disorders. This paper will give a short review of the present knowledge of AM interaction with inhaled mineral particulates and of the possible implications these interactions may have in the development of pulmonary disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Dörger
- Institute for Surgical Research, Ludwig-Maximillians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fisher CE, Rossi AG, Shaw J, Beswick PH, Donaldson K. Release of TNFalpha in response to SiC fibres: differential effects in rodent and human primary macrophages, and in macrophage-like cell lines. Toxicol In Vitro 2000; 14:25-31. [PMID: 10754660 DOI: 10.1016/s0887-2333(99)00088-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Asbestos has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several lung diseases, but its mechanism of action is not fully understood. However, asbestos-induced oxidative stress and production of inflammatory cytokines may play a significant role. TNFalpha is an inflammatory cytokine which has a central role in inflammation and fibrosis due to its ability to stimulate fibroblasts and collagen deposition. In this study, a panel of fibres designated either pathogenic or non-pathogenic in recent animal studies, were utilized. The amount of TNFalpha released after a 16-hour exposure to the panel of fibres was compared in four different cell types; two primary macrophage cell types and two cell lines. TNFalpha release by cells exposed to the panel did not equate to pathogenicity, although the most pathogenic fibre caused three out of the four cell types tested, to produce the greatest amount of TNFalpha. Primary rat cells and primary human cells behaved in a similar manner as regards to TNFalpha production; the cell lines behaved quite differently to their primary counterparts with regards to TNFalpha production in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C E Fisher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Napier University, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
A panel of mineral fibres has been studied for their ability to cause translocation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB to the nucleus in A549 lung epithelial cells. On the basis of inhalation studies, three fibres were designated as being carcinogenic-amosite asbestos, silicon carbide and refractory ceramic fibre 1 (RCF1)-or non-carcinogenic-man-made vitreous fibre (MMVF10), Code 100/475 glass fibre, and RCF4. The experiments were carried out at equal fibre number. It was hypothesized that carcinogenic fibres have greater free radical activity than non-carcinogenic fibres and that an oxidative stress produced in the lung after inhalation of fibres could cause translocation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB to the nucleus, where transcription of pro-inflammatory genes such as cytokines could occur. It was demonstrated that a simple oxidant, hydrogen peroxide, caused translocation in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The three carcinogenic fibres produced a significant dose-dependent translocation of NF-kappaB to the nucleus, whereas the non-carcinogenic fibres did not. Silicon carbide fibres were the most potent of the pathogenic fibres. MMVF10 was the most potent of the non-pathogenic fibres, causing significant nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB at high fibre number. Using three antioxidants, curcumin, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, and Nacystelin, translocation caused by carcinogenic fibres could be significantly reduced. The present study shows that a short-term in vitro assay can discriminate between pathogenic and non-pathogenic fibres in terms of a key pro-inflammatory event in epithelial cells. The mechanism of the activation of NF-kappaB by pathogenic fibres and its general applicability to other fibre types remain to be determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D M Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Napier University, Edinburgh, U.K.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|