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Coté CJ, Wilson S. Guidelines for Monitoring and Management of Pediatric Patients Before, During, and After Sedation for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures. Pediatrics 2019; 143:peds.2019-1000. [PMID: 31138666 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-1000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The safe sedation of children for procedures requires a systematic approach that includes the following: no administration of sedating medication without the safety net of medical/dental supervision, careful presedation evaluation for underlying medical or surgical conditions that would place the child at increased risk from sedating medications, appropriate fasting for elective procedures and a balance between the depth of sedation and risk for those who are unable to fast because of the urgent nature of the procedure, a focused airway examination for large (kissing) tonsils or anatomic airway abnormalities that might increase the potential for airway obstruction, a clear understanding of the medication's pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects and drug interactions, appropriate training and skills in airway management to allow rescue of the patient, age- and size-appropriate equipment for airway management and venous access, appropriate medications and reversal agents, sufficient numbers of appropriately trained staff to both carry out the procedure and monitor the patient, appropriate physiologic monitoring during and after the procedure, a properly equipped and staffed recovery area, recovery to the presedation level of consciousness before discharge from medical/dental supervision, and appropriate discharge instructions. This report was developed through a collaborative effort of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry to offer pediatric providers updated information and guidance in delivering safe sedation to children.
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Abstract
The article reviews frequently encountered preoperative concerns with a goal of minimizing complications during administration of pediatric anesthesia. It is written with general anesthesiologists in mind and provides a helpful overview of concerns for pediatric patient preparation for routine and nonemergent procedures or interventions. It covers unique topics for the pediatric population, including gestational age, respiratory and cardiovascular concerns, fasting guidelines, and management of preoperative anxiety, as well as the current hot topic of the potential neurotoxic effects of anesthetics on the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Basel
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dusica Bajic
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Coté CJ, Wilson S. Guidelines for Monitoring and Management of Pediatric Patients Before, During, and After Sedation for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures: Update 2016. Pediatrics 2016; 138:peds.2016-1212. [PMID: 27354454 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-1212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The safe sedation of children for procedures requires a systematic approach that includes the following: no administration of sedating medication without the safety net of medical/dental supervision, careful presedation evaluation for underlying medical or surgical conditions that would place the child at increased risk from sedating medications, appropriate fasting for elective procedures and a balance between the depth of sedation and risk for those who are unable to fast because of the urgent nature of the procedure, a focused airway examination for large (kissing) tonsils or anatomic airway abnormalities that might increase the potential for airway obstruction, a clear understanding of the medication's pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects and drug interactions, appropriate training and skills in airway management to allow rescue of the patient, age- and size-appropriate equipment for airway management and venous access, appropriate medications and reversal agents, sufficient numbers of staff to both carry out the procedure and monitor the patient, appropriate physiologic monitoring during and after the procedure, a properly equipped and staffed recovery area, recovery to the presedation level of consciousness before discharge from medical/dental supervision, and appropriate discharge instructions. This report was developed through a collaborative effort of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry to offer pediatric providers updated information and guidance in delivering safe sedation to children.
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Verma V, Beethe AB, LeRiger M, Kulkarni RR, Zhang M, Lin C. Anesthesia complications of pediatric radiation therapy. Pract Radiat Oncol 2015; 6:143-154. [PMID: 26725960 DOI: 10.1016/j.prro.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Complications of anesthesia for pediatric radiation therapy are imperative for both radiation oncologists and anesthesiologists to clinically assess and manage. We performed the first systematic review to date addressing this important issue. METHODS A systematic search of PubMed and EMBASE was conducted using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Searches were not restricted based on publication date. Nine original investigations were identified, analyzed, and collated for this report. RESULTS General anesthesia has proven superior to conscious sedation with regard to maintaining satisfactory procedural sedation while maintaining low respiratory and cardiovascular complication rates. Although agents such as ketamine (complication rates approaching 23%-24%) have been used in the past, other agents such as propofol and volatile anesthetics have lower complication rates because of improved drug side effect profiles (0.01%-3.5%). Most common complications are respiratory-based (eg, airway obstruction, broncho/laryngospasm, desaturation, apnea), followed by those that are cardiovascular-based (eg, tachy/bradycardia, arrhythmias, hypotension) and nausea/vomiting. Though procedure duration and anesthetic dose can be associated with higher complication risks, prior or concurrent chemotherapy does not confer added risks other than neutropenia-related sepsis. Other potential complications include those with vascular access devices, observed in up to 20% to 25%, with peripherally inserted central catheters having the highest rates of vascular complications and port catheters the lowest. CONCLUSIONS Rates of anesthetic complications encountered in pediatric radiation therapy are similar, if not lower, than rates reported in controlled operating room settings, implying that anesthesia for pediatric radiation therapy is safe, with low complication rates periprocedurally. Propofol infusion and oxygen delivery via nasal cannula offer the lowest immediate anesthetic complication rates and are hence most recommended for use. Though the long-term neurocognitive consequences of multiple anesthetics in pediatric patients have yet to be clearly defined, health care providers should be cognizant of the potentially serious implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Verma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Amy B Beethe
- Department of Anesthesiology, Omaha Children's Hospital, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Michelle LeRiger
- Department of Anesthesiology, Omaha Children's Hospital, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Rajesh R Kulkarni
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Mutian Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Chi Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.
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Williams C, Johnson PA, Guzzetta CE, Guzzetta PC, Cohen IT, Sill AM, Vezina G, Cain S, Harris C, Murray J. Pediatric fasting times before surgical and radiologic procedures: benchmarking institutional practices against national standards. J Pediatr Nurs 2014; 29:258-67. [PMID: 24365219 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged preoperative fasting can be associated with adverse outcomes, particularly in children. Our aims were to assess the time pediatric patients fasted prior to surgical or radiologic procedures and evaluate whether fasting (NPO) orders complied with national guidelines. We measured NPO start time, time of last intake, and time test or surgery was scheduled, took place, or was cancelled in 219 pediatric patients. Findings demonstrate that pediatric patients experienced prolonged fasting before procedures and that the majority of NPO orders were non-compliant with national guidelines. We have developed strategies to reduce fasting times and ensure compliance with recommended national fasting standards.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cathie E Guzzetta
- Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Philip C Guzzetta
- Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Ira Todd Cohen
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Anne M Sill
- Division of Biostatistics and Study Methodology, Center for Translational Science, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Gilbert Vezina
- Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Sherry Cain
- Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | | | - Jodi Murray
- Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
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Abstract
This article focuses on common respiratory complications in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU). Approximately 1 in 10 children present with respiratory complications in the PACU. The article highlights risk factors and at-risk populations. The physiologic and pathophysiologic background and causes for respiratory complications in the PACU are explained and suggestions given for an optimization of the anesthesia management in the perioperative period. Furthermore, the recognition, prevention, and treatment of these complications in the PACU are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta S von Ungern-Sternberg
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Roberts Road, Subiaco, Western Australia 6008, Australia; School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
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Robison JG, Wilson C, Otteson TD, Chakravorty SS, Mehta DK. Analysis of outcomes in treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in infants. Laryngoscope 2013; 123:2306-14. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.23685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob G. Robison
- Department of Otolaryngology; University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Pittsburgh; Pennsylvania; U.S.A
| | - Caleb Wilson
- University of Pittsburgh College of Medicine; Pittsburgh; Pennsylvania; U.S.A
| | - Todd D. Otteson
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Pittsburgh; Pennsylvania; U.S.A
| | - Sangeeta S. Chakravorty
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Pittsburgh; Pennsylvania; U.S.A
| | - Deepak K. Mehta
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Pittsburgh; Pennsylvania; U.S.A
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Variations in pre-operative management of adolescents undergoing elective surgery. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2013; 77:770-5. [PMID: 23473709 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand whether preoperative care of adolescent patients differs according to two different pediatric subspecialties with respect to patient pregnancy status, drug use, and patient assent. To understand how preoperative care of adolescent patients varies with length of practice and practice setting. METHODS A cross-sectional study surveyed 51 American Society of Pediatric Otolaryngology (ASPO) members and 108 American Pediatric Surgical Association (APSA) members. Outcomes included how often ('always', 'sometimes', 'never') participants ask adolescents (ages 12-18 years) about substance use, pregnancy, and assent for surgery. Differences according to physicians' practice duration and setting were also examined. Fisher's exact tests and Cochran-Armitage tests were applied for statistical analysis. RESULTS Although ASPO and APSA members did not differ significantly in how often they ask adolescent patients about pregnancy, ASPO members were more likely to 'always' cancel elective surgery in a pregnant patient (p<0.007). ASPO members were also more likely to 'always' ask about substance use, although this difference was not significant (p<0.06). APSA members were more likely to proceed with surgery despite an adolescent's refusal (p<0.007). Physicians in both specialties with <5 years in practice were most likely to 'always' ask about pregnancy, and physicians with fewer adolescent patients in their practice were more likely to 'always' ask about substance use. Physicians in differing practice settings varied in their responses about proceeding with elective surgery in a pregnant patient (p<0.03). CONCLUSION ASPO and APSA members differ in their preoperative management of adolescent patients. Newer physicians and those with fewer adolescent patients also differ from physicians with more extensive experience with adolescents.
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Houle K, Tveit C, Belew J. Innovative use of perianesthesia nurses in imaging services: meeting the needs of children with disabilities. J Perianesth Nurs 2009; 24:289-94. [PMID: 19853812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jopan.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Revised: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A new imaging center was established within a children's specialty hospital that provides services for children and adults with childhood-onset disabilities. New services in this advanced imaging center include computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, fluoroscopy, and ultrasound. Individuals with disabilities are particularly at risk for complications during procedures requiring sedation and anesthesia. The perianesthesia nurses' role was developed to support the sedation needs of this population during imaging services. Perianesthesia nurses developed an advanced imaging screening process to prepare patients for sedation during imaging services. With these processes, the new Advanced Imaging Center is providing timelier and better coordinated imaging services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Houle
- Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare, St Paul, MN 55101, USA
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Hastings LA, Wood JC, Harris B, Von Busse S, Drachenberg A, Dorey F, Bushman GA. Cardiac medications are not associated with clinically important preoperative electrolyte disturbances in children presenting for cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg 2008; 107:1840-7. [PMID: 19020128 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e318189adcf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preoperative laboratory examination of patients undergoing elective surgical procedures has been routinely performed for decades. Although there is a large body of literature concerning the appropriate preoperative assessment of adult patients, corresponding literature for the pediatric population is not as well defined. Children and young adults with cardiac disease are a particularly vulnerable subset of patients who often undergo an extensive battery of preoperative laboratory testing. We examined the serum chemistry profiles for children with cardiac disease presenting for outpatient surgery. The investigation aims to define the effectiveness of preoperative electrolyte determination in this population of children and young adults. METHODS A retrospective chart review of all children presenting as outpatients to a tertiary care, freestanding children's hospital for elective cardiac surgery between January 1, 2000 and January 31, 2003 was performed. All patient charts in which the admission date matched the cardiac surgical date were examined. Patients were excluded if the preoperative laboratory evaluation was performed outside of our facility, preoperative laboratory investigation was not performed, or the patient was transported by medical transport to our hospital. Patients were grouped according to three methods: the number of cardiac medications (none to four), and cardiac medications, noncardiac medications, and no medications. The presence of electrolyte abnormalities was also examined in the context of cardiac medications with various pharmacologic effects. The primary outcome measure was the incidence of abnormal laboratory values for children taking various cardiac medications. RESULTS Of the 933 initial entries found, 774 met the investigational criteria and were included in the analysis. Although statistically significant differences in preoperative electrolytes were associated with the use of cardiac and noncardiac medication, there was no clinical value to this correlation. The data demonstrate a very low incidence of hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia in the entire study population. CONCLUSION Preoperative electrolyte disturbances in children and young adults presenting for cardiac surgery are uncommon. The concern of hypokalemia or hypomagnesemia important in the adult population taking cardiac medications was not identified in the pediatric population. These data do not support the need for routine preoperative electrolyte evaluation in children taking cardiac medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Hastings
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
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Pregnancy tests with end-stage renal disease. J Clin Anesth 2008; 20:609-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2008.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2007] [Revised: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Preoperative assessment is a complex and multidisciplinary task. It encompasses surgical and anaesthesia assessment, preoperative testing, preparation of patients for surgery, and obtaining consent to the surgery. The scope of this chapter is to review the available evidence on anaesthesia preoperative evaluation (who, when and how to conduct it) and its relevance to clinical practice, and to indicate areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Solca
- Azienda Ospedaliera di Melegnano, Presidio Ospedaliero di Cernusco sul Naviglio, Ospedale 'A. Uboldo' Via Uboldo 21, I-20063 Cernusco sul Naviglio (MI), Italy.
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Perioperative Considerations in the Management of Pediatric Surgical Patients. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2006; 18:35-47, vi. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coms.2005.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Lawrence RA. Lactation support when the infant will require general anesthesia: assisting the breastfeeding dyad in remaining content through the preoperative fasting period. J Hum Lact 2005; 21:355-7. [PMID: 16156084 DOI: 10.1177/0890334405278492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A Lawrence
- University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
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