Nutritional assessment and support during pregnancy

Management of adults with Alagille syndrome

Alagille syndrome (ALGS) is a complex rare genetic disorder that involves multiple organ systems and is historically regarded as a disease of childhood. Since it is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner in 40% of patients, it carries many implications for genetic counselling of patients and screening of family members. In addition, the considerable variable expression and absence of a clear genotype-phenotype correlation, results in a diverse range of clinical manifestations, even in affected individuals within the same family. With recent therapeutic advancements in cholestasis treatment and the improved survival rates with liver transplantation (LT), many patients with ALGS survive into adulthood. Although LT is curative for liver disease secondary to ALGS, complications secondary to extrahepatic involvement remain problematic lifelong. This review is aimed at providing a comprehensive review of ALGS to adult clinicians who will take over the medical care of these patients following transition, with particular focus on certain aspects of the condition that require lifelong surveillance. We also provide a diagnostic framework for adult patients with suspected ALGS and highlight key aspects to consider when determining eligibility for LT in patients with this syndrome.

"Fraqueza de nascença": sentidos e significados culturais de impressões maternas na saúde infantil no Nordeste brasileiro

A gestação abrange dimensões sócio-culturais, históricas e afetivas, que processam no corpo das mulheres diversos sentidos e significados. Cada sociedade constrói concepções, práticas ou modelos explicativos populares, que se diferenciam do modelo biomédico e visam a proteger a mãe-feto, promovendo uma gravidez saudável. Esta pesquisa qualitativa, baseada na antropologia interpretativa, desvela as experiências vivenciadas por 27 mulheres pobres e suas repercussões na desnutrição dos filhos atendidos num Centro de Desnutrição Infantil em Fortaleza, Nordeste brasileiro. De janeiro a junho de 2004, foram realizadas entrevistas etnográficas e narrativas sobre fraqueza de nascença e observação-participante de cuidados no ambulatório, enfermaria e domicílios. Conforme se argumenta, as mães acreditam que seus sofrimentos físicos, emocionais e a precária condição nutricional é "impressa" no feto, resultando na desnutrição do filho. Enquanto a etnoetiologia da "fraqueza" aponta fatores externos do corpo que involuntariamente atingem a gestante, a visão médica relatada tende a culpabilizar a mãe. É preciso compreender a narrativa das mães, sensibilizar-se com o seu sofrimento e aproximar as concepções populares e biomédicas.

Extended somatic support for pregnant women after brain death

OBJECTIVE

To review case reports of pregnant women who have been supported after brain death until successful delivery of their infants. From these reports and other literature about brain death, normal physiologic changes of pregnancy, and specific needs for fetal development, recommendations were made to assist in supporting pregnant women after brain death until delivery of a mature fetus who is likely to survive.

DATA SOURCES

Personal files and experiences, MEDLINE review of case reports and publications about physiologic changes present during normal pregnancy and after brain death, and the critical needs for fetal development were included.

DATA EXTRACTION

Eleven reports of ten patients comprise the accumulated clinical experience. Hypotension, requiring fluid administration and inotropic/vasopressor therapy, occurred in all the mothers, and in six cases, was the reason for urgent delivery. The longest period of support was 107 days, from 15 to 32 wks of gestation. Two mothers also became organ donors. Recurrent infections, thermolability, and other complications common to prolonged ICU care were encountered. All infants survived. One had congenital abnormalities caused by phenytoin use by the mother. When followed, all others developed within normal growth and mental variables. These cases plus literature citations noted above were used to develop recommendations for maternal/fetal care.

CONCLUSION

Preservation of uterine/placental blood flow is the most important priority during somatic support. Imprecise autoregulation of the uterine vasculature during maternal hypoxemia or hypotension makes this goal a significant challenge. Special considerations for nutrition; medication use; cardiovascular, respiratory, or endocrine therapy; fetal monitoring; hormone replacement; and ethical concerns are discussed.

Nutritional assessment and support during pregnancy

This article thoroughly updates the authors' previous review of nutritional assessment and support during pregnancy. After briefly reviewing nutrient metabolism and requirements, the authors discuss the nutritional assessment of the pregnant woman and review the nutritional support principles in hyperemesis gravidarum and other conditions that can compromise the nutritional health of mother or fetus.

Pregnancy in a patient with chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction on long-term parenteral nutrition

Parenteral nutrition support is provided in most instances for short intervals during pregnancy in conditions where oral/enteral intake is severely compromised. Few reports describe the use of parenteral nutrition from conception to delivery. We report the case of a 30-year-old woman suffering from a severe form of chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction on long-term parenteral nutrition because of malabsorption and malnutrition. Pregnancy and delivery developed uneventfully. The fetus grew normally throughout pregnancy. Our patient needed only slight modifications in her parenteral nutrition regimen during lactation. There were no metabolic complications during pregnancy. We conclude that female patients even with severe forms of gastrointestinal diseases, such as chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction requiring long-term home parenteral nutrition, can conceive and carry successfully a pregnancy to term.