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Thronicke A, Heger N, Antweiler E, Krannich A, Roehmel J, Brandt C, Staab D, Tintelnot K, Schwarz C. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is associated with pet ownership in cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2016; 27:597-603. [PMID: 27145047 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Late diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is associated with significant lung function decline and morbidity in cystic fibrosis (CF). The association of ABPA and domestic pet ownership in patients with CF has not been elucidated yet. Our objective was to determine the association of ABPA with pet ownership in patients with CF. METHODS Clinical and microbiological data from certified local patient registry were analyzed for 109 patients with CF aged 1-64 years: 55 pet owner and 54 non-pet owners. The primary outcome of the retrospective observational study was the occurrence of ABPA in pet owners and non-pet owners with CF. The free statistical software R was utilized to investigate logistic regression models for association factors. RESULTS Of the 109 patients included in the study, 61 (56%) were female. The mean age of the total group was 25.4 ± 13.2 years. Adjusted analysis revealed that ABPA (OR 5.0227, 95% CI: 1.182-21.340, p = 0.029) was associated with pet ownership in patients with CF. Furthermore, ABPA in pet owners with CF was associated with an increased number of exacerbations (OR 6.446, 95% CI: 1.057-39.328, p = 0.043). Other outcomes did not significantly differ. CONCLUSION Owning a pet was associated with ABPA in patients with CF. Future prospective multicenter longitudinal studies are needed to investigate chronological causality between pet ownership, ABPA development, and pulmonary exacerbations and to determine whether these estimates are generalizable for ABPA susceptible patients beyond CF (asthma, bronchiectasis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Thronicke
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis Center Berlin/Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nikola Heger
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis Center Berlin/Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Antweiler
- Reference Laboratory for Cryptococcosis, Scedosporiosis and Imported Systemic Mycoses, FG16, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Krannich
- Biostatistics Unit, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jobst Roehmel
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis Center Berlin/Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Brandt
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis Center Berlin/Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Doris Staab
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis Center Berlin/Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kathrin Tintelnot
- Reference Laboratory for Cryptococcosis, Scedosporiosis and Imported Systemic Mycoses, FG16, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Schwarz
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis Center Berlin/Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Galiatsatos P, Melia MT, Silhan LL. Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis: Case Report and Review of Literature. Open Forum Infect Dis 2016; 3:ofw116. [PMID: 27419184 PMCID: PMC4943533 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofw116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) results from a hypersensitivity response to airways colonization with Aspergillus fumigatus, and it occurs most often in individuals with asthma or cystic fibrosis. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is an indolent, but potentially progressive, disease in patients. In patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), ABPA is rare, and its description in the literature is limited to case reports. We describe the occurrence of ABPA in a 37-year-old woman with well controlled HIV infection. This represents the first documented case of ABPA in an HIV-infected patient whose only pulmonary comorbidity included the ramifications of prior acute respiratory distress syndrome due to Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia. We also review prior case reports of ABPA in HIV-infected patients and consider risk factors for its development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leann L Silhan
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine , Johns Hopkins Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
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Callejas CA, Douglas RG. Fungal rhinosinusitis: what every allergist should know. Clin Exp Allergy 2014; 43:835-49. [PMID: 23889239 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between fungi and the sinonasal tract results in a diverse range of diseases with an equally broad spectrum of clinical severity. The classification of these interactions has become complex, and this review seeks to rationalize and simplify the approach to fungal diseases of the nose and paranasal sinuses. These conditions may be discussed under two major headings: non-invasive disease (localized fungal colonization, fungal ball and allergic fungal rhinosinusitis) and invasive disease (acute invasive rhinosinusitis, chronic invasive rhinosinusitis and granulomatous invasive rhinosinusitis). A diagnosis of fungal rhinosinusitis is established by combining findings on history, clinical examination, laboratory testing, imaging and histopathology. The immunocompetence of the patient is of great importance, as invasive fungal rhinosinusitis is uncommon in immunocompetent patients. With the exception of localized fungal colonization, treatment of all forms of fungal rhinosinusitis relies heavily on surgery. Systemic antifungal agents are a fundamental component in the treatment of invasive forms, but are not indicated for the treatment of the non-invasive forms. Antifungal drugs may have a role as adjuvant therapy in allergic fungal rhinosinusitis, but evidence is poor to support recommendations. Randomized controlled trials need to be performed to confirm the benefit of immunotherapy in the treatment of allergic fungal rhinosinusitis. In this article, we will summarize the current literature, addressing the controversies regarding the diagnosis and management of fungal rhinosinusitis, and focussing on those aspects which are important for clinical immunologists and allergists.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Callejas
- Otorhinolaryngology Department, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Agarwal R, Khan A, Aggarwal AN, Gupta D. Link between CFTR mutations and ABPA: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mycoses 2011; 55:357-65. [PMID: 21999194 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2011.02130.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Summary There is a biological plausibility on the link between cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) mutations and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). The aim of the systematic review was to investigate this link by determining the frequency of CFTR mutations in ABPA. We searched the PubMed and EmBase databases for studies reporting CFTR mutations in ABPA. We pooled the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) from individual studies using both fixed and random effects model. Statistical heterogeneity was evaluated using the I(2) test and the Cochran-Q statistic. Publication bias was assessed using both graphical and statistical methods. Our search yielded four studies (79 ABPA, 268 controls). The odds of encountering CFTR mutation was higher in ABPA compared with the control group (OR 10.39; 95% CI, 4.35-24.79) or the asthma population (OR 5.53; 95% CI 1.62-18.82). There was no evidence of statistical heterogeneity or publication bias. There is a possible pathogenetic link between CFTR mutations and ABPA. However, because of the small numbers of patients, further studies are required to confirm this finding. Future studies should adopt a uniform methodology and should screen for the entire genetic sequence of the CFTR gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Agarwal
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
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Immunopathology and immunogenetics of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. J Allergy (Cairo) 2011; 2011:785983. [PMID: 21966295 PMCID: PMC3182330 DOI: 10.1155/2011/785983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a Th2 hypersensitivity lung disease in response to Aspergillus fumigatus that affects asthmatic and cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Sensitization to A. fumigatus is common in both atopic asthmatic and CF patients, yet only 1%–2% of asthmatic and 7%–9% of CF patients develop ABPA. ABPA is characterized by wheezing and pulmonary infiltrates which may lead to pulmonary fibrosis and/or bronchiectasis. The inflammatory response is characterized by Th2 responses to Aspergillus allergens, increased serum IgE, and eosinophilia. A number of genetic risks have recently been identified in the development of ABPA. These include HLA-DR and HLA-DQ, IL-4 receptor alpha chain (IL-4RA) polymorphisms, IL-10 −1082GA promoter polymorphisms, surfactant protein A2 (SP-A2) polymorphisms, and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene (CFTR) mutations. The studies indicate that ABPA patients are genetically at risk to develop skewed and heightened Th2 responses to A. fumigatus antigens. These genetic risk studies and their consequences of elevated biologic markers may aid in identifying asthmatic and CF patients who are at risk to the development of ABPA. Furthermore, these studies suggest that immune modulation with medications such as anti-IgE, anti-IL-4, and/or IL-13 monoclonal antibodies may be helpful in the treatment of ABPA.
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Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in asthma and cystic fibrosis. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2011:843763. [PMID: 21603163 PMCID: PMC3095475 DOI: 10.1155/2011/843763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a Th2 hypersensitivity lung disease in response to Aspergillus fumigatus that affects asthmatic and cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Sensitization to A. fumigatus is common in both atopic asthmatic and CF patients, yet only 1-2% of asthmatic and 7-9% of CF patients develop ABPA. ABPA is characterized by wheezing and pulmonary infiltrates which may lead to pulmonary fibrosis and/or bronchiectasis. The inflammatory response is characterized by Th2 responses to Aspergillus allergens, increased serum IgE and eosinophilia. A number of genetic risks have recently been identified in the development of ABPA. These include HLA-DR and HLA-DQ, IL-4 receptor alpha chain (IL-4RA) polymorphisms, IL-10-1082GA promoter polymorphisms, surfactant protein A2 (SP-A2) polymorphisms, and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene (CFTR) mutations. The studies indicate that ABPA patients are genetically at risk to develop skewed and heightened Th2 responses to A. fumigatus antigens. These genetic risk studies and their consequences of elevated biologic markers may aid in identifying asthmatic and CF patients who are at risk to the development of ABPA. Furthermore, these studies suggest that immune modulation with medications such as anti-IgE, anti-IL-4 and/or IL-13 monoclonal antibodies may be helpful in the treatment of ABPA.
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Schwerk N, Rochwalsky U, Brinkmann F, Hansen G. Don't forget other causes of wheeze. ABPA in a boy with asthma. A case report and review of the literature. Acta Paediatr 2011; 100:307-10. [PMID: 20722636 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.01985.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a rare pulmonary disorder caused by hypersensitivity to Aspergillus fumigatus. The prevalence is estimated to be about 1-2% in adult patients with asthma and 2-15% in patients with cystic fibrosis. In paediatric patients with asthma, only single case reports on ABPA exist. We report on a 13-year-old boy with allergic asthma complicated by ABPA. Despite the presentation of typical clinical symptoms, it took 6 years before he was diagnosed. The clinical course improved rapidly after ABPA therapy was started, and 12 months after diagnosis, the boy is still free of symptoms. Clinical symptoms of ABPA may be unspecific making a rapid diagnosis difficult in some cases. CONCLUSION A delay in diagnosis and treatment increases the risk for irreversible lung damage. Once bronchiectasis has developed, the outcome is unfavourable. Thus, ABPA has to be considered in patients whose asthma remains uncontrolled despite adequate therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolaus Schwerk
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical school, Germany.
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8
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Antunes J, Fernandes A, Borrego LM, Leiria-Pinto P, Cavaco J. Cystic fibrosis, atopy, asthma and ABPA. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2010; 38:278-84. [PMID: 20675033 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2010] [Revised: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of atopy on cystic fibrosis (CF) progression remains unclear but evidence suggests that it may influence the appearance of co-morbid conditions such as CF asthma or allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). Recognising asthma in patients with CF is not always easy but the identification of atopic markers favours the diagnosis. Physicians should be aware of this fact in order to achieve a better control of respiratory symptoms in patients with CF. Bronchial mucosa inflammation and abnormal mucus predispose to mould colonisation. These patients are at higher risk of allergic sensitisation, especially when atopic susceptibility is present. In the particular case of A. fumigatus, allergic sensitisation precedes ABPA development, which occurs in up to 10% of CF patients. Progression of lung function deterioration is most strikingly pronounced in patients with ABPA. Therefore, sensitisation with A. fumigatus should be regularly tested in patients with CF, especially those at higher risk. Recombinant allergens constitute an important advance in differentiating Aspergillus sensitisation from ABPA itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Antunes
- Serviço de Imunoalergologia, Hospital Dona Estefânia, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Carneiro ACC, Lemos ACM, Arruda SM, Santana MAPS. Prevalence of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in patients with cystic fibrosis in the state of Bahia, Brazil. J Bras Pneumol 2009; 34:900-6. [PMID: 19099095 DOI: 10.1590/s1806-37132008001100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) in patients with cystic fibrosis treated at a referral center in the state of Bahia, Brazil. METHODS A cross-sectional study, with prospective data collection, carried out at the Cystic Fibrosis Referral Center of Bahia of the Octavio Mangabeira Specialized Hospital. We evaluated 74 patients diagnosed with cystic fibrosis, older than six years of age, treated between December 9, 2003 and March 7, 2005. We analyzed the following variables: gender, age, forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in one second, pharmacodynamic response, chest X-ray findings, facial sinus X-ray findings, wheezing, cultures for Aspergillus spp., total immunoglobulin E (IgE), specific IgE for Aspergillus fumigatus and immediate skin test reactivity to A.fumigatus antigen. RESULTS Of the 74 patients, 2 were diagnosed with ABPA. We found total IgE levels > 1,000 IU/mL in 17 (23%), positive immediate skin reactivity to A. fumigatus antigen in 19 (25.7%) and wheezing in 60 (81.1%). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of ABPA was 2.7%. The high levels of total IgE, high incidence of wheezing and high rate of immediate skin test reactivity to A. fumigatus antigen suggest that these patients should be carefully monitored due to their propensity to develop ABPA.
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Zirbes JM, Milla CE. Steroid-sparing effect of omalizumab for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol 2008; 43:607-10. [PMID: 18433040 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.20804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a complication commonly encountered in patients with CF that produces significant respiratory morbidity. Chronic airway colonization with Aspergillus induces strong inflammatory responses with high IgE levels. Current guidelines for therapy include prolonged courses of systemic corticosteroids as the main therapeutic strategy. However this has the potential to induce significant detrimental side effects in children. Omalizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against IgE that prevents its binding to high- and low-affinity receptors on effector cells. It has been shown to be effective in improving asthma control in patients with a strong allergic component. We present our long term experience with the use of Anti-IgE therapy in three children with CF and ABPA (mean age at start of therapy 14.2 years) who were steroid dependent. All three were already experiencing significant side effects from chronic steroid therapy. After the start of Omalizumab these children have experienced significant and sustained clinical improvements at the same time that they were discontinued from chronic systemic steroids. Our experience suggests that IgE blockade has tremendous potential as a strategy to control this disease in steroid dependent patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn M Zirbes
- The Minnesota CF Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Knutsen AP. Genetic and respiratory tract risk factors for aspergillosis: ABPA and asthma with fungal sensitization. Med Mycol 2006; 44:S61-S70. [PMID: 30408936 DOI: 10.1080/13693780600789178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a Th2 allergic hypersensitivity lung disease due to bronchial colonization of Aspergillus fumigatus that affects 1-2% of asthmatic and 7-9% of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. We hypothesize that genetic risk factors predispose these patients to develop ABPA. We previously reported HLA-DR2 and DR5 restriction as a risk factor for the development of ABPA. We further propose that HLA-DR restriction is necessary but not sufficient for the development of ABPA. Recently, we reported that IL-4Rα single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and in particular the ile75val SNP in the IL-4 binding region is another risk factor and is associated with increased sensitivity to IL-4 stimulation. It has been reported that the combination of IL-4Rα and IL-13 SNP, ile75val/arg110gln, is associated with more severe asthma. In preliminary studies, we have observed increased frequency of this combination in ABPA asthmatic and CF patients. Another genetic risk factor reported by Brouard et al. is the -1082 GG genotype in the IL-10 promoter in CF patients for the colonization of A. fumigatus and development of ABPA. This genotype was associated with increased plasma IL-10 levels, and perhaps may be associated with increased skewing of Th2 Aspergillus responses rather than down-regulation of inflammatory responses. We hypothesize that increased sensitivity of IL-4 mediated activities secondary to polymorphisms IL-4R in conjunction of other polymorphisms such as IL-13 and IL-10 in conjunction with HLA-DR2/DR5 restriction to Aspergillus antigens in ABPA patients result in increased B-cell activity, monocyte/dendritic cell phenotype that skews Th2 responses, and skewing of Aspergillus-specific Th2 cells. This model system may be applicable to other fungi such as Alternaria and Cladosporium which is associated with increased asthma severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan P Knutsen
- St. Louis University Health Sciences Center, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Knutsen AP, Bellone C, Kauffman H. Immunopathogenesis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2004; 1:76-89. [PMID: 15463812 DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(02)00033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a hypersensitivity lung disease mediated by an allergic late-phase inflammatory response to Aspergillus fumigatus antigens. ABPA is characterized by markedly elevated Aspergillus-specific and total IgE levels and eosinophilia, and manifested by wheezing, pulmonary infiltrates, and bronchiectasis and fibrosis, which afflict asthmatic and cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. We propose that ABPA develops in genetically susceptible CF patients due to HLA-DR2 and DR5 restriction, increased sensitivity to IL-4 stimulation, and increased A. fumigatus allergen-specific Th2 CD4+ T-cell-mediated responses. In addition, A. fumigatus proteases play a role in facilitation of antigen transport across the epithelial cell layer by damaging the epithelial integrity and by a direct interaction with epithelial cell surface receptors, resulting in pro-inflammatory cytokine production and corresponding inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan P Knutsen
- Pediatric Research Institute, St. Louis University Health Sciences Center, 3662 Park Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Knutsen AP, Hutcheson PS, Slavin RG, Kurup VP. IgE antibody to Aspergillus fumigatus recombinant allergens in cystic fibrosis patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Allergy 2004; 59:198-203. [PMID: 14763934 DOI: 10.1046/j.1398-9995.2003.00310.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) in cystic fibrosis (CF) is characterized by a heightened Th2 CD4+ T-cell response to Aspergillus fumigatus (Af) allergens and a hyper-immunoglobulin E (IgE) state compared with cystic fibrosis patients without ABPA. The IgE serologic differentiation of ABPA from atopic CF patients can be difficult. We propose as the reactivity with purified antigens varies qualitatively and quantitatively and that the antibody response is more specific than with crude Af antigen extract, the IgE responses to purified recombinant Af allergens may differentiate ABPA from atopic CF patients. METHODS Serum IgE reactivity to seven recombinant purified allergens and to a crude extract of Af was measured in 15 ABPA, in 23 Af skin test positive (ST+), and in 19 Af skin test negative (ST-) CF patients. Four of the ABPA CF patients were studied before and after developing ABPA. Nine ABPA patients were studied during flares and remissions of ABPA. RESULTS Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis patients had significantly increased IgE reactivity to Asp f2, f3, f4, f6, and f16 compared with the Af ST+ and ST- non-ABPA CF patients. In the ABPA patients studied before and after developing ABPA, IgE reactivity also increased to Asp f2, f3, f4, and f6, and to the crude extract. In ABPA CF patients, IgE reactivity to Asp f1, f2, f3, and f6 significantly increased during periods of ABPA flares compared with periods of remission. Analysis of the receiver operating curve demonstrated that IgE reactivity to Asp f3 and f4 gave the best sensitivity and specificity and were better than IgE reactivity to a crude extract of Aspergillus. Furthermore, in ABPA patients studied during periods of remission the IgE reactivity to Asp f3 and f4 remained significantly elevated compared with Af ST+ non-ABPA patients. The IgE responses when considered either to be positive or negative to Asp f3 and f4 significantly differentiated ABPA from Af ST+ and ST- non-ABPA CF patients. In contrast, IgE reactivity was considered positive to the crude extract in 89% of ABPA, 61% of Af ST+, and 0% of Af ST- non-ABPA CF patients. CONCLUSIONS Immunoglobulin E reactivity to a panel of purified Af allergens, especially to Asp f3 and f4, differentiates ABPA from atopic Af ST+ non-ABPA CF patients. Serial determinations of IgE reactivity to individual purified Aspergillus antigens, especially Asp f3, demonstrates that increases in IgE reactivity may provide improved distinction between stages of flares and remission compared with changes in IgE reactivity to a crude Aspergillus extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Knutsen
- Divisions of Allergy and Immunology, Saint Louis University Health Sciences Center, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Knutsen AP, Hutchinson PS, Albers GM, Consolino J, Smick J, Kurup VP. Increased sensitivity to IL-4 in cystic fibrosis patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Allergy 2004; 59:81-7. [PMID: 14674938 DOI: 10.1046/j.1398-9995.2003.00129.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is characterized by a heightened Th2 CD4+ T-cell response to Aspergillus fumigatus allergens and a hyper-immunoglobulin (Ig)E state compared with cystic fibrosis patients without ABPA. We hypothesize that one reason for this response is increased sensitivity to interleukin (IL)-4 in ABPA resulting in increased expression of CD23 and CD86 and leading to a positive amplification mechanism that increases Th2 CD4+ T cell responses. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated from seven ABPA CF and 19 non-ABPA CF patients and 16 nonatopic controls and stimulated with rIL-4 (range 0.1-10 ng/ml) and rIL-13 (range 1-10 ng/ml) for 48 h. The number of CD23 molecules and percentages of CD23+ B cells were quantified by flow cytometry. Both phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)/ionomycin (IO) and antigen stimulated, toxoid and Asp f2/f3/f4, PBMC were examined for cytoplasmic cytokine synthesis enumerated by cytokine staining using flow cytometry to measure Th2 and Th1 CD3+ T cells. RESULTS The numbers of CD23 molecules on B-cells were significantly elevated at time 0 in ABPA CF patients compared with both non-ABPA CF patients and nonatopic controls. Following IL-4 stimulation in vitro, the numbers and percentages of CD23 expression on B cells were significantly up-regulated in ABPA CF patients compared with non-ABPA CF patients and controls. The IL-13 stimulation up-regulated CD23 expression; however, there was no significant difference in ABPA CF patients compared with non-ABPA CF patients and controls. The percentages of interferon (IFN)-gamma+ CD3+T cells following PMA/IO stimulation were significantly decreased in both ABPA and non-ABPA CF patients compared with controls. There were no significant differences of IL-4+ and IL-13+ CD3+ T cells between ABPA and non-ABPA CF patients. When tetanus toxoid stimulated T cells were examined, both ABPA and non-ABPA CF patients had significantly decreased IFN-gamma+ CD3+ T cells compared with controls. In Asp f2/f3/f4 stimulated T cells, ABPA CF patients had significantly increased IL-4+ CD3+ T cells compared with non-ABPA CF patients and controls. CONCLUSIONS ABPA CF patients have increased sensitivity to IL-4 but not to IL-13 up-regulation of CD23 molecules compared with non-ABPA CF patients. There were decreased percentages of IFN-gamma+ and IL-2+ Th1 T cells in CF patients compared with nonatopic controls but similar percentages of IL-4+ Th2 T cells in all three groups. However, ABPA CF patients had increased frequency of Aspergillus-stimulated Th2 T cells. This indicated that there is skewing of Th2 T cells in ABPA CF patients. Thus, in CF ABPA patients there is increased Th2 T cells and increased sensitivity to IL-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Knutsen
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Saint Louis University Health Sciences Center, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Ivković-Irstić G, Ljaljević J. [Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis]. SRP ARK CELOK LEK 2002; 130:332-5. [PMID: 12577676 DOI: 10.2298/sarh0210332i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Houser SM, Corey JP. Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis: pathophysiology, epidemiology, and diagnosis. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2000; 33:399-409. [PMID: 10736413 DOI: 10.1016/s0030-6665(00)80014-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) is believed to have a cause similar to allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). Both are thought to be mediated by both type I (IgE) and type III (IgE-antigen immune complexes) Gell and Coombs reactions. ABPA patients also exhibit unique characteristics, such as HLA-DR2 or HLA-DR5 genotypes, and elevated suppressor T cell activity. While the pathophysiology of AFRS is similar histopathologically, similar immunologic studies have not been as well documented. Most cases of AFRS involve dematiaceous fungi, rather than Aspergillus. A suggested laboratory work-up for the disease is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Houser
- Department of Otolaryngology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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