1
|
Lee H. Mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome. Blood Res 2023; 58:66-82. [PMID: 37105561 PMCID: PMC10133849 DOI: 10.5045/br.2023.2023023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sézary syndrome (SS) are a distinct disease entity of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma with heterogenous clinical features and prognosis. MF mainly involves skin and usually shows an indolent and favorable clinical course. In patients with advanced-stage disease, extracutaneous involvement including lymph nodes, viscera, and blood, or large cell transformation may be observed. SS is a leukemic form of advanced-stage MF, characterized by generalized erythroderma. Early-stage MF can be treated with skin-directed therapy. However, patients with refractory or advanced-stage disease are associated with severe symptoms or poor prognosis, requiring systemic therapy. Recent progress in understanding the pathogenesis of MF/SS has contributed to advances in the management of these rare diseases. This review aims to describe the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, risk stratification, and treatment strategy of MF/SS, focusing on the recent updates in the management of these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyewon Lee
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, and Center for Hematologic Malignancy, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hristov AC, Tejasvi T, Wilcox RA. Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas: 2023 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management. Am J Hematol 2023; 98:193-209. [PMID: 36226409 PMCID: PMC9772153 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.26760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
DISEASE OVERVIEW Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas are a heterogenous group of T-cell neoplasms involving the skin, the majority of which may be classified as Mycosis Fungoides (MF) or Sézary Syndrome (SS). DIAGNOSIS The diagnosis of MF or SS requires the integration of clinical and histopathologic data. RISK-ADAPTED THERAPY TNMB (tumor, node, metastasis, blood) staging remains the most important prognostic factor in MF/SS and forms the basis for a "risk-adapted," multidisciplinary approach to treatment. For patients with disease limited to the skin, expectant management or skin-directed therapies is preferred, as both disease-specific and overall survival for these patients is favorable. In contrast, patients with advanced-stage disease with significant nodal, visceral or the blood involvement are generally approached with systemic therapies, including biologic-response modifiers, histone deacetylase inhibitors, or antibody-based strategies, in an escalating fashion. In highly-selected patients, allogeneic stem-cell transplantation may be considered, as this may be curative in some patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C. Hristov
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, 2800 Plymouth Road, Building 35, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2800
| | - Trilokraj Tejasvi
- Department of Dermatology, 1910 Taubman Center, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Ryan A. Wilcox
- Correspondence to: Ryan Wilcox, MD, PhD, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Room 4310 CC, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5948, Phone: (734) 615-9799, Fax: (734) 936-7376,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kim YH. What factors guide treatment selection in mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome? HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2021; 2021:303-312. [PMID: 34889422 PMCID: PMC8791145 DOI: 10.1182/hematology.2021000263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) comprises a spectrum of T-cell lymphomas with primary skin involvement. Mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sezary syndrome (SS) are the common subtypes of CTCL in which patients present with widely diverse profiles of skin involvement and varying extents of extracutaneous disease. Patients with early-stage disease have an excellent prognosis and are managed primarily with skin-directed therapies; however, those with advanced-stage MF or SS often require multiple lines and recurrent courses of systemic therapies. Many options are available when considering systemic agents, and it is often challenging to know how to prioritize therapies to address a patient's objective disease and quality of life issues. Appreciating the disease heterogeneity and understanding the patient's overall disease profile (eg, skin, lymph nodes, blood, large cell transformation) serve as a useful framework in aligning therapies that can optimally treat active sites of disease. Tissue or blood biomarkers can be integrated into our process of prioritizing therapies and personalizing management in MF or SS. Multidisciplinary management and optimizing supportive care are additional key elements for a favorable outcome. Appropriate patients with high-risk disease should be considered for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youn H. Kim
- Correspondence Youn H. Kim, Stanford University School of Medicine, 780 Welch Rd, CJ220D, C. J. Huang Bldg, Palo Alto, CA 94304; e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hristov AC, Tejasvi T, Wilcox RA. Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas: 2021 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management. Am J Hematol 2021; 96:1313-1328. [PMID: 34297414 PMCID: PMC8486344 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.26299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
DISEASE OVERVIEW Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas are a heterogenous group of T-cell neoplasms involving the skin, the majority of which may be classified as Mycosis Fungoides (MF) or Sézary Syndrome (SS). DIAGNOSIS The diagnosis of MF or SS requires the integration of clinical and histopathologic data. RISK-ADAPTED THERAPY TNMB (tumor, node, metastasis, blood) staging remains the most important prognostic factor in MF/SS and forms the basis for a "risk-adapted," multi-disciplinary approach to treatment. For patients with disease limited to the skin, expectant management or skin-directed therapies is preferred, as both disease-specific and overall survival for these patients is favorable. In contrast, patients with advanced-stage disease with significant nodal, visceral or blood involvement are generally approached with systemic therapies, including biologic-response modifiers, histone deacetylase inhibitors, or antibody-based strategies, in an escalating fashion. In highly-selected patients, allogeneic stem-cell transplantation may be considered, as this may be curative in some patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C. Hristov
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, North Campus Research Complex, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Trilokraj Tejasvi
- Director Cutaneous Lymphoma program, Department of Dermatology, A. Alfred Taubman Health Care Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ryan A. Wilcox
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Engin B, Keçici AS, Uzun AÖ, Yalçın M. Psychiatric comorbidity, depression, and anxiety levels and quality of life of the patients with mycosis fungoides. Dermatol Ther 2020; 33:e13922. [DOI: 10.1111/dth.13922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Burhan Engin
- Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Department of Dermatology and Venerology İstanbul University‐Cerrahpaşa İstanbul Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Sevim Keçici
- Department of Dermatology University of Medical Sciences Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital Turkey
| | - Aslıhan Özge Uzun
- Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Department of Dermatology and Venerology İstanbul University‐Cerrahpaşa İstanbul Turkey
| | - Murat Yalçın
- Department of Psychiatry University of Medical Sciences Erenkoy Training and Research Hospital for Psychiatry and Neurological Diseases İstanbul Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Skindex-29 scores indicate poor quality of life in early stage mycosis fungoides. J Dermatol Sci 2020; 98:98-101. [PMID: 32362434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Questionnaire tools are increasingly being used to assess health related quality of life (HRQOL) in mycosis fungoides (MF) patients. However, a thorough understanding of the factors that lead to poor HRQoL in early stage disease and their distribution across patient subgroups is lacking. OBJECTIVES To characterize factors affecting HRQoL as assessed by Skindex-29 in subgroups of patients with early stage MF seen at a multidisciplinary cutaneous lymphoma clinic. METHODS Skindex-29, a multidimensional survey that evaluates HRQoL (emotions, symptoms, function), was distributed to early stage MF patients. Overall and component scores were analyzed in three groups: no evidence of disease (NED), active disease with limited early stage (AD-T1), and active disease with more extensive early stage (AD-T2). Scores were also compared among patients receiving different treatment modalities. RESULTS 56 patients (9 NED, 36 AD-T1, and 11 AD-T2) were enrolled in the study. Overall Skindex-29 scores and scores for individual dimensions were comparable among the three sub-groups. Similarly, these scores did not significantly differ among treatment groups or after removal of patients with previous staging higher than IB. Analysis of individual questions revealed that NED patients reported higher scores for questions pertaining to anger and fatigue. CONCLUSIONS Early stage MF patients enrolled in this study had high overall Skindex-29 scores. Surprisingly, Skindex-29 scores of NED patients were comparable to those of patients with active disease, T1 and T2, mostly due to anger and fatigue. Even when skin involvement is minimal or absent, MF patients continue to report impaired HRQoL.
Collapse
|
7
|
Herbosa C, Semenov Y, Rosenberg A, Mehta‐Shah N, Musiek A. Clinical severity measures and quality‐of‐life burden in patients with mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome: comparison of generic and dermatology‐specific instruments. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 34:995-1003. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C.M. Herbosa
- Division of Dermatology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
| | - Y.R. Semenov
- Division of Dermatology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
| | - A.R. Rosenberg
- Division of Dermatology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
| | - N. Mehta‐Shah
- Division of Medical Oncology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
| | - A.C. Musiek
- Division of Dermatology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hristov AC, Tejasvi T, Wilcox RA. Mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome: 2019 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management. Am J Hematol 2019; 94:1027-1041. [PMID: 31313347 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.25577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
DISEASE OVERVIEW Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL) are a heterogenous group of T-cell neoplasms involving the skin, the majority of which may be classified as Mycosis fungoides (MF) or Sézary syndrome (SS). DIAGNOSIS The diagnosis of MF or SS requires the integration of clinical and histopathologic data. RISK-ADAPTED THERAPY TNMB (tumor, node, metastasis, blood) staging remains the most important prognostic factor in MF/SS and forms the basis for a "risk-adapted," multi-disciplinary approach to treatment. For patients with disease limited to the skin, skin-directed therapies are preferred, as both disease-specific and overall survival for these patients is favorable. In contrast, patients with advanced-stage disease with significant nodal, visceral or blood involvement are generally approached with systemic therapies. These include biologic-response modifiers, histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, or antibody-based strategies, in an escalating fashion. In highly-selected patients, allogeneic stem-cell transplantation may be considered, as this may be curative in some patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C. Hristov
- Departments of Pathology and DermatologyUniversity of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan
| | | | - Ryan A. Wilcox
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center Ann Arbor Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Holahan HM, Farah RS, Fitz S, Mott SL, Ferguson NN, McKillip J, Link B, Liu V. Health-related quality of life in patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma? Int J Dermatol 2018; 57:1314-1319. [DOI: 10.1111/ijd.14132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heather M. Holahan
- Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School; Department of Dermatology; University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics; Iowa City IA USA
| | - Ronda S. Farah
- Department of Dermatology; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis MN USA
| | - Sara Fitz
- Medical Associates Clinic & Health Plans; Dubuque IA USA
| | - Sarah L. Mott
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics; Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center; Iowa City IA USA
| | - Nkanyezi N. Ferguson
- Department of Dermatology; University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics; Iowa City IA USA
| | - Julie McKillip
- Department of Dermatology; University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics; Iowa City IA USA
| | - Brian Link
- Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology, Oncology, and Blood and Marrow Transplantation; University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics; Iowa City IA USA
| | - Vincent Liu
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology; University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics; Iowa City IA USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Searching for wisdom in oncology care: A scoping review. Palliat Support Care 2016; 15:384-400. [PMID: 27666083 DOI: 10.1017/s1478951516000675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The concept of "wisdom" is beginning to emerge in the oncology literature, raising questions concerning: (1) how the concept of wisdom is used in oncology literature; (2) the ways in which wisdom has been a focus of inquiry within oncology care; and (3) how wisdom is characterized when the term is used. METHOD A scoping review, using Arksey and O'Malley's five-step framework, was undertaken to address these questions. In consultation with oncology reference librarians, "wisdom"- and "oncology"-related search terms were identified, and four electronic databases were searched: CINAHL, SocINDEX, PubMed, and PsychINFO. After removal of duplicates and application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 58 records were identified and included for analysis. RESULTS The concept of wisdom was employed with a breadth of meanings, and 58 records were schematized into 7 genres, including: (1) empirical research with wisdom foregrounded as a study focus (n = 2); (2) empirical research articles where "wisdom" appears in the findings (n = 16); (3) a quality-improvement project where wisdom is an embedded concept (n = 1); (4) essays where wisdom is an aspect of the discussion (n = 5); (5) commentary/opinion pieces where wisdom is an aspect of its focus (n = 6); (6) personal stories describing wisdom as something gleaned from lived experience with cancer (n = 2); and (7) everyday/taken-for-granted uses of wisdom (n = 26). SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS The notion of wisdom has a taken-for-granted presence in the published oncology literature and holds promise for future research into patient and clinician wisdom in oncology care. Nonetheless, the terminology is varied and unclear. A scholarly focus on wisdom has not been brought to bear in cancer care to the degree it has in other fields, and research is in the early stages. Various characterizations of wisdom are present. If such a resource as "wisdom" exists, dwelling in human experiences and practices, there may be benefit in recognizing wisdom as informing the epistemologies of practice in oncology care.
Collapse
|
11
|
Affiliation(s)
- J Barke
- University of the West of England, Bristol, BS16 1QY, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kaźmierska J. Clinical results of the total skin electron irradiation of the mycosis fungoides in adults. Conventional fractionation and low dose schemes. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother 2013; 19:99-103. [PMID: 24936327 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpor.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycosis fungoides (MF) is a rare skin condition, effectively treated by irradiation. Since 1951, different methods of total skin irradiation have been developed. Although dose-response effect has been demonstrated in many publications, controversies about low dose treatment still exist. AIM The analysis of results of the total skin electron irradiation (TSEI), especially low dose TSEI in comparison with standard dose treatment is the subject of this review. Also, acute and late side effects of radiotherapy in MF are discussed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Medline search and analysis of studies published between 1995 and 2012, containing key words: mycosis fungoides, standard dose TSEI, low dose TSEI, total skin electron beam therapy (TSEBT). RESULTS Detailed analysis of relevant studies demonstrated that standard dose radiotherapy 30-36 Gy is the most effective treatment used in clinical practice. Objective response rate (ORR) is high, especially for less advanced stages of disease. Complete response rate (CR), although slightly lower, is still relatively high. For more advanced MF, TSEI serves as a very good method of palliative treatment and relief of symptoms, like pruritus, pain or desquamation. There is no consensus regarding low dose TSEI; the method is widely accepted as a palliative treatment or in case of reirradiation. CONCLUSIONS Standard dose TSEI is an effective method of MF treatment for radical and palliative treatment, producing high rate of ORR and reasonably long time to progression (TTP). Acute and late side effect of treatment are mostly mild and easy to manage. Low dose TSEI is still in the phase of clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kaźmierska
- Radiotherapy Department II, Greater Poland Cancer Center, Poznan, Poland ; Electroradiology Department, University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wright A, Wijeratne A, Hung T, Gao W, Whittaker S, Morris S, Scarisbrick J, Beynon T. Prevalence and severity of pruritus and quality of life in patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Pain Symptom Manage 2013; 45:114-9. [PMID: 22917715 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2012.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), although rare, is associated with a significant symptom burden. Pruritus appears to be one of the most prominent and disturbing symptoms. OBJECTIVES To describe the prevalence and severity of pruritus and quality of life (QOL) in patients with CTCL. METHODS Patients with CTCL able to complete two questionnaires were invited to complete a visual analogue scale for itch (VAS(itch)) and the Skindex-29. Prevalence of pruritus, mean score, and SD were estimated for the VAS(itch) and Skindex-29, and the Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated to evaluate the relationship between severity of pruritus and QOL. RESULTS One hundred patients were recruited (mean [SD] age 57.9 [12.9] years, range 30-86 years). Eighty-eight percent reported pruritus in the preceding four weeks, 46% indicating that it was often or always a problem. The mean (SD) of VAS(itch) (n=92) was 3.2 (3.2), range zero to 10. The mean (SD) total Skindex-29 score was 43.3 (27.7). More advanced disease stage was associated with poorer QOL. The Skindex-29 correlated strongly with the VAS(itch) (Pearson's correlation coefficient=0.72, P<0.001). CONCLUSION All aspects of QOL are affected in CTCL. Pruritus is a common and troublesome symptom. A more advanced disease stage and more severe pruritus symptoms were associated with poorer QOL in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Wright
- St. Thomas' Hospital, King's Health Partners, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kim YH, Demierre MF, Kim EJ, Lerner A, Rook AH, Duvic M, Robak T, Samtsov A, McCulloch W, Chen SC, Waksman J, Nichols J, Whittaker S. Clinically meaningful reduction in pruritus in patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma treated with romidepsin. Leuk Lymphoma 2012; 54:284-9. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2012.711829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
15
|
|
16
|
|
17
|
Abstract
Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs) are a rare group of mature T-cell lymphomas presenting primarily in the skin. The most common subtypes of CTCL are mycosis fungoides and its leukaemic variant Sézary's syndrome. Patients with early-stage disease frequently have an indolent clinical course; however, those with advanced stages have a shortened survival. For the treating physician, the question of how to choose a particular therapy in the management of CTCL is important. These diseases span the disciplines of dermatology, medical oncology and radiation oncology. Other than an allogeneic stem cell transplant, there are no curative therapies for this disease. Hence, many treatment modalities need to be offered to the patient over the course of their life. An accepted treatment approach has been to delay traditional chemotherapy, which can cause excessive toxicity without durable benefit. More conservative treatment strategies in the initial management of CTCL have led to the development of newer biological and targeted therapies. These therapies include biological immune enhancers such as interferon alpha and extracorporeal photopheresis that exert their effect by stimulating an immune response to the tumour cells. Retinoids such as bexarotene have been shown to be effective and well tolerated with predictable adverse effects. The fusion toxin denileukin diftitox targets the interleukin-2 receptor expressed on malignant T cells. Histone deacetylase inhibitors such as vorinostat and romidepsin (depsipeptide) may reverse the epigenetic states associated with cancer. Forodesine is a novel inhibitor of purine nucleoside phosphorylase and leads to apoptosis of malignant T cells. Pralatrexate is a novel targeted antifolate that targets the reduced folate carrier in cancer cells. Lastly, systemic chemotherapy including transplantation is used when rapid disease control is needed or if all other biological therapies have failed. As response rates to most of the biological agents used to treat CTCL are 25-30%, it is also reasonable to consider clinical trials with novel agents if one or two front-line therapies have failed, especially before considering chemotherapy. CTCL is largely an incurable disease with significant morbidity and more active agents are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Lansigan
- Hematology/Oncology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
|
19
|
Lansigan F, Stearns DM, Foss F. Role of denileukin diftitox in the treatment of persistent or recurrent cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Cancer Manag Res 2010; 2:53-9. [PMID: 21188096 PMCID: PMC3004568 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s5009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Denileukin diftitox (Ontak(®)) is indicated for the treatment of patients with persistent or recurrent cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), a rare lymphoproliferative disorder of the skin. Denileukin diftitox was the first fusion protein toxin approved for the treatment of a human disease. This fusion protein toxin combines the IL2 protein with diphtheria toxin, and targets the CD25 subunit of the IL2 receptor, resulting in the unique delivery of a cytocidal agent to CD-25 bearing T-cells. Historically, immunotherapy targeting malignant T-cells including monoclonal antibodies has been largely ineffective as cytocidal agents compared to immunotherapy directed against B-cells such as rituximab. This review will summarize the development of denileukin diftitox, its proposed mechanism of action, the pivotal clinical trials that led to its FDA approval, the improvements in quality of life, and the common toxicities experienced during the treatment of patients with CTCL. CTCL is often a chronic progressive lymphoma requiring the sequential use of treatments such as retinoids, traditional chemotherapy, or biological response modifiers. The incorporation of the immunotoxin denileukin diftitox into the sequential or combinatorial treatment of CTCL will also be addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Lansigan
- Hematology/Oncology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Patient perspectives regarding the value of total skin electron beam therapy for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma/mycosis fungoides: a pilot study. Am J Clin Oncol 2009; 32:142-4. [PMID: 19307950 DOI: 10.1097/coc.0b013e3181841f5c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) represents a group of lymphoid malignancies involving the skin with mycosis fungoides being most common. This prospective study was initiated to evaluate perceptions of total skin electron beam therapy (TSEBT) by patients with mycosis fungoides who had failed at least 3 prior therapies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Before the start of TSEBT, at 1 month and 6 months after the completion of treatment, patients completed an anonymous questionnaire for each of the prior therapies and for TSEBT. It identified the following: (1) success of the therapy, (2) difficulty in the therapy, (3) ability to recover from the therapy, (4) risk/benefit ratio of the therapy, and (5) willingness to repeat the therapy or therapies in question. Mean values for each question were compared using the paired t test. RESULTS Thirteen patients were enrolled in the study. At 1- and 6-months posttreatment, patients thought that TSEBT was more difficult to undergo and recover from in comparison to other therapies. At 6-months posttreatment, patients also opposed the repeat therapy with TSEBT compared with other treatments. Patients perceived TSEBT as more successful than other therapies, but this difference in perception was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS TSEBT is perceived by patients to be a successful treatment. TSEBT is thought to be a difficult treatment to undergo and recover from compared with other treatments.
Collapse
|
21
|
Sampogna F, Frontani M, Baliva G, Lombardo G, Alvetreti G, Di Pietro C, Tabolli S, Russo G, Abeni D. Quality of life and psychological distress in patients with cutaneous lymphoma. Br J Dermatol 2009; 160:815-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08992.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
22
|
Fantin VR, Loboda A, Paweletz CP, Hendrickson RC, Pierce JW, Roth JA, Li L, Gooden F, Korenchuk S, Hou XS, Harrington EA, Randolph S, Reilly JF, Ware CM, Kadin ME, Frankel SR, Richon VM. Constitutive activation of signal transducers and activators of transcription predicts vorinostat resistance in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Cancer Res 2008; 68:3785-94. [PMID: 18483262 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-6091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vorinostat is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that induces differentiation, growth arrest, and/or apoptosis of malignant cells both in vitro and in vivo and has shown clinical responses in approximately 30% of patients with advanced mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). The purpose of this study was to identify biomarkers predictive of vorinostat response in CTCL using preclinical model systems and to assess these biomarkers in clinical samples. The signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway was evaluated. The data indicate that persistent activation of STAT1, STAT3, and STAT5 correlate with resistance to vorinostat in lymphoma cell lines. Simultaneous treatment with a pan-Janus-activated kinase inhibitor resulted in synergistic antiproliferative effect and down-regulation of the expression of several antiapoptotic genes. Immunohistochemical analysis of STAT1 and phosphorylated tyrosine STAT3 (pSTAT3) in skin biopsies obtained from CTCL patients enrolled in the vorinostat phase IIb trial showed that nuclear accumulation of STAT1 and high levels of nuclear pSTAT3 in malignant T cells correlate with a lack of clinical response. These results suggest that deregulation of STAT activity plays a role in vorinostat resistance in CTCL, and strategies that block this pathway may improve vorinostat response. Furthermore, these findings may be of prognostic value in predicting the response of CTCL patients to vorinostat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria R Fantin
- Merck Research Laboratories, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Scarisbrick J, Taylor P, Holtick U, Makar Y, Douglas K, Berlin G, Juvonen E, Marshall S. U.K. consensus statement on the use of extracorporeal photopheresis for treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and chronic graft-versus-host disease. Br J Dermatol 2008; 158:659-78. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08415.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
24
|
You J. [Significance and necessity of developing quality of life questionnaire for cancer patients adapting to traditional Chinese medicine]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 4:473-7. [PMID: 16965739 DOI: 10.3736/jcim20060506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The clinical evaluation system for therapeutic effects of tumor, which focuses on survival period and tumor response rate, has been proved not very proper for evaluating the therapeutic effects of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Quality of life (QOL) has been introduced into the effective evaluation system of TCM and integrative medicine because of its similarity in concept and extension with TCM at theory basis, syndrome differentiation-treatment, and evaluation of therapeutic effects. But there are no QOL questionnaires which can evaluate the therapeutic effects of TCM and integrative medicine precisely. This article discussed the necessity and significance of developing QOL questionnaire special for TCM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie You
- Third Department of Tumor, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Miller JD, Kirkland EB, Domingo DS, Scull H, Jekutis B, Dallas M, Cooper KD, Baron ED. Review of extracorporeal photopheresis in early-stage (IA, IB, and IIA) cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2007; 23:163-71. [PMID: 17803594 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0781.2007.00300.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) has been used for nearly 20 years for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). A substantial body of literature reports that this form of photoimmunotherapy improves or stabilizes the course of disease in a subset of patients across all stages. However, current clinical approach usually reserves ECP for patients who do not respond to other treatments or for patients with late-stage disease or Sézary syndrome (SS). METHODS A comprehensive Pubmed/Medline literature search was performed to identify studies reporting the use and efficacy of ECP in early stage (IA, IB, and IIA) CTCL. Information regarding prognostic factors and survival of early-stage patients treated with ECP was also obtained and summarized. RESULTS The heterogenous nature of the reports and lack of any prospective randomized trials made evaluation of response to treatment difficult. However, the current literature contains at least 124 early-stage patients treated with ECP or ECP plus adjuvant therapy from 1987-2007 in 16 different reports. Response rates of treatment for this patient population with ECP and ECP plus adjuvant therapy varied from 33-88%. CONCLUSIONS Given the very low side effect profile of ECP compared with other therapies and its demonstrated efficacy, this treatment modality is possibly beneficial for patients with earlier stages of CTCL. Randomized prospective studies are needed to establish the role of ECP in this disease subset.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janine D Miller
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Stein M, Farrar N, Jones GW, Wilson LD, Fox L, Wong RK, Kuten A. Central Neurologic Involvement in Mycosis Fungoides. Cancer J 2006; 12:55-62. [PMID: 16613663 DOI: 10.1097/00130404-200601000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurologic involvement in mycosis fungoides is rare. Isolated case reports in the literature suggest the pattern and the natural history for such occurrences, while a literature summary can provide direction on diagnosis and management. Although case series may confirm such information, cohort data are required to establish an overall risk of occurrence and to evaluate possible predictive factors. METHODS We presented a case of central nervous system involvement in mycosis fungoides from Haifa, Israel and tabulated a series of nine cases from Canada. To estimate the risk of neurologic involvement, a cohort of 680 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed mycosis fungoides, of which the nine cases of neurologic involvement emerged during follow up, was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. The actuarial risk of developing neurologic involvement was related to the baseline tumor-node-metastasis-blood classification factors. RESULTS The pattern of disease in these 10 additional cases confirms the overall pattern in the approximately 40 patients described in the literature. The main symptoms are fluctuating higher cognitive functions and cranial nerve dysfunction, with fairly rapid clinical onset of symptoms. Most cases of central neurologic involvement with mycosis fungoides emerge within a setting of advanced disease. In patients with newly diagnosed mycosis fungoides, the greatest risk of developing neurologic involvement is within the first several years after diagnosis and is associated with the initial stage of disease. Patients with two or more of the T3-4, N3, M1, and B1 classification factors have a one in six chance of developing central neurologic involvement, while there is about a one in a hundred chance for the corresponding control group. CONCLUSIONS Neurologic involvement with mycosis fungoides is indeed rare, but it is associated with a more advanced stage at diagnosis and with other visceral disease that can precede it. Although the role of low-dose prophylactic cranial radiation is uncertain, overt neurologic involvement requires urgent palliative treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Stein
- The Northern Israel Oncology Center, Rambam Medical Center and the Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Demierre MF, Gan S, Jones J, Miller DR. Significant impact of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma on patients' quality of life. Cancer 2006; 107:2504-11. [PMID: 17048251 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.22252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) can have a profound impact on a patient's health-related quality of life; however, little is known about its actual impact. The authors evaluated patients' perspectives on the impact of CTCL on physical functioning, lifestyle, emotional well being, and satisfaction with treatment. METHODS A 4-page, self-administered questionnaire was mailed and made available online in March 2005 to the entire United States membership of the Mycosis Fungoides Foundation (n = 930 members). Outcome measures were patients' perspectives on the psychosocial impact of CTCL and the management of their disease. RESULTS The response rate was 68%, and 93.6% of respondents were white. The majority of respondents had mycosis fungoides (89%). Respondents were bothered by skin redness (94%) and by the extent of symptoms that affected their choice of clothing (63%). For most patients, the disease had a functional impact, rendering them tired or affecting their sleep. Health distress was reported by almost all respondents, with 94% reporting that they worried about the seriousness of their disease and 80% worrying about dying from the disease. Sixty-two percent of respondents reported that their disease made them feel unattractive, 85% reported that their treatment made their disease seem more manageable, but 61% reported that they felt burdened financially by their disease. CONCLUSIONS The high response rate and patients' responses to the survey provided compelling evidence that patients believed CTCL had a profound and severe impact on their functioning, emotional, and social well being. A striking health distress was prevalent in almost all respondents. Although the majority of patients reported that treatments made their disease more manageable, a significant proportion reported that they felt burdened financially by their disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-France Demierre
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Girardi
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn 06520, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|