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Ganesh CB, Vijayalaxmi. Neuroanatomical organization of methionine-enkephalinergic system in the brain of the Mozambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus. J Chem Neuroanat 2021; 115:101963. [PMID: 33957231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2021.101963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Enkephalins are a class of opioid peptides implicated in several physiological and neuroendocrine responses in vertebrates. In this study, using immunocytochemical or immunofluorescence technique, we examined the neuroanatomical distribution of methionine enkephalin (M-ENK) immunoreactivity in the central nervous system (CNS) of the cichlid fish Oreochromis mossambicus. In the telencephalon, no M-ENK-like-immunoreactive (M-ENK-L-ir) perikarya, but sparsely distributed fibres were detected in the glomerular layer and the granule cell layer of the olfactory bulb. Although intensely labeled M-ENK-L-ir cells and fibres were found in the pallium, no M-ENK immunoreactivity was observed in the subpallium. The preoptic area showed a few M-ENK-L-ir somata and dense innervations of fibres. In the hypothalamic area, M-ENK-L-ir cells and fibres were located in magnocellular and parvocellular subdivisions of the nucleus preopticus, and medial and lateral subdivisions of the nucleus lateralis tuberis. Surrounding the recessus lateralis of the third ventricle, several intensely stained and packed M-ENK-L-ir cells and fibres were seen in dorsal, lateral and ventral subdivisions of the nucleus recessus lateralis. In the diencephalon, M-ENK immunoreactivity was restricted to the habenula, the thalamus, the pretectal area and the nucleus posterior tuberis. Dense aggregations of M-ENK-L-ir fibres were seen in the mesencephalic subdivisions, the optic tectum and the torus semicircularis, whereas a few fusiform M-ENK-L-ir cells and fibres were scattered in the midbrain tegmentum. In the rhombencephalon, different populations of ovoid or spindle shaped M-ENK-L-ir cells were observed in the secondary gustatory nucleus, the sensory trigeminal nerve nucleus, the nucleus reticularis medialis and the vagal motor nucleus, whereas bands of fibres were seen in the rostral spinal cord. Collectively, the widespread distribution of M-ENK immunoreactivity in the CNS suggests a role for this opioid peptide in regulation of neuroendocrine control of reproduction and modulation of sensorimotor functions in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Ganesh
- Neuroendocrinology Research Laboratory, Department of Studies in Zoology, Karnatak University, Dharwad, 580 003, India.
| | - Vijayalaxmi
- Neuroendocrinology Research Laboratory, Department of Studies in Zoology, Karnatak University, Dharwad, 580 003, India
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Pillay S, Bhagwandin A, Bertelsen MF, Patzke N, Engler G, Engel AK, Manger PR. The diencephalon of two carnivore species: The feliform banded mongoose and the caniform domestic ferret. J Comp Neurol 2020; 529:52-86. [PMID: 32964417 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study provides an analysis of the cytoarchitecture, myeloarchitecture, and chemoarchitecture of the diencephalon (dorsal thalamus, ventral thalamus, and epithalamus) of the banded mongoose (Mungos mungo) and domestic ferret (Mustela putorius furo). Using architectural and immunohistochemical stains, we observe that the nuclear organization of the diencephalon is very similar in the two species, and similar to that reported in other carnivores, such as the domestic cat and dog. The same complement of putatively homologous nuclei were identified in both species, with only one variance, that being the presence of the perireticular nucleus in the domestic ferret, that was not observed in the banded mongoose. The chemoarchitecture was also mostly consistent between species, although there were a number of minor variations across a range of nuclei in the density of structures expressing the calcium-binding proteins parvalbumin, calbindin, and calretinin. Thus, despite almost 53 million years since these two species of carnivores shared a common ancestor, strong phylogenetic constraints appear to limit the potential for adaptive evolutionary plasticity within the carnivore order. Apart from the presence of the perireticular nucleus, the most notable difference between the species studied was the physical inversion of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, as well as the lateral posterior and pulvinar nuclei in the domestic ferret compared to the banded mongoose and other carnivores, although this inversion appears to be a feature of the Mustelidae family. While no functional sequelae are suggested, this inversion is likely to result from the altricial birth of Mustelidae species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashrika Pillay
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Adhil Bhagwandin
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mads F Bertelsen
- Centre for Zoo and Wild Animal Health, Copenhagen Zoo, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Nina Patzke
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Gerhard Engler
- Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas K Engel
- Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paul R Manger
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Anatomical evidence for lateral hypothalamic innervation of the pontine A7 catecholamine cell group in rat. Neurosci Lett 2018; 668:80-85. [PMID: 29329908 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Substantial behavioral evidence exists to support the idea that the lateral hypothalamus (LH) makes axonal connection with spinally-projecting noradrenergic neurons of the A7 catecholamine cell group in the pons. Through this putative projection, the LH modulates nociception via α1- and α2-adrenoceptors in the dorsal horn. We used double-label immunocytochemistry to demonstrate that axons from the LH labeled with the anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) appose tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-ir) neuron profiles in the A7 area. Other pontine areas labeled with BDA included the dorsomedial tegmental area, the pontine reticular nucleus, oral part, the caudal aspect of the dorsal raphe, the periaqueductal grey and the A6 area. To confirm the findings of the brightfield experiment, we used confocal microscopy to identify axons from the LH labeled with the anterograde tracer Fluoro-Ruby co-localized with TH-ir dendrites and cell bodies in the A7 cell group. These findings provide an anatomical substrate for behavioral studies in which stimulation of the LH modifies nociception in the spinal cord via norepinephrine.
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Menant O, Andersson F, Zelena D, Chaillou E. The benefits of magnetic resonance imaging methods to extend the knowledge of the anatomical organisation of the periaqueductal gray in mammals. J Chem Neuroanat 2016; 77:110-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Mapping of enkephalins and adrenocorticotropic hormone in the squirrel monkey brainstem. Anat Sci Int 2016; 92:275-292. [DOI: 10.1007/s12565-016-0333-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Seseña E, Vega R, Soto E. Activation of μ-opioid receptors inhibits calcium-currents in the vestibular afferent neurons of the rat through a cAMP dependent mechanism. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:90. [PMID: 24734002 PMCID: PMC3973932 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid receptors are expressed in the vestibular endorgans (afferent neurons and hair cells) and are activated by the efferent system, which modulates the discharge of action potentials in vestibular afferent neurons (VANs). In mammals, VANs mainly express the μ opioid-receptor, but the function of this receptors activation and the cellular mechanisms by which they exert their actions in these neurons are poorly studied. To determine the actions of μ opioid receptor (MOR) and cell signaling mechanisms in VANs, we made perforated patch-clamp recordings of VANs that were obtained from postnatal days 7 to 10 (P7–10) rats and then maintained in primary culture. The MOR agonist [D-Ala2, N-Me-Phe4, Gly5-ol]-enkephalin (DAMGO) inhibited the total voltage-gated outward current; this effect was prevented by the perfusion of a Ca2+-free extracellular solution. We then studied the voltage-gated calcium current (Ica) and found that DAMGO Met-enkephalin or endomorphin-1 inhibited the ICa in a dose-response fashion. The effects of DAMGO were prevented by the MOR antagonist (CTAP) or by pertussis toxin (PTX). The use of specific calcium channel blockers showed that MOR activation inhibited T-, L- and N-type ICa. The use of various enzyme activators and inhibitors and of cAMP analogs allowed us to demonstrate that the MOR acts through a cAMP dependent signaling mechanism. In current clamp experiments, MOR activation increased the duration and decreased the amplitude of the action potentials and modulated the discharge produced by current injection. Pre-incubation with PTX occluded MOR activation effect. We conclude that MOR activation inhibits the T-, L- and N-type ICa through activation of a Gαi/o protein that involves a decrease in AC-cAMP-PKA activity. The modulation of ICa may have an impact on the synaptic integration, excitability, and neurotransmitter release from VANs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Seseña
- Instituto de Fisiología, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla Puebla, México
| | - Rosario Vega
- Instituto de Fisiología, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla Puebla, México
| | - Enrique Soto
- Instituto de Fisiología, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla Puebla, México
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Immunohistochemical characterization of neurons and neuronal processes in the dorsal vagal nucleus of the pig. Pol J Vet Sci 2013; 16:9-16. [PMID: 23691570 DOI: 10.2478/pjvs-2013-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The vagus nerve is responsible for efferent and afferent innervation of the gastrointestinal tract. The efferent fibres originate from neurons located in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMX) and control mainly the gastric motor and secretory function. The main goal of our study was to examine expression of ChAT, SP, LENK, NOS and CART in the neuronal matrix of the porcine DMX. Double-labeling immunofluorescence revealed plenty of ChAT-IR neuronal cell bodies and fibres distributed throughout the nuclear matrix. Between the cholinergic somata and processes numerous SP-, LENK- and CART-IR neuronal protrusions forming dense networks were identified. While net of the NOS-IR fibres presented moderate density, the SP- and LENK-IR processes were often observed to form a basket-like structure closely surrounding the cholinergic parasympathetic neurons. Individual CART-IR basket-like formations were also encountered. A few double labeled ChAT-/NOS-IR perikarya in the rostral segment of the nucleus were also found. We confirm expression of studied antigens in the porcine DMX and provide morphological foundations for a possible regulatory role of SP, LENK, NOS and CART in porcine vago-visceral signaling.
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Sánchez ML, Vecino E, Coveñas R. Distribution of methionine-enkephalin in the minipig brainstem. J Chem Neuroanat 2013; 50-51:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Belekhova MG, Kenigfest NB, Gapanovich SO, Rio JP, Peperant J. Neurochemical organization of reptilian thalamus. Comparative analysis of amniote optical centers. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093006060019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Pesini P, Pego-Reigosa R, Tramu G, Coveñas R. Distribution of ACTH immunoreactivity in the diencephalon and the brainstem of the dog. J Chem Neuroanat 2004; 27:275-82. [PMID: 15261334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2004.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2003] [Accepted: 05/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The present work describes for the first time the anatomical distribution of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the diencephalon and the brainstem of the dog by means of the indirect immunoperoxidase technique. The distribution found in this species agrees well with the pattern found in other mammals and particularly confirms much of the findings reported in the cat. An exception to that concordance is the presence of ACTH perikarya in the nucleus of the solitary tract of the dog, a population that has been described in the rat but not in the cat, and in the ventral mesencephalon. This last population spread across the ventral tegmental area from the raphe to the cerebral peduncle and appeared to be a specific feature of the canine brain. On the other hand, we can not see ACTH fibers in the substantia nigra of the dog which could be a characteristic of the domestic carnivores, opposite to rodents, since these fibers appeared to be also lacking in the cat. Nevertheless, the widespread distribution of ACTH fibers in the brain of the dog included many other nuclei containing monoaminergic neurons which supported a possible role for ACTH in the regulation of these neurotransmitter systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pesini
- Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
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Abstract
This paper is the twenty-third installment of the annual review of research concerning the opiate system. It summarizes papers published during 2000 that studied the behavioral effects of the opiate peptides and antagonists, excluding the purely analgesic effects, although stress-induced analgesia is included. The specific topics covered this year include stress; tolerance and dependence; learning, memory, and reward; eating and drinking; alcohol and other drugs of abuse; sexual activity, pregnancy, and development; mental illness and mood; seizures and other neurological disorders; electrical-related activity; general activity and locomotion; gastrointestinal, renal, and hepatic function; cardiovascular responses; respiration and thermoregulation; and immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Vaccarino
- Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA.
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Pesini P, Pego-Reigosa R, Tramu G, Coveñas R. Distribution of alpha-neoendorphin immunoreactivity in the diencephalon and the brainstem of the dog. J Chem Neuroanat 2001; 22:251-62. [PMID: 11719022 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-0618(01)00136-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-neoendorphin (alpha-NE) is an opiate decapeptide derived from the prodynorphin protein. Its anatomical distribution in the brain of mammals other than the rat, particularly in carnivores, is less well known than for other opiate peptides. In the present work, we have charted the distribution of alpha-NE immunoreactive fibers and perikarya in the diencephalon and the brainstem of the dog. The highest densities of labeled fibers were found in the substantia nigra and in patches within the nucleus of the solitary tract. Moderate densities appeared in the arcuate nucleus (Ar), median eminence, entopeduncular nucleus, ventral tegmental area, retrorubral area, periaqueductal central gray, interpeduncular nucleus and lateral parabrachial nucleus. Groups of numerous labeled perikarya were localized in the magnocellular hypothalamic nuclei, Ar and in the central superior and incertus nuclei in the metencephalon. Moreover, less densely packed fibers and cells appeared widely distributed throughout many nuclei in the region studied. These results are discussed with regard to the pattern described in other species. In addition, the present results were compared with the distribution of met-enkephalin immunoreactivity in the diencephalon and the brainstem of the dog that we have recently described. Although the distributions of these two peptides overlap in many areas, the existence of numerous differences suggest that they form separate opiate systems in the dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pesini
- Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
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