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Periaqueductal gray and emotions: the complexity of the problem and the light at the end of the tunnel, the magnetic resonance imaging. Endocr Regul 2018; 52:222-238. [DOI: 10.2478/enr-2018-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The periaqueductal gray (PAG) is less referred in relationship with emotions than other parts of the brain (e.g. cortex, thalamus, amygdala), most probably because of the difficulty to reach and manipulate this small and deeply lying structure. After defining how to evaluate emotions, we have reviewed the literature and summarized data of the PAG contribution to the feeling of emotions focusing on the behavioral and neurochemical considerations. In humans, emotions can be characterized by three main domains: the physiological changes, the communicative expressions, and the subjective experiences. In animals, the physiological changes can mainly be studied. Indeed, early studies have considered the PAG as an important center of the emotions-related autonomic and motoric processes. However, in vivo imaging have changed our view by highlighting the PAG as a significant player in emotions-related cognitive processes. The PAG lies on the crossroad of networks important in the regulation of emotions and therefore it should not be neglected. In vivo imaging represents a good tool for studying this structure in living organism and may reveal new information about its role beyond its importance in the neurovegetative regulation.
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Sánchez ML, de Souza E, Aguilar LA, Coveñas R. Distribution of alpha-neoendorphin, ACTH (18-39) and beta-endorphin (1-27) in the alpaca brainstem. Anat Histol Embryol 2018; 47:481-492. [DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel L. Sánchez
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy of the Peptidergic Systems (Lab. 14); Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCYL); Salamanca Spain
| | - Eliana de Souza
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy of the Peptidergic Systems (Lab. 14); Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCYL); Salamanca Spain
| | - Luis A. Aguilar
- Faculty of Health Sciences; San Ignacio de Loyola University (USIL); Lima Peru
| | - Rafael Coveñas
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy of the Peptidergic Systems (Lab. 14); Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCYL); Salamanca Spain
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Manso B, Sánchez M, Medina L, Aguilar L, Díaz-Cabiale Z, Narváez J, Coveñas R. Immunohistochemical mapping of pro-opiomelanocortin- and pro-dynorphin-derived peptides in the alpaca (Lama pacos) diencephalon. J Chem Neuroanat 2014; 59-60:36-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Duque E, Mangas A, Salinas P, Díaz-Cabiale Z, Narváez JA, Coveñas R. Mapping of alpha-neo-endorphin- and neurokinin B-immunoreactivity in the human brainstem. Brain Struct Funct 2012; 218:131-49. [PMID: 22318412 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-012-0388-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the distribution of alpha-neo-endorphin- or neurokinin B-immunoreactive fibres and cell bodies in the adult human brainstem with no prior history of neurological or psychiatric disease. A low density of alpha-neo-endorphin-immunoreactive cell bodies was only observed in the medullary central gray matter and in the spinal trigeminal nucleus (gelatinosa part). Alpha-neo-endorphin-immunoreactive fibres were moderately distributed throughout the human brainstem. A high density of alpha-neo-endorphin-immunoreactive fibres was found only in the solitary nucleus (caudal part), in the spinal trigeminal nucleus (caudal part), and in the gelatinosa part of the latter nucleus. Neurokinin B-immunoreactive cell bodies (low density) were found in the periventricular central gray matter, the reticular formation of the pons and in the superior colliculus. The distribution of the neurokinin-immunoreactive fibres was restricted. In general, for both neuropeptides the density of the immunoreactive fibres was low. In the human brainstem, the proenkephalin system was more widely distributed than the prodynorphin system, and the preprotachykinin A system (neurokinin A) was more widely distributed than the preprotachykinin B system (neurokinin B).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewing Duque
- Laboratory of Neuroscience (Lab. 143), Pontificia Bolivariana-Montería University, Montería, Colombia
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Nucleus incertus--an emerging modulatory role in arousal, stress and memory. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011; 35:1326-41. [PMID: 21329721 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in systems neuroscience is to determine the underlying neural circuitry and associated neurotransmitters and receptors involved in psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety and depression. A focus of many of these studies has been specific brainstem nuclei that modulate levels of arousal via their ascending monoaminergic projections (e.g. the serotonergic dorsal raphé, noradrenergic locus ceruleus and cholinergic laterodorsal tegmental nucleus). After years of relative neglect, the subject of recent studies in this context has been the GABAergic nucleus incertus, which is located in the midline periventricular central gray in the 'prepontine' hindbrain, with broad projections throughout the forebrain. Nucleus incertus neurons express receptors for the stress hormone, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), are activated by psychological stressors, and project to key nuclei involved in stress responses and behavioral activation. The nucleus incertus is also a node in neural circuits capable of modulating hippocampal theta rhythm, which is related to control of spatial navigation and memory. A significant population of nucleus incertus neurons express the recently discovered, highly conserved neuropeptide, relaxin-3; and the recent availability of structurally-related, chimeric peptides that selectively activate or inhibit the relaxin-3 receptor, RXFP3, is facilitating studies of relaxin-3/RXFP3 networks and associated GABA and CRF systems. It is predicted that such targeted research will help elucidate the functions of ascending nucleus incertus pathways, including their possible involvement in arousal (sleep/wakefulness), stress reponses, and learning and memory; and in the pathology of related psychiatric diseases such as insomnia, anxiety and depression, and cognitive deficits.
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Ma S, Sang Q, Lanciego JL, Gundlach AL. Localization of relaxin-3 in brain of Macaca fascicularis: identification of a nucleus incertus in primate. J Comp Neurol 2010; 517:856-72. [PMID: 19844992 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Relaxin-3 (RLN3) is a highly conserved, ancestral member of the insulin/relaxin peptide family. RLN3 mRNA is highly expressed in rat, mouse, and human brain and molecular genetic and pharmacological studies suggest that RLN3 is the cognate ligand for the relaxin family peptide-3 receptor (RXFP3). The distribution of RLN3/RXFP3 networks has been determined in rat and mouse brain, but not in higher species. In this study we describe the distribution of RLN3 neurons in the brain of macaque (Macaca fascicularis) using in situ hybridization histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. RLN3 mRNA and high levels of RLN3-like immunoreactivity (-LI) were observed in neurons within a ventromedial region of the central gray of the pons and medulla that appears to represent the primate analog of the nucleus incertus (NI) described in lower species. Nerve fibers and terminals containing RLN3-LI were observed throughout brain regions identical to those known to receive afferents from the NI in the rat, including the septum, hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, lateral, dorsomedial and ventromedial hypothalamus, supramammillary and interpeduncular nuclei, anterodorsal, paraventricular and reuniens thalamic nuclei, lateral habenula, central gray, and dorsal raphe, solitary tract, and ambiguus nuclei. Experimental studies in the rat strongly implicate a role of this neuropeptide-receptor system in arousal, feeding, and metabolism, learning and memory, and central responses to psychological stressors. These new anatomical findings support the proposition that the RLN3 system is similarly involved in the integration and modulation of behavioral activation and arousal and responses to stress in nonhuman primates and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherie Ma
- Florey Neuroscience Institutes, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Vitamins in the monkey brain: An immunocytochemical study. J Chem Neuroanat 2009; 38:1-8. [PMID: 19477264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2009.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Revised: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Using highly specific antisera directed against vitamins, the distribution of pyridoxal-, pyridoxine-, vitamin C- and nicotinamide-immunoreactive structures in the monkey (Macaca fascicularis) brain was studied. Neither immunoreactive structures containing pyridoxine or nicotinamide, nor immunoreactive fibers containing vitamin C were found in the monkey brain. However, this work reports the first visualization and the morphological characteristics of pyridoxal- and vitamin C-immunoreactive cell bodies in the mammalian central nervous system using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. A high density of pyridoxal-immunoreactive cell bodies was found in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus and in the supraoptic nucleus and a low density of the same was observed in the periventricular hypothalamic region, whereas a moderate density of vitamin C-immunoreactive cell bodies was observed in the somatosensorial cortex (precentral gyrus). Immunoreactive fibers containing pyridoxal were only visualized in the anterior commissure. The restricted distribution of pyridoxal and vitamin C in the monkey brain suggests that both vitamins could be involved in very specific physiological mechanisms.
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Mangas A, Coveñas R, Geffard K, Geffard M, Marcos P, Insausti R, Dabadie MP. Thiamine-like fibers in the monkey brain: an immunocytochemical study. Life Sci 2006; 79:1121-8. [PMID: 16624330 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2005] [Revised: 11/22/2005] [Accepted: 03/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of thiamine-immunoreactive structures was studied in the brain of the monkey using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. Fibers containing thiamine, but no thiamine-immunoreactive cell bodies, were found. The highest density of fibers containing thiamine was observed in the pulvinar nucleus and in the region extending from the pulvinar nucleus to the caudate nucleus. In the mesencephalon, immunoreactive fibers containing thiamine were only found at rostral level close to the medial lemniscus (at the mesencephalic-diencephalic junction). In the thalamus, the distribution of thiamine-immunoreactive structures was more widespread. Thus, immunoreactive fibers were found in nuclei close to the midline (centrum medianum/parafascicular complex), in the ventrolateral thalamus (medial geniculate nucleus, inferior pulvinar nucleus), and in the dorsolateral thalamus (lateral posterior nucleus, pulvinar nucleus). Finally, in the anterior commissure and in the cerebral cortex a low density immunoreactive fibers was visualized. Thus, in the brainstem, no immunoreactive structures were visualized in the medulla oblongata, pons, or in the medial-caudal mesencephalon, and no immunoreactive fibers were observed in the cerebellum, hypothalamus and in the basal ganglia. The present report describes the first visualization and the morphological characteristics (thick, smooth and short, medium or long in length) of the thiamine-immunoreactive fibers in the primate central nervous system using an antiserum directed against this vitamin. The distribution of thiamine-immunoreactive structures in the monkey brain suggests that this vitamin could be involved in several physiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mangas
- Gemacbio S.A., Immunochemistry Department, Cenon, France.
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Mangas A, Coveñas R, Geffard K, Geffard M, Marcos P, Insausti R, Glaize G, Dabadie MP. Riboflavin-like inmunoreactive fibers in the monkey brain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 211:267-72. [PMID: 16456676 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-006-0080-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Using an antiserum directed against the vitamin riboflavin, we studied the distribution of riboflavin-like immunoreactive structures in the monkey brain. In the mesencephalon, at the level of the mesencephalic-diencephalic junction, single riboflavin-like immunoreactive fibers were observed in its dorsal part, whereas a low density of immunoreactive fibers was found below the surface of the section and close to substantia nigra, and a high density was observed above the substantia nigra and close to the medial geniculate nucleus. In the thalamus, single riboflavin-like immunoreactive fibers were found in the ventral regions of the lateral posterior and the medial geniculate nuclei; a low density in the region located above the medial and lateral geniculate nuclei and a high density in the ventral part of the pulvinar nucleus and in the region extending from this latter to the caudate nucleus. Immunoreactive fibers were not observed in the medulla oblongata, pons, cerebellum, hypothalamus, basal ganglia and cerebral cortex. Moreover, no riboflavin-like immunoreactive cell bodies were observed in the monkey brain. The distribution of riboflavin-like immunoreactive fibers in the monkey suggests that this vitamin could be involved in several physiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mangas
- Immunochemistry Department, Gemacbio S.A., Cenon, France.
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Mangas A, Coveñas R, Geffard K, Geffard M, Marcos P, Insausti R, Dabadie MP. Folic acid in the monkey brain: an immunocytochemical study. Neurosci Lett 2004; 362:258-61. [PMID: 15158027 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2004] [Revised: 03/17/2004] [Accepted: 03/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The present report describes the first visualization of folic acid-immunoreactive fibers in the mammalian central nervous system using a highly specific antiserum directed against this vitamin. The distribution of folic acid-immunoreactive structures was studied in the brainstem and thalamus of the monkey using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. We observed fibers containing folic acid, but no folic acid-immunoreactive cell bodies were found. In the brainstem, no immunoreactive structures were visualized in the medulla oblongata, pons, or in the medial-caudal mesencephalon, since at this location immunoreactive fibers containing folic acid were only found at the rostral level in the dorsolateral mesencephalon (in the mesencephalic-diencephalic junction). In the thalamus, the distribution of folic acid-immunoreactive structures was more widespread. Thus, we found immunoreactive fibers in the midline, in nuclei close to the midline (dorsomedial nucleus, centrum medianum/parafascicular complex), in the ventral region of the thalamus (ventral posteroinferior nucleus, ventral posteromedial nucleus), in the ventrolateral thalamus (medial geniculate nucleus, lateral geniculate nucleus, inferior pulvinar nucleus) and in the dorsolateral thalamus (lateral posterior nucleus, pulvinar nucleus). The highest density of fibers containing folic acid was observed in the dorsolateral mesencephalon and in the pulvinar nucleus. The distribution of folic acid-immunoreactive structures in the monkey brain suggests that this vitamin could be involved in several mechanisms, such as visual, auditory, motor and somatosensorial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mangas
- Gemacbio S.A., Immunochemistry Department, Cenon, France.
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Pesini P, Pego-Reigosa R, Tramu G, Coveñas R. Distribution of ACTH immunoreactivity in the diencephalon and the brainstem of the dog. J Chem Neuroanat 2004; 27:275-82. [PMID: 15261334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2004.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2003] [Accepted: 05/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The present work describes for the first time the anatomical distribution of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the diencephalon and the brainstem of the dog by means of the indirect immunoperoxidase technique. The distribution found in this species agrees well with the pattern found in other mammals and particularly confirms much of the findings reported in the cat. An exception to that concordance is the presence of ACTH perikarya in the nucleus of the solitary tract of the dog, a population that has been described in the rat but not in the cat, and in the ventral mesencephalon. This last population spread across the ventral tegmental area from the raphe to the cerebral peduncle and appeared to be a specific feature of the canine brain. On the other hand, we can not see ACTH fibers in the substantia nigra of the dog which could be a characteristic of the domestic carnivores, opposite to rodents, since these fibers appeared to be also lacking in the cat. Nevertheless, the widespread distribution of ACTH fibers in the brain of the dog included many other nuclei containing monoaminergic neurons which supported a possible role for ACTH in the regulation of these neurotransmitter systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pesini
- Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
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