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Reche PA. Potential Cross-Reactive Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 From Common Human Pathogens and Vaccines. Front Immunol 2020; 11:586984. [PMID: 33178220 PMCID: PMC7596387 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.586984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 causing the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is particularly virulent in the elderly while children are largely spared. Here, we explored the potential role of cross-reactive immunity acquired from pediatric vaccinations and exposure to common human pathogens in the protection and pathology of COVID-19. To that end, we sought for peptide matches to SARS-CoV-2 (identity ≥ 80%, in at least eight residues) in the proteomes of 25 human pathogens and in vaccine antigens, and subsequently predicted their T and B cell reactivity to identify potential cross-reactive epitopes. We found that viruses subject to pediatric vaccinations do not contain cross-reactive epitopes with SARS-CoV-2, precluding that they can provide any general protection against COVID-19. Likewise, common viruses including rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, and several herpesviruses are also poor or null sources of cross-reactive immunity to SARS-CoV-2, discarding that immunological memory against these viruses can have any general protective or pathological role in COVID-19. In contrast, we found combination vaccines for treating diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis infectious diseases (DTP vaccine) to be significant sources of potential cross-reactive immunity to SARS-CoV-2. DTP cross-reactive epitopes with SARS-CoV-2 include numerous CD8 and CD4 T cell epitopes with broad population protection coverage and potentially neutralizing B cell epitopes in SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein. Worldwide, children receive several DTP vaccinations, including three-four doses the first year of life and one at 4-6 years of age. Moreover, a low antigenic Tdap dose is also given at ages 9-14. Thereby, children may well be protected from SARS-CoV-2 through cross-reactive immunity elicited by DTP vaccinations, supporting testing in the general population to prevent COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A. Reche
- Department of Immunology & O2, Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Williams KL. The Biologics Revolution and Endotoxin Test Concerns. ENDOTOXIN DETECTION AND CONTROL IN PHARMA, LIMULUS, AND MAMMALIAN SYSTEMS 2019. [PMCID: PMC7123716 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-17148-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The advent of “at will” production of biologics in lieu of harvesting animal proteins (i.e. insulin) or human cadaver proteins (i.e. growth hormone) has revolutionized the treatment of disease. While the fruits of the biotechnology revolution are widely acknowledged, the realization of the differences in the means of production and changes in the manner of control of potential impurities and contaminants in regard to the new versus the old are less widely appreciated. This chapter is an overview of the biologics revolution in terms of the rigors of manufacturing required to produce them, their mechanism of action, and caveats of endotoxin control. It is a continulation of the previous chapter that established a basic background knowledge of adaptive immune principles necessary to understand the mode of action of both disease causation and biologics therapeutic treatment via immune modulation.
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Novel synthetic (poly)glycerolphosphate-based antistaphylococcal conjugate vaccine. Infect Immun 2013; 81:2554-61. [PMID: 23649092 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00271-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal infections are a major source of global morbidity and mortality. Currently there exists no antistaphylococcal vaccine in clinical use. Previous animal studies suggested a possible role for purified lipoteichoic acid as a vaccine target for eliciting protective IgG to several Gram-positive pathogens. Since the highly conserved (poly)glycerolphosphate backbone of lipoteichoic acid is a major antigenic target of the humoral immune system during staphylococcal infections, we developed a synthetic method for producing glycerol phosphoramidites to create a covalent 10-mer of (poly)glycerolphosphate for potential use in a conjugate vaccine. We initially demonstrated that intact Staphylococcus aureus elicits murine CD4(+) T cell-dependent (poly)glycerolphosphate-specific IgM and IgG responses in vivo. Naive mice immunized with a covalent conjugate of (poly)glycerolphosphate and tetanus toxoid in alum plus CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides produced high secondary titers of serum (poly)glycerolphosphate-specific IgG. Sera from immunized mice enhanced opsonophagocytic killing of live Staphylococcus aureus in vitro. Mice actively immunized with the (poly)glycerolphosphate conjugate vaccine showed rapid clearance of staphylococcal bacteremia in vivo relative to mice similarly immunized with an irrelevant conjugate vaccine. In contrast to purified, natural lipoteichoic acid, the (poly)glycerolphosphate conjugate vaccine itself exhibited no detectable inflammatory activity. These data suggest that a synthetic (poly)glycerolphosphate-based conjugate vaccine will contribute to active protection against extracellular Gram-positive pathogens expressing this highly conserved backbone structure in their membrane-associated lipoteichoic acid.
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Chen Q, Snapper CM. Inflammatory monocytes are critical for induction of a polysaccharide-specific antibody response to an intact bacterium. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 190:1048-55. [PMID: 23269244 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although inflammatory monocytes (IM) (CD11b(+)Ly6C(hi) cells) have been shown to play important roles in cell-mediated host protection against intracellular bacteria, protozoans, and fungi, their potential impact on humoral immune responses to extracellular bacteria are unknown. IM, localized largely to the splenic marginal zone of naive CD11b-diphtheria toxin (DT) receptor bone marrow-chimeric mice were selectively depleted following treatment with DT, including no reduction of CD11b(+) peritoneal B cells. Depletion of IM resulted in a marked reduction in the polysaccharide (PS)-specific, T cell-independent IgM, and T cell-dependent IgG responses to intact, heat-killed Streptococcus pneumoniae with no effect on the associated S. pneumoniae protein-specific IgG response or on the PS- and protein-specific IgG responses to a soluble pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. IM acted largely within the first 48 h following the initiation of the immune response to S. pneumoniae to induce the subsequent production of PS-specific IgM and IgG. Adoptive transfer of highly purified IM from wild-type mice into DT-treated CD11b-DT receptor mice completely restored the defective PS-specific Ig response to S. pneumoniae. IM were phenotypically and functionally distinct from circulating CD11b(+)CD11c(low)Ly6G/C cells (immature blood dendritic cells), previously described to play a role in Ig responses to S. pneumoniae, in that they were CD11c(-) as well as Ly6C(hi) and did not internalize injected S. pneumoniae during the early phase of the response. These data are the first, to our knowledge, to establish a critical role for IM in the induction of an Ig response to an intact extracellular bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanyi Chen
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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Snapper CM. Mechanisms underlying in vivo polysaccharide-specific immunoglobulin responses to intact extracellular bacteria. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1253:92-101. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06329.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Patel ND, Weiss ES, Scheel J, Cameron DE, Vricella LA. ABO-Incompatible Heart Transplantation in Infants: Analysis of the United Network for Organ Sharing Database. J Heart Lung Transplant 2008; 27:1085-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2008.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2008] [Revised: 05/06/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Guirola M, Carmenate T, Menéndez T, Alvarez A, González S, Guillén G. Comparison of three ELISA protocols to measure antibody responses elicited against serogroup C meningococcal polysaccharide in mouse, monkey and human sera. J Microbiol Methods 2005; 65:135-43. [PMID: 16122825 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2005.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2005] [Revised: 06/28/2005] [Accepted: 06/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study we compared the following ELISA protocols to measure antibody levels against serogroup C meningococcal polysaccharide: a traditional protocol using poly-L-Lysine mixed with the polysaccharide as coating antigen, a second protocol coating with a mixture of methylated human serum albumin with the C polysaccharide, a modified protocol coating with derivatized polysaccharide and a modification to the last one, specifically without adding ammonium thiocyanate to the sample buffer. Serum bactericidal activity of mouse, monkey and human sera were measured and correlation coefficients were calculated. For all serum types the modified ELISA protocol showed the highest correlation coefficients while the traditional protocol showed the lower ones. We demonstrated that the traditional protocol measures non-specific antibodies to the C polysaccharide, because no differences were detected between pre-immune and post-immune human sera (P>0.05), while the modified protocol detected the highest difference (P<0.01).
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- Bacterial Capsules/immunology
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods
- Female
- Humans
- Meningitis, Meningococcal/immunology
- Meningitis, Meningococcal/microbiology
- Meningitis, Meningococcal/pathology
- Meningococcal Vaccines/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup C/immunology
- Polysaccharides, Bacterial/immunology
- Statistics, Nonparametric
- Vaccines, Conjugate/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- María Guirola
- División de Vacunas, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología, Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba.
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Holsapple MP, West LJ, Landreth KS. Species comparison of anatomical and functional immune system development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 68:321-34. [PMID: 14666995 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.10035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The components of the immune system have not been traditionally emphasized as potential target organs in standard developmental and reproductive toxicity (DART) protocols. A number of workshops have been organized in recent years to examine scientific questions that underlie developmental immunotoxicity tests, and the interpretation of results as they relate to human risk assessment. A key question that must be addressed is to determine the most appropriate species and strains to model the developing human immune system. The objective of this review is to compare the anatomical and functional development of the immune system in several species important to either preclinical studies for drug development or safety assessments for chemicals, with what is known in humans. The development of the immune system in humans will be compared to what is known in mice, rats, dogs and nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Holsapple
- ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, DC 20005-5802, USA.
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Abstract
Identifying critical windows in immune system development is crucial for determination of either safety or vulnerability to exposure to specific agents during rapidly changing phases of ontogeny. These phases in the human range from postconception early gestation through adolescence. A detailed understanding of these windows will facilitate avoidance of environmental toxins as well as allow improved planning for unavoidable exposures. Critical windows of immune development will be influenced by concomitant development, maturation and growth of other organ systems, thus the influence of potentially toxic exposures must be determined within a co-ordinated multisystem and multidisciplinary approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J West
- The Hospital for Sick Children/University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8.
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West LJ. Developmental aspects of immunomodulation: exploiting the immature immune system for organ transplantation. Transpl Immunol 2002; 9:149-53. [PMID: 12180823 DOI: 10.1016/s0966-3274(02)00044-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L J West
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Lingappa JR, Rosenstein N, Zell ER, Shutt KA, Schuchat A, Perkins BA. Surveillance for meningococcal disease and strategies for use of conjugate meningococcal vaccines in the United States. Vaccine 2001; 19:4566-75. [PMID: 11483285 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00209-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neisseria meningitidis is a leading cause of bacterial meningitis in US; new capsular type-specific conjugate vaccines offer an opportunity for improved control of meningococcal disease. We evaluated the relative burdens of invasive meningococcal disease in US and examined the projected impact of various meningococcal conjugate vaccination strategies on rates of meningococcal disease. METHODS Meningococcal disease incidence rates were determined from active, population-based surveillance in selected US areas. Models were created to determine impact of vaccination of infants, toddlers, adolescents or college students with meningococcal conjugate vaccines, with assumptions for vaccine coverage, efficacy and duration of protection. Although we examined possible conjugate vaccine formulations including serogroups A, C, Y and W-135, the final vaccine impact analysis excluded serogroups A and W-135. Outcome measures were cumulative meningococcal disease incidence, and incidence 10 years after initiating vaccination among 0-22-year-olds. RESULTS In models of serogroup C+Y meningococcal conjugate vaccination of infants, toddlers and adolescents, the cumulative incidence of meningococcal disease was reduced by 54, 48 and 25%, respectively; the toddler strategy had the greatest impact per dose. After 10 years of routine meningococcal conjugate vaccination, meningococcal disease could be reduced by 50% and deaths by 64%. CONCLUSIONS Use of meningococcal conjugate vaccine could markedly reduce meningococcal disease incidence. Our data, along with vaccine formulation and vaccination program considerations, will be important in determining the optimal choice of vaccination strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Lingappa
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop C-09, 1600 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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Abstract
More than 50 million Americans engage in international travel annually. Travel to developing countries can expose patients to a myriad of infectious diseases. Primary care clinicians can provide counseling, immunizations, and drugs to keep patients healthy while traveling. This article reviews risk assessment and required and recommended immunizations. Patients can greatly reduce their risk for travel-acquired illness by updating immunizations, taking prophylactic drugs, and observing recommended health behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Burger
- Travel Medicine Department and Fast Track Emergency Department, Morristown Memorial Hospital, Atlantic Health System, Morristown, N.J., USA
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Cunto-Amesty G, Luo P, Monzavi-Karbassi B, Lees A, Kieber-Emmons T. Exploiting molecular mimicry to broaden the immune response to carbohydrate antigens for vaccine development. Vaccine 2001; 19:2361-8. [PMID: 11257361 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00527-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Peptide mimetics of carbohydrates represent an alternative approach to induce anti-carbohydrate responses. Depending on their formulation, peptide mimetics can mediate T-independent or T-dependent responses. Multivalent peptide mimeotopes can induce high IgM/IgG ratios, as non-conjugated carbohydrates do. Here we observe that immunization with multivalent peptide mimeotope conjugated to BSA enhances carbohydrate reactive antibodies in Balb/c mice and xid mice, with IgG1 greater than IgG2a, in xid mice. These results suggest that mimeotope-conjugate formulations might augment carbohydrate-specific immune responses in immuno-compromised hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cunto-Amesty
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, USA
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West LJ, Pollock-Barziv SM, Dipchand AI, Lee KJ, Cardella CJ, Benson LN, Rebeyka IM, Coles JG. ABO-incompatible heart transplantation in infants. N Engl J Med 2001; 344:793-800. [PMID: 11248154 DOI: 10.1056/nejm200103153441102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transplantation of hearts from ABO-incompatible donors is contraindicated because of the risk of hyperacute rejection mediated by preformed antibodies in the recipient to blood-group antigens of the donor. This contraindication may not apply to newborn infants, who do not yet produce antibodies to T-cell-independent antigens, including the major blood-group antigens. METHODS We studied 10 infants 4 hours to 14 months old (median, 2 months) who had congenital heart disease or cardiomyopathy and who received heart transplants from donors of incompatible blood type between 1996 and 2000. Serum isohemagglutinin titers were measured before and after transplantation. Plasma exchange was performed during cardiopulmonary bypass; no other procedures for the removal of antibodies were used. Standard immunosuppressive therapy was given, and rejection was monitored by means of endomyocardial biopsy. The results were compared with those in 10 infants who received heart transplants from ABO-compatible donors. RESULTS The overall survival rate among the 10 recipients with ABO-incompatible donors was 80 percent, with 2 early deaths due to causes presumed to be unrelated to ABO incompatibility. The duration of follow-up ranged from 11 months to 4.6 years. Two infants had serum antibodies to antigens of the donor's blood group before transplantation. No hyperacute rejection occurred; mild humoral rejection was noted at autopsy in one of the infants with antibodies. No morbidity attributable to ABO incompatibility has been observed. Despite the eventual development of antibodies to antigens of the donor's blood group in two infants, no damage to the graft has occurred. Because of the use of ABO-incompatible donors, the mortality rate among infants on the waiting list declined from 58 percent to 7 percent. CONCLUSIONS ABO-incompatible heart transplantation can be performed safely during infancy before the onset of isohemagglutinin production; this technique thus contributes to a marked reduction in mortality among infants on the waiting list.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J West
- Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Blumberg EA, Brozena SC, Stutman P, Wood D, Phan HM, Musher DM. Immunogenicity of pneumococcal vaccine in heart transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32:307-10. [PMID: 11170924 DOI: 10.1086/318482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/1999] [Revised: 05/25/2000] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the immunogenicity of pneumococcal vaccine in recipients of heart transplants, we immunized 35 long-term transplantation survivors with pneumococcal vaccine and measured the pre- and postvaccination IgG antibody titers to 5 representative vaccine capsular polysaccharides. Responses of heart transplant recipients to pneumococcal vaccine antigens were generally suppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Blumberg
- Department of Medicine and MCP Hahnemann School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Abstract
Bacterial meningitis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States and throughout the world. Over the past 20 years, there have been significant changes in the epidemiology of bacterial meningitis. The most important change is the decrease in the frequency of Haemophilus influenzae type b as the most common etiologic agent of bacterial meningitis, since the H. influenzae type b conjugate vaccine was introduced. Streptococcccus pneumoniae is now the major cause of bacterial meningitis in the US and bacterial meningitis is now a disease predominantly of adults, rather than of infants and children. Emergence of antimicrobial resistance in S. pneumoniae has also altered the approach to antimicrobial therapy in patients with pneumococcal meningitis, indicating the need to use preventive strategies to reduce the frequency of this serious infection. Recent licensure of the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine will likely decrease the overall incidence of pneumococcal meningitis.
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Kieber-Emmons T, Monzavi-Karbassi B, Wang B, Luo P, Weiner DB. Cutting edge: DNA immunization with minigenes of carbohydrate mimotopes induce functional anti-carbohydrate antibody response. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:623-7. [PMID: 10878332 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.2.623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To date, the generation of anti-carbohydrate Th1 immune responses, which would be useful for both tumor immunotherapy as well as in pathogen vaccine strategies, has been elusive. To augment Th1 immune responses to carbohydrate Ags, we describe results of DNA vaccination studies in mice using plasmids encoding designed peptide mimotopes (minigenes) of the neolactoseries Ag Lewis Y (LeY). In contrast to LeY immunization, immunization with mimotope-encoded plasmids induced LeY cross-reactive IgG2a Abs. Minigene immunization primed for a LeY-specific response that is rapidly activated upon encounter with nominal Ag upon subsequent boost. The resulting IgG2a response mediated complement-dependent cytotoxicity of a LeY-expressing human tumor cell line in the presence of human complement. These studies establish that peptide mimotopes of carbohydrate Ags encoded as DNA plasmids are novel immunogens providing a means to manipulate carbohydrate cross-reactive Th1 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kieber-Emmons
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Current and Future Use of Vaccines for Viral and Bacterial Respiratory Tract Infections. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2000; 2:121-129. [PMID: 11095847 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-000-0024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Viral and bacterial respiratory infections remain the number one cause of infectious disease-related deaths around the world. In the past, vaccines were often created by repeatedly passing laboratory cultures to develop attenuated strains or simply by inactivating live cultures of pathogens. A variety of new and innovative technologies are being applied to develop vaccines against the more elusive pathogens. A variety of protein conjugates have been used to greatly enhance the immunogenicity of Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine, and are now being employed for new pneumococcal and meningococcal vaccines. Live attenuated vaccine strains of respiratory syncytial virus and influenza, which induce protective immunity through localized replication in the nasopharynx, may soon be available for routine use. Future innovations may include genetic vaccines that introduce DNA into host cells to produce specific protective antigens, along with a desired cytokine response to induce a protective immune response.
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