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Ahmed W, Zhang Q, Ishii S, Hamilton K, Haas C. Microfluidic quantification of multiple enteric and opportunistic bacterial pathogens in roof-harvested rainwater tank samples. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:105. [PMID: 29383497 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6482-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Potable and non-potable uses of roof-harvested rainwater (RHRW) are increasing due to water shortages. To protect human health risks, it is important to identify and quantify disease-causing pathogens in RHRW so that appropriate treatment options can be implemented. We used a microfluidic quantitative PCR (MFQPCR) system for the quantitative detection of a wide array of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and pathogens in RHRW tank samples along with culturable FIB and conventional qPCR analysis of selected pathogens. Among the nine pathogenic bacteria and their associated genes tested with the MFQPCR, 4.86 and 2.77% samples were positive for Legionella pneumophila and Shigella spp., respectively. The remaining seven pathogens were absent. MFQPCR and conventional qPCR results showed good agreement. Therefore, direct pathogen quantification by MFQPCR systems may be advantageous for circumstances where a thorough microbial analysis is required to assess the public health risks from multiple pathogens that occur simultaneously in the target water source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warish Ahmed
- CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, Queensland, 4102, Australia.
| | - Qian Zhang
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Satoshi Ishii
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Kerry Hamilton
- Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Charles Haas
- Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Urinary tract infections caused by Shigella species. Travel Med Infect Dis 2016; 14:167-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ishii S, Sadowsky MJ. Escherichia coli in the Environment: Implications for Water Quality and Human Health. Microbes Environ 2012; 23:101-8. [PMID: 21558695 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.23.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is naturally present in the intestinal tracts of warm-blooded animals. Since E. coli is released into the environment through deposition of fecal material, this bacterium is widely used as an indicator of fecal contamination of waterways. Recently, research efforts have been directed towards the identification of potential sources of fecal contamination impacting waterways and beaches. This is often referred to as microbial source tracking. However, recent studies have reported that E. coli can become "naturalized" to soil, sand, sediments, and algae in tropical, subtropical, and temperate environments. This phenomenon raises issues concerning the continued use of this bacterium as an indicator of fecal contamination. In this review, we discuss the relationship between E. coli and fecal pollution and the use of this bacterium as an indicator of fecal contamination in freshwater systems. We also discuss recent studies showing that E. coli can become an active member of natural microbial communities in the environment, and how this bacterium is being used for microbial source tracking. We also discuss the impact of environmentally-"naturalized" E. coli populations on water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ishii
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota
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Frequency and antimicrobial susceptibility of Shigella species isolated in Children Medical Center Hospital, Tehran, Iran, 2001-2006. Braz J Infect Dis 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1413-8670(10)70029-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Shim DH, Suzuki T, Chang SY, Park SM, Sansonetti PJ, Sasakawa C, Kweon MN. New Animal Model of Shigellosis in the Guinea Pig: Its Usefulness for Protective Efficacy Studies. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:2476-82. [PMID: 17277155 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.4.2476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It has been difficult to evaluate the protective efficacy of vaccine candidates against shigellosis, a major form of bacillary dysentery caused by Shigella spp. infection, because of the lack of suitable animal models. To develop a proper animal model representing human bacillary dysentery, guinea pigs were challenged with virulent Shigella flexneri serotype 2a (strains 2457T or YSH6000) or S. flexneri 5a (strain M90T) by the intrarectal (i.r.) route. Interestingly, all guinea pigs administered these Shigella strains developed severe and acute rectocolitis. They lost approximately 20% of their body weight and developed tenesmus by 24 h after Shigella infection. Shigella invasion and colonization of the distal colon were seen at 24 h but disappeared by 48 h following i.r. infection. Histopathological approaches demonstrated significant damage and destruction of mucosal and submucosal layers, thickened intestinal wall, edema, erosion, infiltration of neutrophils, and depletion of goblet cells in the distal colon. Furthermore, robust expression of IL-8, IL-1beta, and inducible NO synthase mRNA was detected in the colon from 6 to 24 h following Shigella infection. Most importantly, in our new shigellosis model, guinea pigs vaccinated with an attenuated S. flexneri 2a SC602 strain possessing high levels of mucosal IgA Abs showed milder symptoms of bacillary dysentery than did animals receiving PBS alone after Shigella infection. In the guinea pig, administration of Shigella by i.r. route induces acute inflammation, making this animal model useful for assessing the protective efficacy of Shigella vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doo-Hee Shim
- Mucosal Immunology Section, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Korea
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Ishii S, Yan T, Shively DA, Byappanahalli MN, Whitman RL, Sadowsky MJ. Cladophora (Chlorophyta) spp. harbor human bacterial pathogens in nearshore water of Lake Michigan. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:4545-53. [PMID: 16820442 PMCID: PMC1489363 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00131-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cladophora glomerata, a macrophytic green alga, is commonly found in the Great Lakes, and significant accumulations occur along shorelines during the summer months. Recently, Cladophora has been shown to harbor high densities of the fecal indicator bacteria Escherichia coli and enterococci. Cladophora may also harbor human pathogens; however, until now, no studies to address this question have been performed. In the present study, we determined whether attached Cladophora, obtained from the Lake Michigan and Burns Ditch (Little Calumet River, Indiana) sides of a breakwater during the summers of 2004 and 2005, harbored the bacterial pathogens Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), Salmonella, Shigella, and Campylobacter. The presence of potential pathogens and numbers of organisms were determined by using cultural methods and by using conventional PCR, most-probable-number PCR (MPN-PCR), and quantitative PCR (QPCR) performed with genus- and toxin-specific primers and probes. While Shigella and STEC were detected in 100% and 25%, respectively, of the algal samples obtained near Burns Ditch in 2004, the same pathogens were not detected in samples collected in 2005. MPN-PCR and QPCR allowed enumeration of Salmonella in 40 to 80% of the ditch- and lakeside samples, respectively, and the densities were up to 1.6 x 10(3) cells per g Cladophora. Similarly, these PCR methods allowed enumeration of up to 5.4 x 10(2) Campylobacter cells/g Cladophora in 60 to 100% of lake- and ditchside samples. The Campylobacter densities were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the lakeside Cladophora samples than in the ditchside Cladophora samples. DNA fingerprint analyses indicated that genotypically identical Salmonella isolates were associated with geographically and temporally distinct Cladophora samples. However, Campylobacter isolates were genetically diverse. Since animal hosts are thought to be the primary habitat for Campylobacter and Salmonella species, our results suggest that Cladophora is a likely secondary habitat for pathogenic bacteria in Lake Michigan and that the association of these bacteria with Cladophora warrants additional studies to assess the potential health impact on beach users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ishii
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, 439 Borlaug Hall, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Al-Soub H, Al-Maslamani M, Al-Khuwaiter J, El-Deeb Y, El-Shafie SS. Shigella flexneri perinephric abscess and bacteremia. Ann Saudi Med 2005; 25:419-21. [PMID: 16270768 PMCID: PMC6089722 DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.2005.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hussam Al-Soub
- Hamad Medical Corporation, Department of Internal Medicine, Doha, Qatar.
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Arpi M, Vancanneyt M, Swings J, Leisner JJ. Six cases of Lactobacillus bacteraemia: identification of organisms and antibiotic susceptibility and therapy. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2003; 35:404-8. [PMID: 12953954 DOI: 10.1080/00365540310011830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Six cases of bacteraemia in hospitalized patients, 5 with a depressed immune status, were caused by lactobacilli. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of whole-cell proteins and API 50 CH carbohydrate patterns assigned the causative agents to the species Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus curvatus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis and Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Arpi
- Arhus University Hospital, Skejby, Arhus, Denmark
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Anatoliotaki M, Galanakis E, Tsekoura T, Schinaki A, Stefanaki S, Tsilimigaki A. Urinary tract infection caused by Shigella sonnei. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2003; 35:431-3. [PMID: 12953966 DOI: 10.1080/00365540310009077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This report describes a case of urinary tract infection caused by Shigella sonnei in a 6-y-old girl with vesicoureteric reflux and a preceding history of gastroenteritis. The strain was resistant to ampicillin and cotrimoxazole, and treatment with cefotaxime eradicated the infection. The role of Shigellae as urinary tract pathogens is reviewed and possible sources of infection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Anatoliotaki
- Second Department of Paediatrics, 'Venizelion' General Hospital, Crete, Greece
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El-Gendy A, El-Ghorab N, Lane EM, Elyazeed RA, Carlin NI, Mitry MM, Kay BA, Savarino SJ, Peruski LF. Identification of Shigella flexneri subserotype 1c in rural Egypt. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:873-4. [PMID: 9986881 PMCID: PMC84593 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.37.3.873-874.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In a population-based study of diarrhea in rural, northern Egypt, 60 Shigella flexneri strains were identified, of which 10 could not be definitively serotyped. Serological analysis with commercial reagents suggested that they were serotype 1, but the strains failed to react with subserotype 1a- or 1b-specific antibodies. All 10 strains reacted with MASF 1c, a monoclonal antibody specific for a provisional S. flexneri subserotype, 1c, first identified in Bangladesh and not previously detected outside of that region. Our results show that S. flexneri subserotype 1c is not unique to Bangladesh and that the inability to detect it may reflect both the limited use of suitable screening methods and the rarity of this subserotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- A El-Gendy
- Research Sciences Department, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt
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Balthazar EJ, Charles HW, Megibow AJ. Salmonella- and Shigella-induced ileitis: CT findings in four patients. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1996; 20:375-8. [PMID: 8626893 DOI: 10.1097/00004728-199605000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to describe and illustrate the CT appearance of four cases of acute terminal ileitis induced by nontyphoidal Salmonella and Shigella infection and to review the radiographic and endoscopic findings of these entities. METHOD The medical records, CT examinations, and small bowel examinations of three patients with Salmonella ileitis and one patient with Shigella ileitis were retrospectively reviewed. CT examinations were done in four patients, colonoscopy in three patients, and small bowel examinations in two patients. Stool cultures established the diagnosis of nontyphoidal Salmonella enteritis in three patients and Shigella enteritis in one patient. The patients' symptoms and clinical findings resolved promptly following supportive therapy and appropriate antibiotic therapy. RESULTS CT showed slight circumferential and homogeneous thickening of the terminal ileum over a segment of 10-15 cm in patients with Salmonella ileitis. Associated mild thickening of the wall of the colon was present in addition. Small bowel examination performed in one patient revealed a spastic terminal ileum with thickened mucosal folds. Colonoscopy revealed acute colitis involving the colon diffusely in one case, but sparing the distal 50 cm of the colon in one case. CT showed more pronounced thickening of the terminal ileum and a target configuration in the patient with Shigella ileitis. Small bowel examination revealed narrowing, irregular contour, several large nodular defects (thumbprinting), and a severely ulcerated mucosa affecting the terminal ileum. Colonoscopy revealed a normal colon and large ulcerations with fibropurulent exudate in the terminal ileum. CONCLUSION In patients with severe Salmonella or Shigella infections or persistent and/or confusing clinical presentations, CT can play a complementary but important role in the initial diagnostic evaluation. It avoids clinical mismanagement, circumvents unnecessary invasive procedures, and contributes to the efficient workup and therapy in this group of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Balthazar
- Radiology Department, New York University-Tisch-Bellevue Medical Center, NY 10016, USA
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Ashkenazi S, Amir J, Waisman Y, Rachmel A, Garty BZ, Samra Z, Varsano I, Nitzan M. A randomized, double-blind study comparing cefixime and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of childhood shigellosis. J Pediatr 1993; 123:817-21. [PMID: 8229498 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(05)80867-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We compared the clinical and bacteriologic response of 5-day treatment with cefixime, 8 mg/kg per day, with the response to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), 10-50 mg/kg per day, the currently recommended therapy. Of the assessable children with acute, culture-proven shigellosis, 38 received cefixime and 39 received TMP-SMX. Pretreatment data on the two study groups were similar. In the first group, all isolates were susceptible to cefixime; in the TMP-SMX group, 32 isolates were resistant and 7 were susceptible to TMP-SMX. Clinical response (day 5) showed cure, improvement, and failure in 89%, 8%, and 3%, respectively, of the cefixime group, and in 25%, 44%, and 31%, respectively, of the TMP-SMX-resistant group (p < 0.001). Bacteriologic cure (day 3) occurred in 78% and 23% of the cefixime and TMP-SMX-resistant groups, respectively (p < 0.001). Clinical or bacteriologic relapse (day 12) was infrequent in both groups. The response to treatment of the cefixime and the TMP-SMX-susceptible groups was similar. No significant side effects were noted. We conclude that cefixime is superior to TMP-SMX in the treatment of suspected shigellosis in areas with a high rate of resistance to TMP-SMX.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ashkenazi
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, Petah Tiqva, Israel
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Paton S, Nicolle L, Mwongera M, Kabiru P, Mirza N, Plummer F, Wamola I. Salmonella and Shigella Gastroenteritis at a Public Teaching Hospital in Nairobi, Kenya. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1991. [DOI: 10.2307/30146950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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