1
|
Zhu C, Lu X, Cai T, Zhu K, Shi L, Chen Y, Wang T, Yang Y, Tu D, Fu Q, Huang J, Zhen Y. Firefly toxin lucibufagins evolved after the origin of bioluminescence. PNAS NEXUS 2024; 3:pgae215. [PMID: 38919269 PMCID: PMC11197309 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Fireflies were believed to originally evolve their novel bioluminescence as warning signals to advertise their toxicity to predators, which was later adopted in adult mating. Although the evolution of bioluminescence has been investigated extensively, the warning signal hypothesis of its origin has not been tested. In this study, we test this hypothesis by systematically determining the presence or absence of firefly toxin lucibufagins (LBGs) across firefly species and inferring the time of origin of LBGs. We confirm the presence of LBGs in the subfamily Lampyrinae, but more importantly, we reveal the absence of LBGs in other lineages, including the subfamilies of Luciolinae, Ototretinae, and Psilocladinae, two incertae sedis lineages, and the Rhagophthalmidae family. Ancestral state reconstructions for LBGs based on firefly phylogeny constructed using genomic data suggest that the presence of LBGs in the common ancestor of the Lampyrinae subfamily is highly supported but unsupported in more ancient nodes, including firefly common ancestors. Our results suggest that firefly LBGs probably evolved much later than the evolution of bioluminescence. We thus conclude that firefly bioluminescence did not originally evolve as direct warning signals for toxic LBGs and advise that future studies should focus on other hypotheses. Moreover, LBG toxins are known to directly target and inhibit the α subunit of Na+, K+-ATPase (ATPα). We further examine the effects of amino acid substitutions in firefly ATPα on its interactions with LBGs. We find that ATPα in LBG-containing fireflies is relatively insensitive to LBGs, which suggests that target-site insensitivity contributes to LBG-containing fireflies' ability to deal with their own toxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengqi Zhu
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Xiaoli Lu
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Tianlong Cai
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Kangli Zhu
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Lina Shi
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Yinjuan Chen
- Instrumentation and Service Center for Molecular Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Yaoming Yang
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Dandan Tu
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Qi Fu
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Ying Zhen
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Trabuco Amaral D, Mitani Y, Aparecida Silva Bonatelli I, Cerri R, Ohmiya Y, Viviani V. Genome analysis of Phrixothrix hirtus (Phengodidae) railroad worm shows the expansion of odorant-binding gene families and positive selection on morphogenesis and sex determination genes. Gene X 2022; 850:146917. [PMID: 36174905 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Among bioluminescent beetles of the Elateroidea superfamily, Phengodidae is the third largest family, with 244 bioluminescent species distributed only in the Americas, but is still the least studied from the phylogenetic and evolutionary points of view. The railroad worm Phrixothrix hirtus is an essential biological model and symbolic species due to its bicolor bioluminescence, being the only organism that produces true red light among bioluminescent terrestrial species. Here, we performed partial genome assembly of P. hirtus, combining short and long reads generated with Illumina sequencing, providing the first source of genomic information and a framework for comparative analyses of the bioluminescent system in Elateroidea. This is the largest genome described in the Elateroidea superfamily, with an estimated size of ∼3.4 Gb, displaying 32 % GC content, and 67 % transposable elements. Comparative genomic analyses showed a positive selection of genes and gene family expansion events of growths and morphogenesis gene products, which could be associated with the atypical anatomical development and morphogenesis found in paedomorphic females and underdeveloped males. We also observed gene family expansion among distinct odorant-binding receptors, which could be associated with the pheromone communication system typical of these beetles, and retrotransposable elements. Common genes putatively regulating bioluminescence production and control, including two luciferase genes corresponding to lateral lanterns green-emitting and head lanterns red-emitting luciferases with 7 exons and 6 introns, and genes potentially involved in luciferin biosynthesis were found, indicating that there are no clear differences about the presence or absence of gene families associated with bioluminescence in Elateroidea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Trabuco Amaral
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnociência, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas. Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo André, Brazil
| | - Yasuo Mitani
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Ricardo Cerri
- Department of Computational Science, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Yoshihiro Ohmiya
- Biomedical Research Institute, AIST, Ikeda-Osaka, Japan; Osaka Institute of Technology, OIT, Osaka, Japan
| | - Vadim Viviani
- Graduate Program of Evolutive Genetics and Molecular Biology, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil; Graduate Program of Biotechnology and Environmental Monitoring, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Sorocaba, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang YZ, Cao CQ, Wang D. Physiological Responses of the Firefly Pyrocoelia analis (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) to an Environmental Residue From Chemical Pesticide Imidacloprid. Front Physiol 2022; 13:879216. [PMID: 35784886 PMCID: PMC9240607 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.879216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Imidacloprid, a neonicotinoid insecticide, is widely applied to control insect pests across a broad spectrum. Though the impact of residues from this chemical pesticide on non-target organisms in the field has been reported, it was not well characterized across a wide range of ecosystems, especially for some species considered as environmental indicators that live in forests. The effects of sublethal dose of imidacloprid on firefly, Pyrocoelia analis, were analyzed physiologically and biochemically in this study to better understand the impact of chemical pesticide application on environmental indicators such as fireflies. After imidacloprid treatment, the midgut tissues of the larva presented an abnormal morphology featured as atrophy of fat body cells, shrinking cells, and the destruction of a midgut structure. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase were noticeably increased during early exposure to sublethal imidacloprid and then decreased at later stages. The malondialdehyde content significantly increased after 12 h of exposure to imidacloprid compared with the control. Similarly, the enzyme activities of polyphenol oxidase and acetylcholinesterase were increased after the imidacloprid treatment and then decreased at the later stage. In summary, a sublethal dose of imidacloprid caused destructive change in the tissue structure, and this damage was followed by an excessive reactive oxygen species that could not be eliminated by antioxidant enzymes. Our results indicated that the residues of imidacloprid might cause severe toxicity to non-target insects in the environment even far away from the agro-ecosystem where the chemicals were applied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Cheng-quan Cao
- College of Life Science, Leshan Normal University, Leshan, China
| | - Dun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- *Correspondence: Dun Wang, ,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ventura FF, Mendes LF, Oliveira AG, Bazito RC, Bechara EJH, Freire RS, Stevani CV. Evaluation of Phenolic Compound Toxicity Using a Bioluminescent Assay with the Fungus Gerronema viridilucens. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:1558-1565. [PMID: 32367555 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Basidiomycetes (phylum Basidiomycota) are filamentous fungi characterized by the exogenous formation of spores on a club-shaped cell called a basidium that are often formed on complex fruiting bodies (mushrooms). Many basidiomycetes serve an important role in recycling lignocellulosic material to higher trophic levels, and some show symbiotic relationships with plants. All known bioluminescent fungi are mushroom-forming basidiomycetes in the order Agaricales. Hence, the disruption of the basidiomycete community can entirely compromise the carbon cycle in nature from fungi to higher trophic levels. The fungus Gerronema viridilucens was used in the present study to investigate the toxicity of a phenolic compound series based on the inhibition of its bioluminescence. The median effect concentration (EC50) obtained from curves of bioluminescence inhibition versus log [phenolic compound] showed that 2,4,6-trichlorophenol was the most toxic compound in the series. The log EC50 values of all phenolic compounds were then used for the prediction of their toxicity. The univariate correlation of log EC50 values obtained from 6 different phenolic compounds was stronger with the dissociation constant (pKa ) than with 1-octanol/water partition coefficient (KOW ). Nevertheless, the toxicity can be better predicted by using both parameters, suggesting that the phenol-driven uncoupling of fungus mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate synthesis is the origin of phenolic compound toxicity to the test fungus. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1558-1565. © 2020 SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda F Ventura
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Fundação Jorge Duprat Figueiredo de Segurança e Medicina do Trabalho, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz F Mendes
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Bioativos Group, Santana do Parnaíba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anderson G Oliveira
- Departamento de Oceanografia Física, Química e Geológica, Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Reinaldo C Bazito
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Etelvino J H Bechara
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato S Freire
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cassius V Stevani
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
RNA-Seq analysis of the bioluminescent and non-bioluminescent species of Elateridae (Coleoptera): Comparison to others photogenic and non-photogenic tissues of Elateroidea species. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2018; 29:154-165. [PMID: 30472608 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
6
|
Mogilnaya OA, Ronzhin NO, Bondar VS. Extracellular Peroxidase Activity and Light Emission of the Mycelium of the Basidiomycete Neonothopanus nambi in the Presence of β-Glucosidase. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350918010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
7
|
BECHARA ETELVINOJ, STEVANI CASSIUSV. Brazilian Bioluminescent Beetles: Reflections on Catching Glimpses of Light in the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 90:663-679. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201820170504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
8
|
Amaral DT, Silva JR, Viviani VR. Transcriptomes from the photogenic and non-photogenetic tissues and life stages of the Aspisoma lineatum firefly (Coleoptera: Lampyridae): Implications for the evolutionary origins of bioluminescence and its associated light organs. GENE REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
9
|
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis E. Desjardin
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California 94132, USA
| | - Marina Capelari
- Instituto de Botânica, Caixa Postal 4005, 01061-970 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cassius Stevani
- Instituto de Química da Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 26077, 05599-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Talà A, Delle Side D, Buccolieri G, Tredici SM, Velardi L, Paladini F, De Stefano M, Nassisi V, Alifano P. Exposure to static magnetic field stimulates quorum sensing circuit in luminescent Vibrio strains of the Harveyi clade. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100825. [PMID: 24960170 PMCID: PMC4069165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the evidence of electron-dense magnetic inclusions with polyhedral shape in the cytoplasm of Harveyi clade Vibrio strain PS1, a bioluminescent bacterium living in symbiosis with marine organisms, led us to investigate the behavior of this bacterium under exposure to static magnetic fields ranging between 20 and 2000 Gauss. When compared to sham-exposed, the light emission of magnetic field-exposed bacteria growing on solid medium at 18°C ±0.1°C was increased up to two-fold as a function of dose and growth phase. Stimulation of bioluminescence by magnetic field was more pronounced during the post-exponential growth and stationary phase, and was lost when bacteria were grown in the presence of the iron chelator deferoxamine, which caused disassembly of the magnetic inclusions suggesting their involvement in magnetic response. As in luminescent Vibrio spp. bioluminescence is regulated by quorum sensing, possible effects of magnetic field exposure on quorum sensing were investigated. Measurement of mRNA levels by reverse transcriptase real time-PCR demonstrated that luxR regulatory gene and luxCDABE operon coding for luciferase and fatty acid reductase complex were significantly up-regulated in magnetic field-exposed bacteria. In contrast, genes coding for a type III secretion system, whose expression was negatively affected by LuxR, were down-regulated. Up-regulation of luxR paralleled with down-regulation of small RNAs that mediate destabilization of luxR mRNA in quorum sensing signaling pathways. The results of experiments with the well-studied Vibrio campbellii strain BB120 (originally classified as Vibrio harveyi) and derivative mutants unable to synthesize autoinducers suggest that the effects of magnetic fields on quorum sensing may be mediated by AI-2, the interspecies quorum sensing signal molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adelfia Talà
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Domenico Delle Side
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “Ennio De Giorgi”, Università del Salento INFN – Lecce, Lecce, Italy
| | - Giovanni Buccolieri
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “Ennio De Giorgi”, Università del Salento INFN – Lecce, Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Luciano Velardi
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “Ennio De Giorgi”, Università del Salento INFN – Lecce, Lecce, Italy
| | - Fabio Paladini
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “Ennio De Giorgi”, Università del Salento INFN – Lecce, Lecce, Italy
| | - Mario De Stefano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Seconda Università di Napoli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Nassisi
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “Ennio De Giorgi”, Università del Salento INFN – Lecce, Lecce, Italy
| | - Pietro Alifano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Robert JA, Pitt C, Bonnett TR, Yuen MMS, Keeling CI, Bohlmann J, Huber DPW. Disentangling detoxification: gene expression analysis of feeding mountain pine beetle illuminates molecular-level host chemical defense detoxification mechanisms. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77777. [PMID: 24223726 PMCID: PMC3815198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae, is a native species of bark beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) that caused unprecedented damage to the pine forests of British Columbia and other parts of western North America and is currently expanding its range into the boreal forests of central and eastern Canada and the USA. We conducted a large-scale gene expression analysis (RNA-seq) of mountain pine beetle male and female adults either starved or fed in male-female pairs for 24 hours on lodgepole pine host tree tissues. Our aim was to uncover transcripts involved in coniferophagous mountain pine beetle detoxification systems during early host colonization. Transcripts of members from several gene families significantly increased in insects fed on host tissue including: cytochromes P450, glucosyl transferases and glutathione S-transferases, esterases, and one ABC transporter. Other significantly increasing transcripts with potential roles in detoxification of host defenses included alcohol dehydrogenases and a group of unexpected transcripts whose products may play an, as yet, undiscovered role in host colonization by mountain pine beetle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne A. Robert
- Ecosystem Science and Management Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Caitlin Pitt
- Ecosystem Science and Management Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada
| | - Tiffany R. Bonnett
- Ecosystem Science and Management Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada
| | - Macaire M. S. Yuen
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Jörg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Dezene P. W. Huber
- Ecosystem Science and Management Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Janagama HK, Hassounah HA, Cirillo SLG, Cirillo JD. Random inducible controlled expression (RICE) for identification of mycobacterial virulence genes. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2011; 91 Suppl 1:S66-8. [PMID: 22079212 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2011.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We have developed Random Inducible Controlled Expression (RICE), a high throughput genetic approach to identify regulated virulence pathways in pathogenic mycobacteria. RICE allows expression of bacterial genes under conditions where they are normally off, e.g. under laboratory growth conditions, via the use of an inducible or constitutive promoter as well as gene dosage effects due to the presence of the gene on a plasmid. Mycobacterial genomic DNA can be digested to yield random fragments for cloning into a suicide expression vector downstream of a mycobacterial promoter or with their own promoter on a replicating plasmid increasing expression by gene dosage effects. The plasmid DNA is normally amplified in Escherichia coli and delivered into mycobacteria to select for recombinants or plasmid transformants. The resulting library is then directly screened for enhanced host cell interactions in functional assays that evaluate the efficiency of adherence, entry and replication inside host cells. This approach has resulted in identification of several virulence factors from pathogenic mycobacteria. Our analysis of one such locus identified by RICE, the mycobacterial enhanced entry locus (mel2), found that the genes present facilitate bacterial persistence inside the host by protecting the pathogen against oxidative damage. Thus, we have developed a genetic strategy that offers several advantages: (i) it allows identification of bacterial genetic elements that have a direct role during host-pathogen interactions (ii) it can be used to identify virulence factors in a broad range of pathogens and (iii) it can reveal genes that are only induced at specific stages of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harish K Janagama
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Pathogenesis, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Medical Research & Education Building, 8447 State Hwy 47, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Khnouf R, Olivero D, Jin S, Coleman MA, Fan ZH. Cell-free expression of soluble and membrane proteins in an array device for drug screening. Anal Chem 2010; 82:7021-6. [PMID: 20666430 DOI: 10.1021/ac1015479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes and membrane protein receptors represent almost three-quarters of all current drug targets. As a result, it would be beneficial to have a platform to produce them in a high-throughput format for drug screening. We have developed a miniaturized fluid array device for cell-free protein synthesis, and the device was exploited to produce both soluble and membrane proteins. Two membrane-associated proteins, bacteriorhodopsin and ApoA lipoprotein, were coexpressed in an expression medium in the presence of lipids. Simultaneous expression of ApoA lipoprotein enhanced the solubility of bacteriorhodopsin and would facilitate functional studies. In addition, the device was employed to produce two enzymes, luciferase and beta-lactamase, both of which were demonstrated to be compatible with enzyme inhibition assays. Beta-lactamase, a drug target associated with antibiotic resistance, was further used to show the capability of the device for drug screening. Beta-lactamase was synthesized in the 96 units of the device and then assayed by a range of concentrations of four mock drug compounds without harvesting and purification. The inhibitory effects of these compounds on beta-lactamase were measured in a parallel format, and the degree in their drug effectiveness agreed well with the data in the literature. This work demonstrated the feasibility of the use of the fluid array device and cell-free protein expression for drug screening, with advantages in less reagent consumption, shorter analysis time, and higher throughput.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruba Khnouf
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116131, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Soto W, Lostroh CP, Nishiguchi MK. Physiological Responses to Stress in the Vibrionaceae. CELLULAR ORIGIN, LIFE IN EXTREME HABITATS AND ASTROBIOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-9449-0_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
15
|
Protection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from reactive oxygen species conferred by the mel2 locus impacts persistence and dissemination. Infect Immun 2009; 77:2557-67. [PMID: 19349422 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01481-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans represents a major roadblock to elimination of tuberculosis. We describe identification of a locus in M. tuberculosis, mel2, that displays similarity to bacterial bioluminescent loci and plays an important role during persistence in mice. We constructed a deletion of the mel2 locus and found that the mutant displays increased susceptibility to reactive oxygen species (ROS). Upon infection of mice by aerosol the mutant grows normally until the persistent stage, where it does not persist as well as wild type. Histopathological analyses show that infection with the mel2 mutant results in reduced pathology and both CFU and histopathology indicate that dissemination of the mel2 mutant to the spleen is delayed. These data along with growth in activated macrophages and infection of Phox(-/-) and iNOS(-/-) mice and bone marrow-derived macrophages suggest that the primary mechanism by which mel2 affects pathogenesis is through its ability to confer resistance to ROS. These studies provide the first insight into the mechanism of action for this novel class of genes that are related to bioluminescence genes. The role of mel2 in resistance to ROS is important for persistence and dissemination of M. tuberculosis and suggests that homologues in other bacterial species are likely to play a role in pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
16
|
Barros MP, Bechara EJH. Luciferase and Urate may act as Antioxidant Defenses in Larval Pyrearinus termitilluminans (Elateridae: Coleoptera) During Natural Development and upon 20-Hydroxyecdysone Treatment. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)0710648laumaa2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
17
|
The Mycobacterium marinum mel2 locus displays similarity to bacterial bioluminescence systems and plays a role in defense against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. BMC Microbiol 2007; 7:4. [PMID: 17239244 PMCID: PMC1793995 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-7-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Accepted: 01/19/2007] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacteria have developed a number of pathways that provide partial protection against both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). We recently identified a locus in Mycobacterium marinum, mel2, that plays a role during infection of macrophages. The molecular mechanism of mel2 action is not well understood. RESULTS To better understand the role of the M. marinum mel2 locus, we examined these genes for conserved motifs in silico. Striking similarities were observed between the mel2 locus and loci that encode bioluminescence in other bacterial species. Since bioluminescence systems can play a role in resistance to oxidative stress, we postulated that the mel2 locus might be important for mycobacterial resistance to ROS and RNS. We found that an M. marinum mutant in the first gene in this putative operon, melF, confers increased susceptibility to both ROS and RNS. This mutant is more susceptible to ROS and RNS together than either reactive species alone. CONCLUSION These observations support a role for the M. marinum mel2 locus in resistance to oxidative stress and provide additional evidence that bioluminescence systems may have evolved from oxidative defense mechanisms.
Collapse
|
18
|
Lee SY, Choe YS, Lee KH, Lee J, Choi Y, Kim BT. Synthesis of 7′-[ 123 I]iodo- d -luciferin for in vivo studies of firefly luciferase gene expression. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:1161-3. [PMID: 14980656 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2003] [Revised: 12/18/2003] [Accepted: 12/18/2003] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
D-(-)-2-(6'-hydroxy-7'-[(123)I]iodobenzothiazolyl)-delta(2)-thiazoline-4-caroxylic acid (7'-[(123)I]iodo-D-luciferin) was synthesized as a novel reporter probe for in vivo studies of firefly luciferase gene expression. 7'-Iodo-D-luciferin, a nonradioactive standard, was synthesized and showed the binding property (K(M)=4.28 microM) similar to that of D-luciferin (2.53 microM) for firefly luciferase in luminescence assay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Yoon Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Ilwon-dong, Kangnam-ku, Seoul 135-710, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dubuisson M, Marchand C, Rees JF. Fire?y luciferin as antioxidant and light emitter: the evolution of insect bioluminescence. LUMINESCENCE 2004; 19:339-44. [PMID: 15558801 DOI: 10.1002/bio.789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Insects are the main group with luminescent species among terrestrial animals. In this paper, we report that fire fly luciferin is endowed with antioxidant properties against oxidative and nitrosative stress. The luciferin reduces linoleate peroxidation in acellular tests and increases the viability of mammalian cells exposed to the oxidant tert-butyl hydroperoxide. Dehydrorhodamine-based tests indicate that fire fly luciferin also scavenges peroxynitrite, whereas parallel tests on cells showed a marked protection of cells subjected to the peroxynitrite generator SIN-1. Together, these results suggest that fire fly luciferin's antioxidant properties could help photocytes coping with the hyperoxidant conditions to which they are submitted during luminous emissions. These data could also suggest that the evolutionary foundation of the bioluminescent system could have been the luciferin, and not the luciferase, first serving as a scavenger of oxidants toxic to the cells, then as a light emitting substrate for luciferase precursors. Similarities with the evolutionary scenario proposed for marine bioluminescent organisms relying on coelenterazine suggest that the surprisingly high success rate observed in the independent emergence of bioluminescent animals could reflect the ease of transformation of antioxidant mechanisms into light-producing systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marlène Dubuisson
- University of Louvain, Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Animal Biology Unit, Place Croix du Sud 5, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Barros MP, Bechara EJ. Daily variations of antioxidant enzyme and luciferase activities in the luminescent click-beetle Pyrearinus termitilluminans: cooperation against oxygen toxicity. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2001; 31:393-400. [PMID: 11222948 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(00)00132-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Several lines of investigation have suggested an interplay between bioluminescence (BL) and oxyradical metabolism, mainly in bacteria and beetles. Although not yet confirmed, luminescent beetles seem to be challenged daily by oxidative conditions imposed by higher oxygen absorption necessary to enhance light emission for courtship (adult lampyrids and elaterids) and prey attraction (e.g. Pyrearinus termitilluminans larvae). This work reports the activities of luciferase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) and total glutathione content at different times of the day in the bright prothorax and dim abdomen of larval Pyrearinus termitilluminans (Coleoptera: Elateridae), investigating a possible adjuvant role for luciferase in oxygen detoxification. Luciferase activity in the prothorax was shown to peak at 7 p.m., which is the time when P. termitilluminans larvae light up for prey attraction. In their habitat, P. termitilluminans larvae emit light until 8.30 p.m. However, at 8 p.m., prothorax luciferase activity achieved basal levels and total glutathione content declined to the daily lowest value, possibly resulting from hyperoxidative conditions during this time. Significant increases in the activities of total SOD (28%) and catalase (37%) were observed in the prothorax at 9 p.m., which should minimize the extent of damage from this potentially hazardous period. Prothorax total SOD (42% higher than daily average) and abdomen CuZnSOD (41%) and catalase (95%) activities showed extra peaks at 7-10 a.m., and abdomen DHAR activity was maximal (37%) earlier (4-7 a.m.). These morning increases in antioxidant enzyme activities may be associated with biological events other than bioluminescence, e.g. intense physical activity for digging tunnels and/or digestion of captured preys. These data suggest that oxyradical pathway and bioluminescence are coordinated, especially in the prothorax, to minimize the oxidative stress imposed by higher irrigation of the photocytes with O(2) when P. termitilluminans larvae emit light.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M P Barros
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, PO Box 26077, 05513-970, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Barros MP, Bechara EJ. Luciferase and urate may act as antioxidant defenses in larval Pyrearinus termitilluminans (Elateridae: Coleoptera) during natural development and upon 20-hydroxyecdysone treatment. Photochem Photobiol 2000; 71:648-54. [PMID: 10818797 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)071<0648:laumaa>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Insects show unique adaptations to cope with oxidative challenges during larval development, metamorphosis and adulthood. Our previous findings suggested that bioluminescence may act as an auxiliary oxygen-detoxifying mechanism in larvae of Pyrearinus termitilluminans (Elateridae: Coleoptera). We now study the antioxidant status in larval P. termitilluminans, evaluated in terms of levels of chemical and enzymatic antioxidant defenses, as compared to luciferase activity in the prothorax (intensely bright) and abdomen (dim) of the larvae, during natural- and 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE)-induced development. In the prothorax, relative total SOD activities in small (< 1 cm), medium (1-2 cm) and large (> 2 cm) larvae were 1.00:0.53:0.32. Catalase activity also decreased with development (1.00:0.69:0.55). In contrast, prothorax luciferase activities and urate content increased with ratios of 1.0:2.2:2.5 and 1:15:97, respectively. No increases were found in the level of prothorax lipid and protein oxidation. In the abdomen, luciferase activity decreased markedly with development (1.00:0.33:0.17), as did other antioxidant enzymes, including dehydroascorbate reductase (1.00:0.59:0.17) and levels of lipid peroxidation products and protein carbonyls. Similar variations were observed in antioxidant enzyme activities when the larvae were treated with 20-HE, except for prothorax catalase. As observed in natural larval growth, luciferase activity was augmented (two-fold in prothorax) upon steroid treatment, and the levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances were magnified in both segments. The increase of luciferase activity and a higher urate content in the prothorax during larval development may reflect metabolic adaptations to keep levels of oxyradicals low in order to compensate for decreased antioxidant enzyme activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M P Barros
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Bioluminescence has evolved independently many times; thus the responsible genes are unrelated in bacteria, unicellular algae, coelenterates, beetles, fishes, and others. Chemically, all involve exergonic reactions of molecular oxygen with different substrates (luciferins) and enzymes (luciferases), resulting in photons of visible light (approximately 50 kcal). In addition to the structure of luciferan, several factors determine the color of the emissions, such as the amino acid sequence of the luciferase (as in beetles, for example) or the presence of accessory proteins, notably GFP, discovered in coelenterates and now used as a reporter of gene expression and a cellular marker. The mechanisms used to control the intensity and kinetics of luminescence, often emitted as flashes, also vary. Bioluminescence is credited with the discovery of how some bacteria, luminous or not, sense their density and regulate specific genes by chemical communication, as in the fascinating example of symbiosis between luminous bacteria and squid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Wilson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|