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Gonzalez de Alba C, Zablah JE, Burkett D, Jone PN, Rodriguez SA, Morgan GJ. Use of Three-Dimensional Intracardiac Echocardiography Catheter in the Evaluation of Prosthetic Pulmonary Valves after Transcatheter Replacement. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2024; 37:226-236. [PMID: 37839619 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2023.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement (TPVR) is commonly performed in patients with congenital heart disease as a safe alternative to replacement via open heart surgery. Intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) is a useful technique for evaluating multiple structures that are difficult to assess by other echocardiographic techniques, particularly the pulmonary valve. To our knowledge, the use of three-dimensional (3D) ICE catheters to evaluate prosthetic valves after TPVR has not been reported. Three-dimensional ICE catheters offer a comprehensive evaluation of transcatheter-deployed pulmonary valves through 3D, 3D color, xPlane, and multiplane reconstruction. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility of using 3D ICE catheters, outline their role in evaluating post-TPVR deployment success and complications, consider their additive value to two-dimensional ICE, and present our institutional experience with it in 50 cases of TPVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Gonzalez de Alba
- The Heart Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado.
| | - Jenny E Zablah
- The Heart Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Dale Burkett
- The Heart Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Pei-Ni Jone
- School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Salvador A Rodriguez
- The Heart Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Gareth J Morgan
- The Heart Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Cardiology, University of Colorado Hospital, Aurora, Colorado
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2
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Sanchez-Nadales A, Cedeño J, Sonnino A, Sarkar A, Igbinomwanhia E, Asher CR, Xu B. Utility of Intracardiac Echocardiography for Infective Endocarditis and Cardiovascular Device-Related Endocarditis: A Contemporary Systematic Review. Curr Probl Cardiol 2023:101791. [PMID: 37172870 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.101791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The diagnosis of infective endocarditis (IE) can pose a significant challenge, particularly in cases of prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) or cardiac device-related endocarditis (CDIE) (1). While echocardiography remains a crucial diagnostic tool for identifying IE, including PVE and CDIE, there are certain circumstances where transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) may not be conclusive or practically feasible (2). Recently, intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) has emerged as a promising alternative for diagnosing IE and evaluating intracardiac infections, especially in cases where transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) has not been revealing, and TEE has been contraindicated. Furthermore, ICE has been found to be useful in guiding transvenous lead extractions in infected implantable cardiac devices (3). This systematic review aims to comprehensively explore the various applications of ICE in the diagnosis of IE and assess its efficacy in comparison to traditional diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan Cedeño
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston FL, 33321.
| | - Alice Sonnino
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston FL, 33321.
| | - Abdulla Sarkar
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston FL, 33321.
| | - Efehi Igbinomwanhia
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, MetroHealth System, Cleveland, OH, 44109, USA.
| | - Craig R Asher
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston FL, 33321.
| | - Bo Xu
- Section of Cardiovascular Imaging, Robert and Suzanne Tomsich Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Sydell and Arnold Miller Family Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195.
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3
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Waldmann V, Milleron O, Iung B, Messika-Zeitoun D, Lepage L, Ghodbane W, Brochet E, Vahanian A, Nataf P, Jondeau G. Is Transesophageal Echocardiography Needed before Hospital Discharge in Patients after Bentall Surgery? J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2016; 30:52-58. [PMID: 27843101 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGOUND Whether transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) should be routinely performed before hospital discharge after Bentall surgery remains unclear. The investigators took advantage of this practice at their institution to evaluate its benefit. METHODS All patients who had undergone the Bentall procedure at Bichat Hospital from January 2010 to March 2014 were included. For each patient, transthoracic echocardiographic and transesophageal echocardiographic data and clinical events were retrospectively collected from the various reports. RESULTS One hundred ninety-eight patients underwent the Bentall procedure during the study period. Postoperative TEE was performed in 117 patients (59.1%), including nine with abnormalities observed on transthoracic echocardiography (a vibrating element on the new prosthetic valve, suspicion of peritubular complications in two patients, and aortic regurgitation in six patients). In 108 patients, routine TEE was performed (i.e., without clinical indication beyond baseline postoperative imaging). Patients with and those without routine TEE were identical, except for more frequent endocarditis as an indication for surgery in patients with routine TEE. Routine TEE did not reveal any new findings that prior transthoracic echocardiography had not shown. The most frequent finding on transthoracic echocardiography or TEE was periaortic hematoma, which sometimes led to the performance of computed tomography. This imaging did not change the care of the patients in this population. CONCLUSIONS This study does not support the performance of TEE after Bentall surgery during the in-hospital course in the absence of a specific indication. Baseline postoperative imaging using TEE or computed tomography should preferably be recommended beyond the early postoperative period after periaortic hematoma has resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bernard Iung
- Department of Cardiology, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France; Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, INSERM U1148, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France; University Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - David Messika-Zeitoun
- Department of Cardiology, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France; Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, INSERM U1148, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France; University Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Lepage
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Walid Ghodbane
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Eric Brochet
- Department of Cardiology, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Alec Vahanian
- Department of Cardiology, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France; Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, INSERM U1148, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France; University Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Nataf
- Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, INSERM U1148, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France; University Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Jondeau
- Department of Cardiology, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France; Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, INSERM U1148, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France; University Paris 7, Paris, France.
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4
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Ghimire G, Capps C, Alli O. Device closure of periprosthetic paravalvular regurgitation. Expert Rev Med Devices 2015; 12:559-70. [PMID: 26305839 DOI: 10.1586/17434440.2015.1075387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Periprosthetic paravalvular regurgitation is an important sequel associated with prosthetic valves whether implanted surgically or via transcatheter approach. They can remain clinically silent or manifest as clinical heart failure, intravascular hemolysis or a combination of both. Periprosthetic defects are becoming increasingly recognized as a source of morbidity and mortality in patients with prosthetic heart valves and in the last few years, the management of this condition has evolved. This review aims to address the current knowledge on the pathophysiology, imaging modalities and management of these defects. It further details the principles, methodology and outcomes of catheter-based device therapy of periprosthetic paravalvular defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Ghimire
- a Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine University of Alabama, Birmingham, USA
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5
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Are novel non-invasive imaging techniques needed in patients with suspected prosthetic heart valve endocarditis? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Radiol 2015; 25:2125-33. [PMID: 25680715 PMCID: PMC4457913 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-015-3605-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Multimodal non-invasive imaging plays a key role in establishing a diagnosis of PHV endocarditis. The objective of this study was to provide a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of TTE, TEE, and MDCT in patients with (suspected) PHV endocarditis. Methods Studies published between 1985 and 2013 were identified via search and cross-reference of PubMed/Embase databases. Studies were included if (1) they reported on the non-invasive index tests TTE, TEE, or MDCT; (2) data was provided on PHV endocarditis as the condition of interest; and (3) imaging results were verified against either surgical inspection/autopsy or clinical follow-up reference standards, thereby enabling the extraction of 2-by-2 tables. Results Twenty articles (including 496 patients) met the inclusion criteria for PHV endocarditis. TTE, TEE, and MDCT + TEE had a pooled sensitivity/specificity for vegetations of 29/100 %; 82/95 %, and 88/94 %, respectively. The pooled sensitivity/specificity of TTE, TEE, and MDCT + TEE for periannular complications was 36/93 %, 86/98 %, and 100/94 %, respectively. Conclusions TEE showed good sensitivity and specificity for establishing a diagnosis of PHV endocarditis. Although MDCT data are limited, this review showed that MDCT in addition to TEE may improve sensitivity in detecting life-threatening periannular complications. Key Points • Multimodal imaging is an important ingredient of diagnostic workup for PHV endocarditis. • Transthoracic and transesophageal echography may miss life-threatening periannular complications. • MDCT can improve sensitivity for the detection of life-threatening periannular complications. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00330-015-3605-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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6
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Sordelli C, Severino S, Ascione L, Coppolino P, Caso P. Echocardiographic Assessment of Heart Valve Prostheses. J Cardiovasc Echogr 2014; 24:103-113. [PMID: 28465917 PMCID: PMC5353566 DOI: 10.4103/2211-4122.147201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients submitted to valve replacement with mechanical or biological prosthesis, may present symptoms related either to valvular malfunction or ventricular dysfunction from other causes. Because a clinical examination is not sufficient to evaluate a prosthetic valve, several diagnostic methods have been proposed to assess the functional status of a prosthetic valve. This review provides an overview of echocardiographic and Doppler techniques useful in evaluation of prosthetic heart valves. Compared to native valves, echocardiographic evaluation of prosthetic valves is certainly more complex, both for the examination and the interpretation. Echocardiography also allows discriminating between intra- and/or peri-prosthetic regurgitation, present in the majority of mechanical valves. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) requires different angles of the probe with unconventional views. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is the method of choice in presence of technical difficulties. Three-dimensional (3D)-TEE seems to be superior to 2D-TEE, especially in the assessment of paravalvular leak regurgitation (PVL) that it provides improved localization and analysis of the PVL size and shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Sordelli
- Chair of Cardiology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Sergio Severino
- Unit of Cardiology, Vincenzo Monaldi Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale, Ospedali dei Colli, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Ascione
- Unit of Cardiology, Vincenzo Monaldi Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale, Ospedali dei Colli, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Pio Caso
- Unit of Cardiology, Vincenzo Monaldi Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale, Ospedali dei Colli, Naples, Italy
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7
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Gürsoy MO, Kalçik M, Karakoyun S, Özkan M. The Current Status of Fluoroscopy and Echocardiography in the Diagnosis of Prosthetic Valve Thrombosis-A Review Article. Echocardiography 2014; 32:156-64. [DOI: 10.1111/echo.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Macit Kalçik
- Department of Cardiology; Koşuyolu Kartal Heart Training and Research Hospital; Istanbul Turkey
| | | | - Mehmet Özkan
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Cardiology; Kars Kafkas University; Kars Turkey
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8
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Agricola E, Oppizzi M, Melisurgo G, Margonato A. Transesophageal echocardiography: a complementary view of the heart. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 2:61-75. [PMID: 15038414 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.2.1.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Transesophageal echocardiography has been widely used as a diagnostic tool during the past two decades to detect cardiac abnormalities that are not visible or poorly visible with transthoracic echocardiography. At present, transesophageal echocardiography is a cornerstone of modern diagnosis of several cardiac diseases, providing diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic information. In this review, the present status of transesophageal echocardiography not only as a diagnostic tool, underlining its effects on clinical decision making, but also as a monitoring adjunct for many interventional cardiac procedures is examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eustachio Agricola
- Division of Non Invasive Cardiology, San Raffaele Hospital, Milano, Italy.
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9
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Habets J, Tanis W, van Herwerden LA, van den Brink RBA, Mali WPTM, de Mol BAJM, Chamuleau SAJ, Budde RPJ. Cardiac computed tomography angiography results in diagnostic and therapeutic change in prosthetic heart valve endocarditis. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2013; 30:377-87. [PMID: 24293045 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-013-0335-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Echocardiography may miss prosthetic heart valve (PHV) endocarditis which advocates for novel imaging techniques to improve diagnostic accuracy and patient outcome. The purpose of this study was to determine the complementary diagnostic value of cardiac computed tomography angiography (CTA) to the clinical routine workup including transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography (TTE/TEE) in patients with suspected PHV endocarditis and its impact on patient treatment. A diagnostic prospective cross-sectional study was chosen as design. Besides clinical routine workup (including TTE/TEE), CTA was performed to assess its diagnostic accuracy and complementary diagnostic/therapeutic value. For the diagnostic accuracy, the reference standard was surgical findings or clinical follow-up. To determine the complementary diagnostic/therapeutic value an expert-panel was used as reference standard. Twenty-eight patients were included. CTA resulted in a major diagnostic change in six patients (21 %) mainly driven by novel detection of mycotic aneurysms by CTA. Furthermore, treatment changes occurred in seven patients (25 %) compared to clinical routine workup. Diagnostic accuracy of routine clinical workup plus CTA was superior to clinical routine workup alone for the detection of PHV endocarditis in general, vegetations and peri-annular extension. This study demonstrates that CTA and clinical workup including TTE and TEE are complementary in patients with PHV endocarditis. Therefore, CTA imaging has to be considered after clinical routine workup in patients with a high suspicion on PHV endocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Habets
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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10
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Stähli BE, Maier W, Corti R, Lüscher TF, Jenni R, Tanner FC. Aortic regurgitation after transcatheter aortic valve implantation: mechanisms and implications. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2013; 3:15-22. [PMID: 24282741 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2223-3652.2013.02.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has become an established treatment option for selected high-risk patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS). Favorable results with regard to both hemodynamics and clinical outcome have been achieved with transcatheter valves. Aortic regurgitation (AR) remains a major concern after TAVI. Echocardiography is the imaging modality of choice to assess AR in these patients due to its wide accessibility and low cost. Mostly mild residual AR has been observed in up to 70% of patients. However, as even a mild degree of AR has been associated with a decreased survival up to two years after TAVI, accurate evaluation and classification of AR is important. AR in transcatheter valves can be divided into three types according to different pathophysiological mechanisms. Besides the well-known transvalvular and paravalvular forms of regurgitation, a third form termed supra-skirtal has recently been observed. A thorough understanding of AR in transcatheter valves may allow to improve device design and implantation techniques to overcome this complication. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the three types of AR after TAVI focussing on the different pathophysiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara E Stähli
- Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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11
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Narducci ML, Pelargonio G, Russo E, Marinaccio L, Di Monaco A, Perna F, Bencardino G, Casella M, Di Biase L, Santangeli P, Palmieri R, Lauria C, Al Mohani G, Di Clemente F, Tondo C, Pennestri F, Ierardi C, Rebuzzi AG, Crea F, Bellocci F, Natale A, Dello Russo A. Usefulness of intracardiac echocardiography for the diagnosis of cardiovascular implantable electronic device-related endocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 61:1398-405. [PMID: 23500279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to compare transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) for the diagnosis of cardiac device-related endocarditis (CDI). BACKGROUND The diagnosis of infective endocarditis (IE) was established by using the modified Duke criteria based mainly on echocardiography and blood culture results. No previous studies have compared ICE with TEE for the diagnosis of IE. METHODS We prospectively enrolled 162 patients (age 72 ± 11 years; 125 male) who underwent transvenous lead extraction: 152 with CDI and 10 with lead malfunction (control group). Using the modified Duke criteria, we divided the patients with infection into 3 groups: 44 with a "definite" diagnosis of IE (group 1), 52 with a "possible" diagnosis of IE (group 2), and 56 with a "rejected" diagnosis of IE (group 3). TEE and ICE were performed before the procedure. RESULTS In group 1, ICE identified intracardiac masses (ICM) in all 44 patients; TEE identified ICM in 32 patients (73%). In group 2, 6 patients (11%) had ICE and TEE both positive for ICM, 8 patients (15%) had a negative TEE but a positive ICE, and 38 patients (73%) had ICE and TEE both negative. In group 3, 2 patients (3%) had ICM both at ICE and TEE, 1 patient (2%) had an ICM at ICE and a negative TEE, and 53 patients (95%) had no ICM at ICE and TEE. ICE and TEE were both negative in the control group. CONCLUSIONS ICE represents a useful technique for the diagnosis of ICM, thus providing improved imaging of right-sided leads and increasing the diagnostic yield compared with TEE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lucia Narducci
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
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12
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Muratori M, Montorsi P, Maffessanti F, Teruzzi G, Zoghbi WA, Gripari P, Tamborini G, Ghulam Ali S, Fusini L, Fiorentini C, Pepi M. Dysfunction of Bileaflet Aortic Prosthesis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2013; 6:196-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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Pepi M, Muratori M, Maffessanti F, Mirea O, Montorsi P. High trans-prosthetic gradients and prosthetic aortic valve dysfunction: the need for an accurate and multimodality imaging approach. J Cardiovasc Echogr 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcecho.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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14
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Nielsen HHM, Egeblad H, Andersen HR, Thuesen L, Poulsen SH, Klaaborg KE, Jakobsen CJ, Hjortdal VE. Aortic regurgitation after transcatheter aortic valve implantation of the edwards SAPIENtm valve. SCAND CARDIOVASC J 2012; 47:36-41. [DOI: 10.3109/14017431.2012.731519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Henrik Egeblad
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital,
Skejby, Denmark
| | | | - Leif Thuesen
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital,
Skejby, Denmark
| | | | - Kaj-Erik Klaaborg
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital,
Skejby, Denmark
| | - Carl-Johan Jakobsen
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Aarhus University Hospital,
Skejby, Denmark
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15
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Leon MB, Piazza N, Nikolsky E, Blackstone EH, Cutlip DE, Kappetein AP, Krucoff MW, Mack M, Mehran R, Miller C, Morel MA, Petersen J, Popma JJ, Takkenberg JJM, Vahanian A, van Es GA, Vranckx P, Webb JG, Windecker S, Serruys PW. Standardized endpoint definitions for transcatheter aortic valve implantation clinical trials: a consensus report from the Valve Academic Research Consortium. Eur Heart J 2011; 32:205-17. [PMID: 21216739 PMCID: PMC3021388 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 504] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To propose standardized consensus definitions for important clinical endpoints in transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), investigations in an effort to improve the quality of clinical research and to enable meaningful comparisons between clinical trials. To make these consensus definitions accessible to all stakeholders in TAVI clinical research through a peer reviewed publication, on behalf of the public health. BACKGROUND Transcatheter aortic valve implantation may provide a worthwhile less invasive treatment in many patients with severe aortic stenosis and since its introduction to the medical community in 2002, there has been an explosive growth in procedures. The integration of TAVI into daily clinical practice should be guided by academic activities, which requires a harmonized and structured process for data collection, interpretation, and reporting during well-conducted clinical trials. METHODS AND RESULTS The Valve Academic Research Consortium established an independent collaboration between Academic Research organizations and specialty societies (cardiology and cardiac surgery) in the USA and Europe. Two meetings, in San Francisco, California (September 2009) and in Amsterdam, the Netherlands (December 2009), including key physician experts, and representatives from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and device manufacturers, were focused on creating consistent endpoint definitions and consensus recommendations for implementation in TAVI clinical research programs. Important considerations in developing endpoint definitions included (i) respect for the historical legacy of surgical valve guidelines; (ii) identification of pathophysiological mechanisms associated with clinical events; (iii) emphasis on clinical relevance. Consensus criteria were developed for the following endpoints: mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke, bleeding, acute kidney injury, vascular complications, and prosthetic valve performance. Composite endpoints for TAVI safety and effectiveness were also recommended. CONCLUSION Although consensus criteria will invariably include certain arbitrary features, an organized multidisciplinary process to develop specific definitions for TAVI clinical research should provide consistency across studies that can facilitate the evaluation of this new important catheter-based therapy. The broadly based consensus endpoint definitions described in this document may be useful for regulatory and clinical trial purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin B Leon
- Columbia University Medical Center, Center for Interventional Vascular Therapy, 173 Fort Washington Avenue, Heart Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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16
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Standardized Endpoint Definitions for Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation Clinical Trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 57:253-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 666] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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17
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Zoghbi WA, Chambers JB, Dumesnil JG, Foster E, Gottdiener JS, Grayburn PA, Khandheria BK, Levine RA, Marx GR, Miller FA, Nakatani S, Quiñones MA, Rakowski H, Rodriguez LL, Swaminathan M, Waggoner AD, Weissman NJ, Zabalgoitia M. Recommendations for evaluation of prosthetic valves with echocardiography and doppler ultrasound: a report From the American Society of Echocardiography's Guidelines and Standards Committee and the Task Force on Prosthetic Valves, developed in conjunction with the American College of Cardiology Cardiovascular Imaging Committee, Cardiac Imaging Committee of the American Heart Association, the European Association of Echocardiography, a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology, the Japanese Society of Echocardiography and the Canadian Society of Echocardiography, endorsed by the American College of Cardiology Foundation, American Heart Association, European Association of Echocardiography, a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology, the Japanese Society of Echocardiography, and Canadian Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2009; 22:975-1014; quiz 1082-4. [PMID: 19733789 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2009.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 939] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William A Zoghbi
- Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Aslam AK, Aslam AF, Vasavada BC, Khan IA. Prosthetic heart valves: Types and echocardiographic evaluation. Int J Cardiol 2007; 122:99-110. [PMID: 17434628 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2006] [Revised: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 12/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the last five decades multiple different models of prosthetic valves have been developed. The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive source of information for the types and the echocardiographic evaluation of the prosthetic heart valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Kamal Aslam
- Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Medical Center, 16th Street 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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19
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Kort S. Real-time 3-Dimensional Echocardiography for Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis: Initial Experience. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2006; 19:130-9. [PMID: 16455416 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2005.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography is a relatively new technology with rapidly growing potential applications. Prosthetic valve endocarditis is still a challenging diagnosis despite improvements in image qualities obtained by both transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiograms. The purpose of this article is to present 4 cases of suggested prosthetic valve endocarditis, in which real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography was performed, and to discuss the potential use of real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography for this application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smadar Kort
- Division of Cardiology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8171, USA.
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20
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Muratori M, Montorsi P, Teruzzi G, Celeste F, Doria E, Alamanni F, Pepi M. Feasibility and diagnostic accuracy of quantitative assessment of mechanical prostheses leaflet motion by transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography in suspected prosthetic valve dysfunction. Am J Cardiol 2006; 97:94-100. [PMID: 16377291 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.07.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2005] [Revised: 07/18/2005] [Accepted: 07/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Transthoracic (TTE) and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) are the standard techniques for the evaluation of prosthetic valve function. However, quantitative evaluation of leaflet(s) motion is not routinally carried out, although leaflet(s) opening and closing angle measurements are important information to recognize prosthetic dysfunction. For this purpose, cinefluoroscopy is considered the "gold standard" technique. The aim of this study was the evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of TTE and TEE in the quantitative assessment of leaflet motion in patients with mechanical protheses. One hundred-eleven patients with mitral (single disk 18; bileaflet 48) and aortic (single disk 22; bileaflet 23) prostheses, were referred to TTE, TEE, and cinefluoroscopy for electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation (n = 40) or suspected prosthesis dysfunction (n = 71). Echocardiographic evaluation included leaflet(s) opening and closing angle measurements; results were compared with cinefluoroscopy. For mitral prostheses, opening and closing angles were correctly identified by TTE in 85% and by TEE in 100% of patients, regardless of prosthetic valve type, with a good concordance with cinefluoroscopy. For aortic prostheses, opening angles were correctly identified by TTE and TEE, respectively, in 40% and 77% of patients with single-disk and in 13% and 35% of patients with bileaflet prostheses. Both TTE and TEE were rarely able to identify closing angles. In conclusion, quantitative evaluation of mitral leaflet(s) motion may be accurately achieved with TTE and TEE, leading to increased diagnostic efficacy of prosthetic valve dysfunction. In the aortic position, TTE and TEE allow a quantitative evaluation of leaflet(s) dynamics only in a minority of patients and cinefluoroscopy still remains the first-choice technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Muratori
- Institute of Cardiology, University of Milan, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
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21
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Dalal A, Asirvatham SJ, Chandrasekaran K, Seward JB, Tajik AJ. Intracardiac echocardiography in the detection of pacemaker lead endocarditis. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2002; 15:1027-8. [PMID: 12221430 DOI: 10.1067/mje.2002.121276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
At times, infection of pacemaker leads can be difficult to confirm even with transesophageal echocardiography. We describe a patient with pacemaker lead infection where the transesophageal echocardiogram was nondiagnostic, and intracardiac echocardiography made the diagnosis by demonstrating the vegetation on the pacemaker lead. This illustrates a potential role for intracardiac echocardiography in infective endocarditis when transesophageal echocardiography is nondiagnostic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Dalal
- Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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22
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Faletra F, Constantin C, De Chiara F, Masciocco G, Santambrogio G, Moreo A, Alberti A, Vitali E, Pellegrini A. Incorrect echocardiographic diagnosis in patients with mechanical prosthetic valve dysfunction: correlation with surgical findings. Am J Med 2000; 108:531-7. [PMID: 10806281 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9343(00)00344-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify the rate of occurrence and type of incorrect echocardiographic diagnoses in patients with mechanical valve prostheses. PATIENTS AND METHODS We studied 170 consecutive patients (73 women and 97 men) with a total of 208 prostheses who underwent surgery for mitral (n = 136) or aortic (n = 72) valve dysfunction between January 1991 and December 1997. Preoperative echocardiographic data were compared with surgical findings. Any major discrepancy between the echocardiographic reports and surgery was judged to be unconfirmed when the preoperative echocardiographic diagnosis was not confirmed at surgery, but the prosthesis was found to be dysfunctioning; and was judged to be erroneous when the preoperative echocardiographic diagnosis was not confirmed, and surgical inspection failed to reveal any other prosthetic abnormality. RESULTS There were 25 (12%) diagnostic errors. Of the 136 mitral prostheses, there were 9 unconfirmed diagnoses of paravalvular regurgitation (6 had a fibrous tissue overgrowth, 1 had a thrombus with fibrous tissue overgrowth, 1 had endocarditis vegetations, and 1 had a ball variance) and 5 erroneous diagnoses. Eleven diagnostic errors were made in the 72 aortic prostheses: there were 9 unconfirmed diagnoses (paravalvular regurgitation was diagnosed as transvalvular in 7, and transvalvular regurgitation as paravalvular in 2 cases), and 2 erroneous diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS Although echocardiography has gained great credibility among clinicians, special care should be taken when assessing patients in whom prosthetic valve dysfunction is suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Faletra
- Unità Operativa di Ecocardiografia (FF), Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Milano, Italy
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23
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Montorsi P, De Bernardi F, Muratori M, Cavoretto D, Pepi M. Role of cine-fluoroscopy, transthoracic, and transesophageal echocardiography in patients with suspected prosthetic heart valve thrombosis. Am J Cardiol 2000; 85:58-64. [PMID: 11078238 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9149(99)00607-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prosthetic heart valve thrombosis (PVT) is a rare but potentially life-threatening complication of heart valve replacement. An effective, quick, and easy diagnostic method is highly desirable. We evaluated the diagnostic efficacy of cine-fluoroscopy (CF), transthoracic (TTE), and transesophageal (TEE) echocardiography in 82 consecutive patients with mechanical valves and suspected PVT. Criteria for PVT were: leaflet(s) motion restriction at CF, increased Doppler gradients at TTE, and evidence of thrombi at TEE. Patients were divided in 4 groups (A, B, C, and D) according to results of CF and TTE. Group A was composed of 24 patients with positive CF and TTE. Thrombi were detected by TEE in all cases, suggesting that when both are positive, CF and TTE correctly identified PVT in all patients so that TEE may be deferred. Group B was composed of 12 patients with positive CF and negative TTE; TEE showed PVT in 4 patients (33%). These patients had very slight leaflet motion restriction as in the case of initial PVT. This suggests that CF compared with Doppler may identify patients with "hemodynamically significant" PVT. The remaining 8 patients in this group had monocuspid prostheses with negative TEE, suggesting that abnormal leaflet motion at CF may be due to functional changes. Therefore, TEE should always be performed in case of monocuspid prostheses with isolated CF abnormalities. Group C was composed of 18 asymptomatic patients with small-sized aortic prostheses and very high Doppler gradients on routine TTE. CF showed normal leaflet motion and TEE ruled out PVT in all cases outlining the diagnostic role of CF in this particular subset. Finally, group D was composed of 28 patients with negative CF and TTE. TEE did not show thrombi in 24 of 28 patients (86%), confirming that, when both yield negative results, CF and TTE are reliable methods to rule out valve thrombosis in most cases. However, in 4 of 28 patients (14%) TEE showed "nonobstructive" prosthetic thrombosis: these patients had mitral prostheses, chronic atrial fibrillation, and 3 of 4 had systemic embolisms. Thus, TEE should be performed in selected patients despite negative CF and TTE results. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were 87%, 78%, 80%, and 91% for CF and 75%, 64%, 57%, and 78% for TTE, respectively. CF and TTE correctly identified PVT in 70 of 82 patients (85%). TEE was actually required in 15% of the cases. Thus, CF and TTE are quick, effective, and complementary diagnostic tools to diagnose PVT in most patients. TEE still remains the gold standard technique in selected cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Montorsi
- Institute of Cardiology, University of Milan, Centro Cardiologico Fondazione Monzino, IRCCS, CNR, Italy
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24
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Lobato EB, McKenzie ED, Beaver TM. Intraoperative diagnosis of aortic pseudoaneurysm with transesophageal echocardiography. J Clin Monit Comput 1999; 15:53-5. [PMID: 12578062 DOI: 10.1023/a:1009947913915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A pseudoaneurysm of the ascending aorta is a rare complication of aortic valve endocarditis that requires prompt diagnosis. Several imaging strategies can be used; however, transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has been utilized more frequently due to its superior resolution in detection of aortic valve complications. This case presents a patient with prosthetic valve dysfunction in which intraoperative TEE was used to diagnose a previously undetected aortic pseudoaneurysm, thus leading to a change in surgical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Lobato
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-0254, USA
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25
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Azrak E, Kern MJ, Bach RG, Donohue TJ. Hemodynamic rounds series II: hemodynamic evaluation of a stenotic bioprosthetic mitral valve. CATHETERIZATION AND CARDIOVASCULAR DIAGNOSIS 1998; 45:70-5. [PMID: 9736358 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0304(199809)45:1<70::aid-ccd17>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Azrak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University Health Sciences Center, Missouri 63110, USA
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26
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Kupferwasser I, Mohr-Kahaly S, Erbel R, Nolting A, Dohmen G, Oelert H, Meyer J. Improved Assessment of Pathological Regurgitation in Patients with Prosthetic Heart Valves by Multiplane Transesophageal Echocardiography. Echocardiography 1997; 14:363-374. [PMID: 11174968 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8175.1997.tb00736.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic increment of individually optimized axes in the assessment of pathological prosthetic valve regurgitation. Forty-two patients with pathologically regurgitant prostheses in the aortic (n = 21), mitral (n = 15), and tricuspid (n = 6) positions were examined by multiplane transesophageal echocardiography. The investigation was performed utilizing the transverse axis first, the longitudinal axis second, and the intermediate axes afterwards. The presence of regurgitation, the differentiation between trans- and perivalvular origin, and the localization of perivalvular leakages at the sewing ring were evaluated. Findings in the biplane and intermediate axes were compared to surgery or autopsy in all patients. There was slightly higher detection rate for aortic prosthetic regurgitation using the intermediate axes than the biplane axes. The intermediate axes revealed significantly fewer differences to the morphological control than the biplane axes with regard to the differentiation of peri- and transprosthetic aortic regurgitation and to the localization of a periprosthetic aortic regurgitant origin. The intermediate axes provided significantly better agreement to surgery/autopsy than the biplane axes regarding the localization of the origin of mitral periprosthetic regurgitation. Morphological visualization of the perivalvular gap adds important information on the precise localization of the regurgitant origin. The pathological gap was visualized significantly more often using the intermediate than the biplane axes in all types of prostheses. The data in this study therefore suggest that multiplane transesophageal echocardiography is superior to biplane transesophageal echocardiography in the assessment of pathologic prosthetic regurgitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iri Kupferwasser
- Habor UCLA Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Bldg. RB2, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90509
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Cheitlin MD, Alpert JS, Armstrong WF, Aurigemma GP, Beller GA, Bierman FZ, Davidson TW, Davis JL, Douglas PS, Gillam LD. ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Clinical Application of Echocardiography. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Clinical Application of Echocardiography). Developed in collaboration with the American Society of Echocardiography. Circulation 1997; 95:1686-744. [PMID: 9118558 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.95.6.1686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- W Vongpatanasin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
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Abstract
Infective endocarditis, especially when it involves prosthetic valves, is a serious, often fatal illness. Although antibiotics are essential in management, surgery is required in many patients who develop even incipient heart failure and structural complications. Early identification and referral results in improved mortality and morbidity rates, and there is evidence that surgery should play a larger role in managing infective endocarditis. Patients with intracardiac pacemakers and cardioverting devices represent a growing reservoir of patients with the potential to develop endocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Blaustein
- Cardiac Non-Invasive Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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30
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Leung DY, Cranney GB, Hopkins AP, Walsh WF. Role of transoesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis and management of aortic root abscess. Heart 1994; 72:175-81. [PMID: 7917692 PMCID: PMC1025483 DOI: 10.1136/hrt.72.2.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess and compare the roles of transthoracic and transoesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis and management of an aortic root abscess. DESIGN To select patients with echocardiographic diagnosis of aortic valve endocarditis with and without an aortic root abscess and correlate this with a retrospective review of surgical and necropsy data. SETTING Tertiary referral centre at a university teaching hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS 34 patients with confirmed aortic valve endocarditis were treated over a four and a half year period. All patients underwent both transthoracic and transoesophageal echocardiography with 17 patients having biplane or multiplane imaging. RESULT 11 patients (32%) had an aortic root abscess. Transthoracic echocardiography identified four cases of aortic root abscess whereas transoesophageal echocardiography correctly detected all 11 cases and also detected complications including mitral aortic intervalvar fibrosa fistula in two patients and right atrial involvement in another two patients. Only biplane imaging was able to show an anterior aortic root abscess in one patient and the circumferential involvement of the aortic annulus in another two patients. All patients with an aortic root abscess were treated surgically after transoesophageal echocardiographic diagnosis. After operation, prosthetic aortic regurgitation was present in seven patients and a repeat operation was performed in three patients. Only transoesophageal echocardiography detected a postoperative aorto-right atrial fistula in two patients and recurrence of the root abscess in another. There were five deaths in hospital (45%). CONCLUSIONS Compared with transthoracic echocardiography, transoesophageal echocardiography was more sensitive and more specific for the early diagnosis of aortic root abscess and its complications and facilitated both the preoperative and postoperative management of these patients. Biplane and multiplane imaging provide additional diagnostic information. All patients with suspected aortic valve endocarditis should have an early transoesophageal echocardiographic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Y Leung
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Prince Henry Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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