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Marro M, Moccozet L, Vernez D. Assessing Human Eye Exposure to UV Light: A Narrative Review. Front Public Health 2022; 10:900979. [PMID: 35875046 PMCID: PMC9300719 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.900979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to ultraviolet light is associated with several ocular pathologies. Understanding exposure levels and factors is therefore important from a medical and prevention perspective. A review of the current literature on ocular exposure to ultraviolet light is conducted in this study. It has been shown that ambient irradiance is not a good indicator of effective exposure and current tools for estimating dermal exposure have limitations for the ocular region. To address this, three methods have been developed: the use of anthropomorphic manikins, measurements through wearable sensors and numerical simulations. The specific objective, limitations, and results obtained for the three different methods are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Marro
- Computer Science Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Moccozet
- Computer Science Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David Vernez
- Center for Public Health and Primary Care Medicine (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Izadi M, Jonaidi-Jafari N, Pourazizi M, Alemzadeh-Ansari MH, Hoseinpourfard MJ. Photokeratitis induced by ultraviolet radiation in travelers: A major health problem. J Postgrad Med 2019; 64:40-46. [PMID: 29067921 PMCID: PMC5820813 DOI: 10.4103/jpgm.jpgm_52_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is one of the several environmental hazards that may cause inflammatory reactions in ocular tissues, especially the cornea. One of the important factors that affect how much ultraviolet radiation (UVR) humans are exposed to is travel. Hence, traveling is considered to include a more acute UVR effect, and ophthalmologists frequently evaluate and manage the ocular manifestations of UV irradiation, including UV-induced keratitis. The purpose of this paper is to provide an evidence-based analysis of the clinical effect of UVR in ocular tissues. An extensive review of English literature was performed to gather all available articles from the National Library of Medicine PubMed database of the National Institute of Health, the Ovid MEDLINE database, Scopus, and ScienceDirect that had studied the effect of UVR on the eye and its complications, between January 1970 and June 2014. The results show that UVR at 300 nm causes apoptosis in all three layers of the cornea and induces keratitis. Apoptosis in all layers of the cornea occurs 5 h after exposure. The effect of UVR intensity on the eye can be linked to numerous factors, including solar elevation, time of day, season, hemisphere, clouds and haze, atmospheric scattering, atmospheric ozone, latitude, altitude, longitudinal changes, climate, ground reflection, and geographic directions. The most important factor affecting UVR reaching the earth's surface is solar elevation. Currently, people do not have great concern over eye protection. The methods of protection against UVR include avoiding direct sunlight exposure, using UVR-blocking eyewear (sunglasses or contact lenses), and wearing hats. Hence, by identifying UVR intensity factors, eye protection factors, and public education, especially in travelers, methods for safe traveling can be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Izadi
- Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - N Jonaidi-Jafari
- Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Pourazizi
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan; Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - M H Alemzadeh-Ansari
- Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan Eye Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate feasibility and repeatability of measures for ocular sun exposure and conjunctival ultraviolet autofluorescence (UVAF), and to test for relationships between the outcomes. METHODS Fifty volunteers were seen for two visits 14 ± 2 days apart. Ocular sun exposure was estimated over a 2-week time period using questionnaires that quantified time outdoors and ocular protection habits. Conjunctival UVAF was imaged using a Nikon D7000 camera system equipped with appropriate flash and filter system; image analysis was done using ImageJ software. Repeatability estimates were made using Bland-Altman plots with mean differences and 95% limits of agreement calculated. Non-normally distributed data was transformed by either log10 or square root methods. Linear regression was conducted to evaluate relationships between measures. RESULTS Mean (±SD) values for ocular sun exposure and conjunctival UVAF were 8.86 (±11.97) hours and 9.15 (±9.47) mm, respectively. Repeatability was found to be acceptable for both ocular sun exposure and conjunctival UVAF. Univariate linear regression showed outdoor occupation to be a predictor of higher ocular sun exposure; outdoor occupation and winter season of collection both predicted higher total UVAF. Furthermore, increased portion of day spent outdoors while working was associated with increased total conjunctival UVAF. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate feasibility and repeatability of estimating ocular sun exposure using a previously unreported method and for conjunctival UVAF in a group of subjects residing in Ohio. Seasonal temperature variation may have influenced time outdoors and ultimately calculation of ocular sun exposure. As winter season of collection and outdoor occupation both predicted higher total UVAF, our data suggests that ocular sun exposure is associated with conjunctival UVAF and, possibly, that UVAF remains for at least several months after sun exposure.
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Wang F, Gao Q, Deng Y, Chen R, Liu Y. Risk Assessment of Face Skin Exposure to UV Irradiance from Different Rotation Angle Ranges. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14060606. [PMID: 28587318 PMCID: PMC5486292 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14060606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) is one of the environmental pathogenic factors causing skin damage. Aiming to assess the risk of face skin exposure to UV irradiance from different rotation angles, a rotating model was used to monitor the exposure of the skin on the face to UV irradiance, with skin damage action spectra used to determine the biologically effective UV irradiance (UVBEskin) and UVBEskin radiant exposure (HBEskin) causing skin damage. The results indicate that the UVBEskin is directly influenced by variations in rotation angles. A significant decrease of approximately 52.70% and 52.10% in UVBEskin was found when the cheek and nose measurement sites was rotated from 0° to 90°, while a decrease of approximately 62.70% was shown when the forehead measurement sites was rotated from an angle of 0° to 108°. When HBEskin was compared to the exposure limits (ELs; 30 J·m-2), the maximum relative risk ratios (RR) for cheek, nose, and forehead were found to be approximately 2.01, 2.40, and 2.90, respectively, which were all measured at a rotation angle of 0°. The maximal increase in the percentage of the average HBEskin for rotation angles of 60°, 120°, 180°, and 360° facing the sun to ELs were found to be approximately 62.10%, 52.72%, 43.43%, and 26.27% for the cheek; approximately 130.61%, 109.68%, 86.43%, and 50.06% for the nose; and approximately 178.61%, 159.19%, 134.38%, and 83.41% for the forehead, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, China.
| | - Qian Gao
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, China.
| | - Yan Deng
- Chinese Journal of Health Statistics Magazine, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, China.
| | - Rentong Chen
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, China.
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Liu Y, Hu L, Wang F, Gao Y, Zheng Y, Wang Y, Liu Y. The angular distributions of ultraviolet spectral irradiance at different solar elevation angles under clear sky conditions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2016; 60:63-72. [PMID: 25994798 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-015-1005-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the angular distributions of UVA, UVB, and effective UV for erythema and vitamin D (vitD) synthesis, the UV spectral irradiances were measured at ten inclined angles (from 0° to 90°) and seven azimuths (from 0° to 180°) at solar elevation angle (SEA) that ranged from 18.8° to 80° in Shanghai (31.22° N, 121.55° E) under clear sky and the albedo of ground was 0.1. The results demonstrated that in the mean azimuths and with the back to the sun, the UVA, UVB, and erythemally and vitD-weighted irradiances increased with the inclined angles and an increase in SEA. When facing toward the sun at 0°-60° inclined angles, the UVA first increased and then decreased with an increase in SEA; at other inclined angles, the UVA increased with SEA. At 0°-40° inclined angles, the UVB and erythemally and vitD-weighted irradiances first increased and then decreased with an increase in SEA, and their maximums were achieved at SEA 68.7°; at other inclined angles, the above three irradiances increased with an increase in SEA. The maximum UVA, UVB, and erythemally and vitD-weighted irradiances were achieved at an 80° inclined angle at SEA 80° (the highest in our measurements); the cumulative exposure of the half day achieved the maximum at a 60° inclined angle, but not on the horizontal. This study provides support for the assessment of human skin sun exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, School fo Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - LiWen Hu
- Department of Environmental Health, School fo Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, School fo Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - YanYan Gao
- Department of Environmental Health, School fo Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Department of Environmental Health, School fo Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, School fo Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, School fo Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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Liu GC, Wang F, Gao YY, Yang Z, Hu LW, Gao Q, Ri JC, Liu Y. The enhancement of biological ocular UV radiation on beaches compared to the radiation on grass. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2014; 141:106-12. [PMID: 25463657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of albedo on ocular UV exposure has seldom been reported. This paper aimed to explore the enhancement effect on measured ocular UV radiation due to a sand surface compared to measured ocular UV radiation due to a grass surface. METHODS We measured ambient and ocular UV radiation over the beach and grass surface in Sanya City of China (18.4°N, 109.7°E). The experimental apparatus was composed of a manikin and a dual-detector spectrometer. Integration of both UVA and UVB radiation was used to denote UV radiation. Then biologically effective ocular UVB radiation (UVBE) and the ratios of UVBE of two surfaces were calculated. RESULT Maximum of ocular UV radiation versus time over the two surfaces is bimodal. UVBE on the beach is significantly larger than UVBE on the sand, and UVBE peaked at different solar elevation angle (SEA) over the two surfaces (about 53° and 40° on the beach and grass, respectively, according to Bayesian regression). The maximum of ocular UVBE ratios is greater than two, which peaked SEA was about 50°. One hour's cumulative radiation under sunny weather exceeds thresholds for photokeratitis, conjunctivitis and lens damage. CONCLUSIONS Higher albedo significantly increased biological ocular UV radiation. Tourists on tropical beaches should take protective measures and avoid facing the sun directly, especially when SEA is around 50°.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Cong Liu
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 92 Bei'er Road, Heping District, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Fang Wang
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 92 Bei'er Road, Heping District, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Yan-Yan Gao
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 92 Bei'er Road, Heping District, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Zheng Yang
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 92 Bei'er Road, Heping District, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Li-Wen Hu
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 92 Bei'er Road, Heping District, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Qian Gao
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 92 Bei'er Road, Heping District, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Jun-Chol Ri
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 92 Bei'er Road, Heping District, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 92 Bei'er Road, Heping District, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, PR China.
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The distribution of biologically effective UV spectral irradiances received on a manikin face that cause erythema and skin cancer. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2014; 140:205-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Gao Q, Liu G, Liu Y. Knowledge, attitude and practice regarding solar ultraviolet exposure among medical university students in Northeast China. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2014; 140:14-9. [PMID: 25063981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding the health effects of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and sun exposure among medical university students in Northeast China, 385 subjects were investigated on October 2013 using a self-administered multiple-choice questionnaire. Most of the subjects knew the effects of UVR on skin cancer (95.6%) and sunburn (92.2%), but fewer knew of the eye damage that can result from UVR (27.8% cataract and 3.1% pterygium). Correspondingly, the main purpose of adopting sun protection was considered to be 'preventing sunburn' (55.4%), but 'preventing eye damage' was the least (1.8%). In actual behaviour, the eyes received the least protection as well. Although knowing the effects of UVR on vitamin D synthesis (87.3%), 66.8% of participants never or seldom increased sun exposure. Compared to men, women were more likely to reduce sun exposure (P<0.001). Only a small fraction of subjects (6.6%) thought that tanning was attractive. Considering the response variability to UVR in people with different skin colours, different sun protection programs should be provided. In China, especially in the North, the public should be educated to moderately increase sun exposure to maintain adequate vitamin D status while also protecting against eye damage from UVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Gao
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guangcong Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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Hu L, Wang F, Ou-Yang NN, Gao N, Gao Q, Ge T, Gao Y, Liu G, Zheng Y, Liu Y. Quantification of Ocular Biologically Effective UV Exposure for Different Rotation Angle Ranges Based on Data from a Manikin. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 90:925-34. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Hu
- Department of Environmental Health; School of Public Health; China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Environmental Health; School of Public Health; China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Nan-Ning Ou-Yang
- Health Inspection and Supervision Institute of Guangzhou Railway Bureau; Guangzhou China
| | - Na Gao
- Department of Environmental Health; College of Public Health; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin China
| | - Qian Gao
- Department of Environmental Health; School of Public Health; China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Tiantian Ge
- Department of Environmental Health; School of Public Health; China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Yanyan Gao
- Department of Environmental Health; School of Public Health; China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Guangcong Liu
- Department of Environmental Health; School of Public Health; China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Department of Environmental Health; School of Public Health; China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Environmental Health; School of Public Health; China Medical University; Shenyang China
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Spectral response of solvent-cast polyvinyl chloride (PVC) thin film used as a long-term UV dosimeter. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2013; 125:115-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2013.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Hu L, Gao Q, Gao N, Liu G, Wang Y, Gong H, Liu Y. Solar UV exposure at eye is different from environmental UV: diurnal monitoring at different rotation angles using a manikin. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2013; 10:17-25. [PMID: 23145494 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2012.737700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) promotes pterygium and cataract development in the human eye. When outdoors, people are subject to varying ocular UVR exposure intensity depending on time of day and orientation to the sun. To assess this variability, a manikin eye was exposed to solar UVR at 12 rotation angles relative to the sun with a solar elevation angle (SEA) ranging from 24.6° to 88.2°. At rotation angles of 0°, 30°, and 330°, the diurnal variation of ocular UVR exposure intensity showed a bimodal distribution that peaked at a SEA of about 40°, which was 3 to 4 hr both before and after noon. This timing differed from peak environmental UVR exposure intensity. At the other rotation angles, diurnal variations in ocular UV exposure exhibited unimodal curves, with maximum intensity around noon, the same as for environmental UVR. Thus, the idea that UVR exposure is most intense at midday is true for skin surfaces positioned somewhat horizontally but not for the eyes in a 60° arc with a centerline toward the sun (i.e., ranging 30° clockwise or counter-clockwise from the centerline). Maintaining certain orientations relative to the sun's position (for example, being clockwise or counter-clockwise by 30° from the sun) should effectively reduce ocular UVR exposure, especially at times when the SEA is 40°.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Hu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Wang F, Gao Q, Hu L, Gao N, Ge T, Yu J, Liu Y. Risk of eye damage from the wavelength-dependent biologically effective UVB spectrum irradiances. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52259. [PMID: 23284960 PMCID: PMC3527526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of previous studies have discussed the risk of eye damage from broadband ultraviolet (UV) radiation. As the biologically damaging effectiveness of UV irradiation on the human body is known to be wavelength-dependent, it is necessary to study the distribution of the UV spectral irradiance. In order to quantify the ocular biologically effective UV (UVBE) irradiance exposure of different wavelengths and assess the risk of eye damage, UV exposure values were measured at Sanya, China (18.4° N, 109.7°E, altitude 18 m), using a manikin and a dual-detector spectrometer to measure simultaneously the ocular exposure and ambient UV spectral irradiance data and solar elevation angle (SEA) range (approximately 7°-85°). The present study uses the ocular UV spectral irradiance exposure weighted with the action spectra for photokeratitis, photoconjunctivitis and cataracts to calculate the ocular UVBE irradiance exposure for photokeratitis (UVBE(pker)), photoconjunctivitis (UVBE(pcon)) and cataracts (UVBE(cat)). We found that the ocular exposure to UV irradiance is strongest in the 30°-60° SEA range when ∼50% of ocular exposure to UV irradiance on a summer's day is received. In the 7°-30° SEA range, all the biologically highly effective wavelengths of UVBE(pker), UVBE(pcon) and UVBE(cat) irradiances are at 300 nm. However, in other SEA ranges the biologically highly effective wavelengths of UVBE(pker), UVBE(pcon) and UVBE(cat) irradiances are different, corresponding to 311 nm, 300 nm and 307 nm, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Qian Gao
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Liwen Hu
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Na Gao
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Tiantian Ge
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jiaming Yu
- Ophthalmology Department, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Vernez D, Milon A, Vuilleumier L, Bulliard JL. Anatomical exposure patterns of skin to sunlight: relative contributions of direct, diffuse and reflected ultraviolet radiation. Br J Dermatol 2012; 167:383-90. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.10898.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gao N, Hu LW, Gao Q, Ge TT, Wang F, Chu C, Yang H, Liu Y. Diurnal Variation of Ocular Exposure to Solar Ultraviolet Radiation Based on Data from a Manikin Head. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 88:736-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01094.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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