Hospital mortality from acute myocardial infarction has been modestly reduced after introduction of thrombolytics and aspirin: results from a new analytical approach. European Secondary Prevention Study Group

The effect of emergency department crowding on patient outcomes: a literature review

The purpose of this review was to summarize the findings of published reports that investigated quality-related outcomes and emergency department (ED) crowding. Of 276 data-based articles, 23 reported associations between patient outcomes and crowding. These articles were grouped into 3 categories: delay in treatment, decreased satisfaction, and increased mortality. Although these studies suggest that crowding results in poor outcomes, it is possible that other factors such as nursing care contribute to these adverse outcomes. Nursing care has been shown to contribute to both positive and negative patient outcomes in other settings. Building an understanding of how ED crowding affects the practice of the emergency nurse is essential to examining how nursing care, surveillance, and communication impact outcomes of emergency patients. Investigation into nurse-sensitive quality indicators in the ED has potential to develop strategies that deliver high quality of care, regardless of crowded conditions.

AIH versus prontuário médico no estudo do risco de óbito hospitalar no infarto agudo do miocárdio no Município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o desempenho do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares (SIH) em relação ao prontuário médico na análise dos fatores associados à variação do risco de óbito hospitalar no infarto agudo do miocárdio. O estudo envolveu uma amostra aleatória, estratificada por hospital, de 391 prontuários médicos sorteados com base nos 1.936 formulários de Autorização de Internação Hospitalar (AIH) registrados com o diagnóstico principal de infarto agudo do miocárdio no Município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, em 1997. Para estudo dos fatores associados à variação do risco de óbito hospitalar foram usados modelos logísticos a partir do SIH e do prontuário, com construção de curvas ROC para comparar desempenho relativo entre eles. O diagnóstico foi confirmado em 91,7% dos casos; a letalidade foi 20,6%. O modelo desenvolvido a partir do prontuário apresentou o melhor ajuste por incluir variáveis de gravidade e processo não disponíveis no SIH (concordância = 90,1%). O modelo derivado do SIH teve um menor poder explicativo (concordância = 70,6%), mas a correção de erros de digitação e informação através do prontuário não modificou significativamente seu desempenho. A maior limitação do SIH foi o elevado sub-registro do diagnóstico secundário.

Markedly changed age distribution among patients hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction

OBJECTIVE

To investigate trends in number of hospital admissions due to acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in different age groups during the last decade.

DESIGN

Data on all AMI hospital admissions since 1991 were analysed by gender and by age applying 5-year age groups between ages 60 and 90, and < 60 and > or = 90 as separate groups.

RESULTS

From 1991 to 2000 the number of hospital admissions for AMI was reduced by 18%. In men, AMI rates decreased in all age groups below 80 years and increased in older ages, while in women the corresponding breaking point between decreased and increased rates was 85 years. In the age group < 80 years, men and women included, the number of AMI admissions decreased by 29% (from 11,540 to 8233), while for those > or = 80 there was an increase of 25% (from 2917 to 3659). Over the decade the ratio of the numbers of AMIs in ages above and below 80 years increased from 0.25 to 0.44.

CONCLUSION

Over the last decade a striking change in age distribution among AMI patients took place, with a marked decrease in age groups below 80 years, as opposed to an equally strong increase in the oldest age groups. The development with regard to trends for AMI morbidity in society has been more favourable than what appears from overall numbers of AMIs.

Role of coronary interventional procedures in improved postinfarction survival in the 1990s

The contribution of increased use of same-admission percutaneous coronary interventional procedures to recent improvements in hospital survival of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remains unclear. Patients with International Classification of Diseases codes for AMI (code 410), who were admitted to the emergency coronary care unit and underwent an initial episode of treatment, were studied over the 9-year period 1990 to 1998 (n = 2,628). Three triennia between 1990 and 1998 were compared. Trends in risk, the use of procedures, and hospital outcomes were analyzed. Hospital mortality was 33% lower (p <0.02) in the third triennium (5.8%) than in the earlier 2 triennia (8.7%), equivalent to an absolute reduction of 29 hospital deaths/1,000 patients treated. The lower hospital mortality was not due to: (1) shorter hospital stays (reduction in mortality was primarily in the first 3 hospital days), (2) treatment of lower risk subjects (a risk score based on age, gender, and presence of diabetes increased between the first and third triennia), or (3) use of in-hospital interventional procedures (although the use of percutaneous coronary intervention more than doubled in the third triennium, most procedures were performed in patients with a 1% risk of hospital death). We conclude from this study that there has been a substantial improvement over a 9-year period in early case fatality after AMI, but that this cannot be attributed to the increased use of in-hospital coronary interventions, which were largely performed on low-risk patients.