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Minghelli B, Soares ASP, Cabrita CD, Martins CC. Epidemiology of Musculoskeletal Injuries in Golf Athletes: A Championship in Portugal. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:542. [PMID: 38791754 PMCID: PMC11121686 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21050542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Although golf is a low-impact sport without physical contact, its movements are carried out over a large range of motion, and their repetition can predispose athletes to the development of injuries. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of musculoskeletal injuries in golf athletes who participated in championships in southern Portugal, determining the types, locations and mechanisms of injury and their associated risk factors. The sample consisted of 140 athletes aged between 18 and 72 years, 133 (95%) being male. The measuring instrument was a questionnaire about sociodemographics, modality and injuries' characteristics. Throughout golf practice, 70 (50%) athletes reported injuries, totaling 133 injuries. In the 12-month period, 43 (30.7%) athletes suffered injuries, totaling 65 injuries. The injury proportion was of 0.31, and the injury rate was of 0.33 injuries per 1000 h of golf training. The most common injury type was muscle sprain or rupture (19; 30.9%), located in the lumbar spine (17; 27%), in which the repetitive movements were the main injury mechanism (42; 66.7%). The athletes who trained 4 times or more per week were 3.5 more likely (CI: 0.97-12.36; p = 0.056) to develop an injury while playing golf. Moderate injury presence was observed, with the high training frequency being an associated risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Minghelli
- School of Health Jean Piaget Algarve, Piaget Institute, 8300-025 Silves, Portugal; (A.S.P.S.); (C.D.C.); (C.C.M.)
- INSIGHT—Piaget Research Center for Ecological Human Development, Av. João Paulo II, Lote 544, 2º Andar, 1950-157 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Sofia Palma Soares
- School of Health Jean Piaget Algarve, Piaget Institute, 8300-025 Silves, Portugal; (A.S.P.S.); (C.D.C.); (C.C.M.)
| | - Carolina Duarte Cabrita
- School of Health Jean Piaget Algarve, Piaget Institute, 8300-025 Silves, Portugal; (A.S.P.S.); (C.D.C.); (C.C.M.)
| | - Claudia Coelho Martins
- School of Health Jean Piaget Algarve, Piaget Institute, 8300-025 Silves, Portugal; (A.S.P.S.); (C.D.C.); (C.C.M.)
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Golf Swing Biomechanics: A Systematic Review and Methodological Recommendations for Kinematics. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10060091. [PMID: 35736831 PMCID: PMC9227529 DOI: 10.3390/sports10060091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have been conducted to investigate golf swing performance in both preventing injury and injury occurrence. The objective of this review was to describe state-of-the-art golf swing biomechanics, with a specific emphasis on movement kinematics, and when possible, to suggest recommendations for research methodologies. Keywords related to biomechanics and golf swings were used in scientific databases. Only articles that focused on golf-swing kinematics were considered. In this review, 92 articles were considered and categorized into the following domains: X-factor, crunch factor, swing plane and clubhead trajectory, kinematic sequence, and joint angular kinematics. The main subjects of focus were male golfers. Performance parameters were searched for, but the lack of methodological consensus prevented generalization of the results and led to contradictory results. Currently, three-dimensional approaches are commonly used for joint angular kinematic investigations. However, recommendations by the International Society of Biomechanics are rarely considered.
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Bourgain M, Hybois S, Thoreux P, Rouillon O, Rouch P, Sauret C. Effect of shoulder model complexity in upper-body kinematics analysis of the golf swing. J Biomech 2018; 75:154-158. [PMID: 29752051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The golf swing is a complex full body movement during which the spine and shoulders are highly involved. In order to determine shoulder kinematics during this movement, multibody kinematics optimization (MKO) can be recommended to limit the effect of the soft tissue artifact and to avoid joint dislocations or bone penetration in reconstructed kinematics. Classically, in golf biomechanics research, the shoulder is represented by a 3 degrees-of-freedom model representing the glenohumeral joint. More complex and physiological models are already provided in the scientific literature. Particularly, the model used in this study was a full body model and also described motions of clavicles and scapulae. This study aimed at quantifying the effect of utilizing a more complex and physiological shoulder model when studying the golf swing. Results obtained on 20 golfers showed that a more complex and physiologically-accurate model can more efficiently track experimental markers, which resulted in differences in joint kinematics. Hence, the model with 3 degrees-of-freedom between the humerus and the thorax may be inadequate when combined with MKO and a more physiological model would be beneficial. Finally, results would also be improved through a subject-specific approach for the determination of the segment lengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bourgain
- Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, Paris, France.
| | - S Hybois
- Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, Paris, France
| | - P Thoreux
- Hôpital Avicenne, université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, AP-HP, 93017 Bobigny, France
| | - O Rouillon
- Fédération Française de Golf, 68 rue Anatole France, 92309 Levallois Perret, France
| | - P Rouch
- Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, Paris, France
| | - C Sauret
- Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, Paris, France
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Walsh BA, Chounthirath T, Friedenberg L, Smith GA. Golf-related injuries treated in United States emergency departments. Am J Emerg Med 2017; 35:1666-1671. [PMID: 28579137 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2017.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigates unintentional non-fatal golf-related injuries in the US using a nationally representative database. METHODS This study analyzed golf-related injuries treated in US hospital emergency departments from 1990 through 2011 using the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System database. Injury rates were calculated using golf participation data. RESULTS During 1990 through 2011, an estimated 663,471 (95% CI: 496,370-830,573) individuals ≥7years old were treated in US emergency departments for golf-related injuries, averaging 30,158 annually or 12.3 individuals per 10,000 golf participants. Patients 18-54years old accounted for 42.2% of injuries, but injury rates per 10,000 golf participants were highest among individuals 7-17years old (22.1) and ≥55years old (21.8) compared with 18-54years old (7.6). Patients ≥55years old had a hospital admission rate that was 5.01 (95% CI: 4.12-6.09) times higher than that of younger patients. Injured by a golf club (23.4%) or struck by a golf ball (16.0%) were the most common specified mechanisms of injury. The head/neck was the most frequently injured body region (36.2%), and sprain/strain (30.6%) was the most common type of injury. Most patients were treated and released (93.7%) and 5.9% required hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS Although golf is a source of injury among all age groups, the frequency and rate of injury were higher at the two ends of the age spectrum. Given the higher injury and hospital admission rates of patients ≥55years, this age group merits the special attention of additional research and injury prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Walsh
- Center for Injury Research and Policy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States; University of Tennessee, College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Chattanooga, TN, United States
| | - Thiphalak Chounthirath
- Center for Injury Research and Policy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Laura Friedenberg
- Center for Injury Research and Policy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Gary A Smith
- Center for Injury Research and Policy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States; The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States; Child Injury Prevention Alliance, Columbus, OH, United States.
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Comparison of Thoracic and Lumbar Erector Spinae Muscle Activation Before and After a Golf Practice Session. J Appl Biomech 2017; 33:288-293. [PMID: 28290751 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2016-0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lower back pain is commonly associated with golfers. The study aimed: to determine whether thoracic- and lumbar-erector-spinae muscle display signs of muscular fatigue after completing a golf practice session, and to examine the effect of the completed practice session on club head speed, ball speed and absolute carry distance performance variables. Fourteen right-handed male golfers participated in the laboratory-based-study. Surface electromyography (EMG) data was collected from the lead and trail sides of the thoracic- and lumbar-erector-spinae muscle. Normalized root mean squared (RMS) EMG activation levels and performance variables for the golf swings were compared before and after the session. Fatigue was assessed using median frequency (MDF) and RMS during the maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) performed before and after the session. No significant differences were observed in RMS thoracic- and lumbar-erector-spinae muscle activation levels during the five phases of the golf swing and performance variables before and after the session (p > .05). Significant changes were displayed in MDF and RMS when comparing the MVC performed before and after the session (p < .05). Fatigue was evident in the trail side of the erector-spinae muscle after the session.
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Ferdinands RE, Kersting UG, Marshall RN. A twenty-segment kinematics and kinetics model for analysing golf swing mechanics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/19346182.2013.854799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ribaud A, Tavares I, Viollet E, Julia M, Hérisson C, Dupeyron A. Which physical activities and sports can be recommended to chronic low back pain patients after rehabilitation? Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2013; 56:576-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rehab.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hashimoto K, Miyamoto K, Yanagawa T, Hattori R, Aoki T, Matsuoka T, Ohno T, Shimizu K. Lumbar corsets can decrease lumbar motion in golf swing. J Sports Sci Med 2013; 12:80-87. [PMID: 24149729 PMCID: PMC3761778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Swinging a golf club includes the rotation and extension of the lumbar spine. Golf-related low back pain has been associated with degeneration of the lumbar facet and intervertebral discs, and with spondylolysis. Reflective markers were placed directly onto the skin of 11young male amateur golfers without a previous history of back pain. Using a VICON system (Oxford Metrics, U.K.), full golf swings were monitored without a corset (WOC), with a soft corset (SC), and with a hard corset (HC), with each subject taking 3 swings. Changes in the angle between the pelvis and the thorax (maximum range of motion and angular velocity) in 3 dimensions (lumbar rotation, flexion-extension, and lateral tilt) were analyzed, as was rotation of the hip joint. Peak changes in lumbar extension and rotation occurred just after impact with the ball. The extension angle of the lumbar spine at finish was significantly lower under SC (38°) or HC (28°) than under WOC (44°) conditions (p < 0.05). The maximum angular velocity after impact was significantly smaller under HC (94°/sec) than under SC (177°/sec) and WOC (191° /sec) conditions, as were the lumbar rotation angles at top and finish. In contrast, right hip rotation angles at top showed a compensatory increase under HC conditions. Wearing a lumbar corset while swinging a golf club can effectively decrease lumbar extension and rotation angles from impact until the end of the swing. These effects were significantly enhanced while wearing an HC. Key pointsRotational and extension forces on the lumbar spine may cause golf-related low back painWearing lumbar corsets during a golf swing can effectively decrease lumbar extension and rotation angles and angular velocity.Wearing lumbar corsets increased the rotational motion of the hip joint while reducing the rotation of the lumbar spine.
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Electromyography variables during the golf swing: A literature review. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2012; 22:803-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Peniston JH. A review of pharmacotherapy for chronic low back pain with considerations for sports medicine. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2012; 40:21-32. [PMID: 23306412 DOI: 10.3810/psm.2012.11.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Up to 30% of athletes experience low back pain (LBP) depending on sport type, sex, training intensity and frequency, and technique. United States clinical guidelines define back pain as chronic if it persists for ≥ 12 weeks, and subacute if it persists 4 to < 12 weeks. Certain sports injuries are likely to lead to chronic pain. Persistent or chronic symptoms are frequently associated with degenerative lumbar disc disease or spondylolytic stress lesions. Exercise therapy is widely used and is the most conservative form of treatment for chronic LBP (cLBP). Pharmacotherapies for cLBP include acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and opioids. Acetaminophen is a well-tolerated first-line pharmacotherapy, but high-dose, long-term use is associated with hepatic toxicity. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can be an effective second-line option if acetaminophen proves inadequate but they have well-known risks of gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and other systemic adverse effects that increase with patient age, dose amount, and duration of use. The serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, duloxetine, has demonstrated modest efficacy and is associated with systematic adverse events, including serotonin syndrome, which can be dose related or result from interaction with other analgesics. Opioids may be an effective choice for moderate to severe pain but also have significant risks of adverse events and carry a substantial risk of addiction and abuse. Because the course of cLBP may be protracted, patients may require treatment over years or decades, and it is critical that the risk/benefit profiles of pharmacotherapies are closely evaluated to ensure that short- and long-term treatments are optimized for each patient. This article reviews the clinical evidence and the guideline recommendations for pharmacotherapy of cLBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Peniston
- Feasterville Family Health Care Center, Feasterville, PA, USA.
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Back JD, Wyss JF, Lutz GE. Bertolotti Syndrome as a Potential Cause of Low Back Pain in Golfers. PM R 2011; 3:771-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2011.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Golf-related lower back injuries: an epidemiological survey. J Chiropr Med 2011; 6:20-6. [PMID: 19674690 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcme.2007.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2006] [Revised: 10/04/2006] [Accepted: 10/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study describes the playing characteristics of golfers who had an injury to their lower back in the course of play or practice in the previous year (12 months). METHODS A retrospective survey was mailed to members of randomly selected golf clubs across Australia. Statistical methods used included 2-sample t test to compare means of 2 independent populations and the chi(2) test to examine the association between categorical variables/factors in the study. RESULTS Of 1634 Australian amateur golfers surveyed, 17.6% of golfers sustained at least 1 injury in the previous year. The lower back accounted for 25% of all golf-related injuries in the previous year, making the lower back the most common site of injury. The golfer with a golf-related lower back injury was likely to have a previous history of lower back injury, while the injury had a progressive onset compared with an acute single onset. The follow-through phase of the golf swing was reported to be associated with the greatest likelihood of injury compared with other phases of the swing. Most of the injured golfers received treatment of their injury with a general practitioner (69%), a physiotherapist (49%), or a chiropractor (40%). CONCLUSION Practitioners treating golfers with a history of lower back injury should evaluate the golf swing follow-through to identify potential causes of aggravation to the lower back. Targeted measures such as spinal manipulative therapy, soft tissue and back exercise, and conditioning programs to assist the strength and mobility of the golfer could then be implemented.
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Hoskins W, Pollard H, Daff C, Odell A, Garbutt P, McHardy A, Hardy K, Dragasevic G. Low back pain status in elite and semi-elite Australian football codes: a cross-sectional survey of football (soccer), Australian rules, rugby league, rugby union and non-athletic controls. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2009; 10:38. [PMID: 19371446 PMCID: PMC2674424 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-10-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our understanding of the effects of football code participation on low back pain (LBP) is limited. It is unclear whether LBP is more prevalent in athletic populations or differs between levels of competition. Thus it was the aim of this study to document and compare the prevalence, intensity, quality and frequency of LBP between elite and semi-elite male Australian football code participants and a non-athletic group. METHODS A cross-sectional survey of elite and semi-elite male Australian football code participants and a non-athletic group was performed. Participants completed a self-reported questionnaire incorporating the Quadruple Visual Analogue Scale (QVAS) and McGill Pain Questionnaire (short form) (MPQ-SF), along with additional questions adapted from an Australian epidemiological study. Respondents were 271 elite players (mean age 23.3, range 17-39), 360 semi-elite players (mean age 23.8, range 16-46) and 148 non-athletic controls (mean age 23.9, range 18-39). RESULTS Groups were matched for age (p = 0.42) and experienced the same age of first onset LBP (p = 0.40). A significant linear increase in LBP from the non-athletic group, to the semi-elite and elite groups for the QVAS and the MPQ-SF was evident (p < 0.001). Elite subjects were more likely to experience more frequent (daily or weekly OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.29-2.42) and severe LBP (discomforting and greater OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.29-2.38). CONCLUSION Foolers in Australia have significantly more severe and frequent LBP than a non-athletic group and this escalates with level of competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Hoskins
- Division of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Health and Chiropractic, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia.
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Abstract
Golf is one of a few activities that people of all ages and skill level can play. Injury as with all sports can occur. The low back is the most common injury sustained whilst playing golf, and the dynamic action of the golf swing is a major contributing factor to injury. The golf swing is a complex movement that utilises the whole body in a coordinated fashion and when repeated frequently can result in injury. Injury can be overuse or traumatic in nature. Overuse injuries predominate in the professional golfer, and amateur golfer injury tends to occur secondary to an incorrect golf swing. Upper limb injuries are also common due to their role in linking the fast moving golf club with the power-generating torso. Fortunately, injury from a club or ball strike is rare. More common are the overuse injuries associated with the back, neck and shoulder. Most golf injury data have been collected retrospectively and further epidemiological study of a prospective nature is required to determine injury incidence and factor relating to the onset of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew McHardy
- Macquarie Injury Management Group, Department of Health and Chiropractic, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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McHardy AJ, Pollard HP. Golf and upper limb injuries: a summary and review of the literature. CHIROPRACTIC & OSTEOPATHY 2005; 13:7. [PMID: 15967021 PMCID: PMC1175860 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1340-13-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2005] [Accepted: 05/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Golf is a popular past time that provides exercise with social interaction. However, as with all sports and activities, injury may occur. Many golf-related injuries occur in the upper limb, yet little research on the potential mechanisms of these injuries has been conducted. OBJECTIVE To review the current literature on golf-related upper limb injuries and report on potential causes of injury as it relates to the golf swing. DISCUSSION An overview of the golf swing is described in terms of its potential to cause the frequently noted injuries. Most injuries occur at impact when the golf club hits the ball. This paper concludes that more research into golf-related upper limb injuries is required to develop a thorough understanding of how injuries occur. Types of research include epidemiology studies, kinematic swing analysis and electromyographic studies of the upper limb during golf. By conducting such research, preventative measures maybe developed to reduce golf related injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J McHardy
- Macquarie Injury Management Group Macquarie University, Sydney 2109 Australia
| | - Henry P Pollard
- Macquarie Injury Management Group Macquarie University, Sydney 2109 Australia
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