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Duan C, Cao Y, Deng X, Wang W, Yang W, Liu X, Chen Z, Pati S, Kozar RA, Gonzalez EA, Wade CE, Holcomb JB, Ko TC. Increased transforming growth factor β contributes to deterioration of refrigerated fresh frozen plasma's effects in vitro on endothelial cells. Shock 2011; 36:54-9. [PMID: 21330944 PMCID: PMC3763495 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e318214475e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Resuscitation with fresh frozen plasma (FFP) is associated with improved outcomes after hemorrhagic shock. Many trauma centers are using thawed plasma that has been stored for up to 5 days at 4°C (refrigeration), yet the effect of refrigeration on FFP is relatively unknown. Previously, our group showed that refrigeration of FFP changed its coagulation factors and diminished its beneficial effects on endothelial cell (EC) function and resuscitation in an animal model of hemorrhagic shock. We hypothesize that growth factor composition of FFP is altered during refrigeration, leading to a diminished beneficial effect on EC. Transforming growth factor (TGF-β) is a potent inhibitor of EC migration and is released during refrigeration of platelets. We found increased TGF-β1 protein levels and greater activation of downstream mediators Smad2/3 during refrigeration of FFP. Both day 0 FFP (used on the same day after being thawed) and day 5 FFP (used after being thawed and refrigerated for 5 days) stimulated EC migration in vitro; however, the EC migration in day 5 FFP was significantly reduced. Inhibition of TGF-β type I receptor blocked FFP-induced Smad3 signaling in EC cells and restored the effectiveness of day 5 FFP on EC migration to a comparable level seen in day 0 FFP. These data suggest that the increased TGF-β levels during FFP refrigeration contribute to the deterioration of refrigerated FFP's effects on EC migration. This study identifies a novel molecular mechanism contributing to the reduced efficacy of refrigerated FFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaojun Duan
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston Texas 77030, USA
- Medical Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yanna Cao
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston Texas 77030, USA
| | - Xiyun Deng
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston Texas 77030, USA
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Center for Translational Injury Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston Texas 77030, USA
| | - Wenli Yang
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston Texas 77030, USA
| | - Xianghua Liu
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston Texas 77030, USA
| | - Zhuchu Chen
- Medical Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Shibani Pati
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston Texas 77030, USA
- Center for Translational Injury Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston Texas 77030, USA
| | - Rosemary A. Kozar
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston Texas 77030, USA
- Center for Translational Injury Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston Texas 77030, USA
| | - Ernest A. Gonzalez
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern at Austin, Austin Texas 78701
| | - Charles E. Wade
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston Texas 77030, USA
- Center for Translational Injury Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston Texas 77030, USA
| | - John B. Holcomb
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston Texas 77030, USA
- Center for Translational Injury Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston Texas 77030, USA
| | - Tien C. Ko
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston Texas 77030, USA
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Edwards S. Physiological insult/injury: pathophysiology and consequences. BRITISH JOURNAL OF NURSING (MARK ALLEN PUBLISHING) 2002; 11:263-74. [PMID: 11873217 DOI: 10.12968/bjon.2002.11.4.10079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/01/2002] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This article provides a review of the pathophysiological responses of the body to an insult. Once the initial insult has occurred, common pathways are identifiable: the inflammatory immune response (IIR), the neuroendocrine system is stimulated, and endothelial damage initiates the clotting cascade, all of which play an important role in maintaining haemodynamic normality and promote healing. However, after an injury/insult patients are exposed to treatments, invasive procedures and may develop complications which can stimulate further these physiological processes. This can lead to alterations in oxygen supply and demand, metabolism and to the distribution of circulating volume. In some situations this can lead to overstimulation of the processes which, instead of promoting healing, cause damage. Why this downward progression and overstimulation occurs in some patients, despite optimum efforts at treatment, are not fully understood, but can lead to serious organ damage and even death days or weeks after the insult.
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