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Comparison of in vitro activities of newer triazoles and classic antifungal agents against dermatophyte species isolated from Iranian University Hospitals: a multi-central study. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2023; 22:15. [PMID: 36805670 PMCID: PMC9940349 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-023-00564-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dermatophytes have the ability to invade the keratin layer of humans and cause infections. The aims of this study were the accurate identification of dermatophytes by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism method and sequencing and comparison between the in vitro activities of newer and established antifungal agents against them. METHODS Clinical specimens of patients from five Iranian university laboratories were entered in this study. Samples were cultured on sabouraud dextrose agar medium. For molecular identification, extracted DNAs were amplified by the universal fungal primers ITS1 and ITS4, and digested with MvaI enzymes. The antifungal susceptibility test for each isolate to terbinafine, griseofulvin, caspofungin, fluconazole, itraconazole, luliconazole, and isavuconazole was performed, according to the microdilution CLSI M38-A2 and CLSI M61 standard methods. RESULTS Two hundred and seven fungi species similar to dermatophytes were isolated of which 198 (95.6%) were dermatophytes by molecular assay. The most commonly isolated were Trichophyton mentagrophytes (76/198), followed by Trichophyton interdigitale (57/198), Trichophyton rubrum (34/198), Trichophyton tonsurans (12/198), Microsporum canis (10/198), Trichophyton simii (3/198), Epidermophyton floccosum (3/198), Trichophyton violaceum (2/198), and Trichophyton benhamiae (1/198). The GM MIC and MIC90 values for all the isolates were as follows: terbinafine (0.091 and 1 μg/ml), griseofulvin (1.01 and 4 μg/ml), caspofungin (0.06 and 4 μg/ml), fluconazole (16.52 and 32 μg/ml), itraconazole (0.861 and 8 μg/ml), isavuconazole (0.074 and 2 μg/ml), and luliconazole (0.018 and 0.25 μg/ml). CONCLUSION Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton interdigitale, and Trichophyton rubrum were the most common fungal species isolated from the patients. luliconazole, terbinafine, and isavuconazole in vitro were revealed to be the most effective antifungal agents against all dermatophyte isolates.
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Yamada S, Anzawa K, Mochizuki T. Molecular epidemiology of Microsporum canis isolated from Japanese cats, dogs and pet owners by multilocus microsatellite typing fragment analysis. Jpn J Infect Dis 2021; 75:105-113. [PMID: 34334533 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2020.809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) was performed on 93 strains of Microsporum canis isolated between 2012 and 2017 from 75 cats, eight dogs and 10 pet owners. These strains were derived from two major reservoirs: commercial breeding facilities and pet shops (PS), and stray cats and pet cats that went outdoors and came in contact with stray cats (Outdoor). Six microsatellite markers were used for genotyping. These 93 strains included 22 genotypes, 11 previously detected in Japan and 11 new genotypes. Strains belonging to the previously reported genotypes P and A were distributed widely throughout Japan. Genotype P was the most frequent, accounting for 37 (39.8%) of the 93 strains, most derived from Outdoor sources. Genotype A was the second most frequent, being present in 11 (11.8%) of the 93 strains, most derived from the PS reservoir. All new genotypes were detected in isolates from cats, with many of these derived from the Outdoor reservoir. The consistency of infection was shown in 18 of 19 familial cases. These findings indicate that genotypes differ in strains derived from PS and Outdoor reservoirs and that genotyping by MLMT is useful for tracking the routes of spread and transmission of M. canis in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kazushi Anzawa
- Department of Dermatology, Kanazawa Medical University, JAPAN
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Iwanaga T, Anzawa K, Mochizuki T. Variations in ribosomal DNA copy numbers in a genome of
Trichophyton interdigitale. Mycoses 2020; 63:1133-1140. [PMID: 32783279 PMCID: PMC7607385 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) reportedly has multiple copies in the fungal genome. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region in rDNA is useful for investigating relationships between close taxonomic relatives. Thus, ITS has been widely used as a target gene in medical mycology for the detection of pathogenic fungi and identification of fungal species. However, the rDNA copy number in a genome of Trichophyton interdigitale, the pathogen causing dermatophytosis, currently remains unknown. Objective Clarification of the rDNA copy number in a genome of T. interdigitale. Methods rDNA copy numbers in 64 clinical isolates of T. interdigitale were examined using quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR) with the absolute quantitative method targeting TruMDR2, a single‐copy control gene and the ITS region in rDNA. Results The copy numbers of the rDNA subunit varied among the 64 strains tested, from 24 to 116 copies per genome. The average rDNA copy number ± standard deviation was 59 ± 16. No correlations were observed between the rDNA copy number and colony colour, colony morphology or molecular type of the non‐transcribed spacer region in rDNA. Experiments on rDNA copy numbers obtained from independent colonies of each strain in single‐spore cultures revealed that the copy number was homogeneous within each strain. Conclusion This is the first study to estimate copy numbers of the rDNA subunit in a genome of T. interdigitale. The rDNA copy number of T. interdigitale varied among the strains tested and was homogeneous within each strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Iwanaga
- Department of Dermatology Kanazawa Medical University Ishikawa Japan
| | - Kazushi Anzawa
- Department of Dermatology Kanazawa Medical University Ishikawa Japan
| | - Takashi Mochizuki
- Department of Dermatology Kanazawa Medical University Ishikawa Japan
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Begum J, Mir NA, Lingaraju MC, Buyamayum B, Dev K. Recent advances in the diagnosis of dermatophytosis. J Basic Microbiol 2020; 60:293-303. [PMID: 32003043 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201900675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Dermatophytosis is a disease of global significance caused by pathogenic keratinolytic fungi called dermatophytes in both animals and humans. The recent taxonomy of dermatophytes classifies them into six pathogenic genera, namely Microsporum, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, Nannizzia, Lophophyton and Arthroderma. It is because of the delayed diagnostic nature and low accuracy of dermatophyte detection by conventional methods that paved the path for the evolution of molecular diagnostic techniques, which provide the accurate and rapid diagnosis of dermatophytosis for an appropriate, timely antifungal therapy that prevents the nonspecific over-the-counter self-medication. This review focuses on the importance of rapid and accurate diagnosis of dermatophytosis, limitations of conventional methods, selection of targets in diagnosis, and factors affecting sensitivity and specificity of various molecular diagnostic technologies in the diagnosis of dermatophytosis. Generally, all the molecular techniques have a significant edge over the conventional methods of culture and microscopy in the dermatophytosis diagnosis. However, in mycology laboratory, the suitability of any molecular diagnostic technique in the diagnosis of dermatophytosis is driven by the requirement of time, economy, complexity, the range of species spectrum detected and the scale of diagnostic output required. Thus, various choices involved in the pursuit of a diagnosis of dermatophytosis are determined by the available conditions and the facilities in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jubeda Begum
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, GBPUAT, Pantnagar, India
| | - Nasir A Mir
- AN & FT Division, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Madhu C Lingaraju
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Bidyarani Buyamayum
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Medical Science, Porompat, Manipur, India
| | - Kapil Dev
- AN & FT Division, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Bareilly, India
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Salehi Z, Shams-Ghahfarokhi M, Razzaghi-Abyaneh M. Internal Transcribed Spacer rDNA and TEF-1α Gene Sequencing of Pathogenic Dermatophyte Species and Differentiation of Closely Related Species Using PCR-RFLP of The Topoisomerase II. CELL JOURNAL 2019; 22:85-91. [PMID: 31606971 PMCID: PMC6791061 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2020.6372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Objective Precise identification of dermatophyte species significantly improves treatment and controls measures of
dermatophytosis in human and animals. This study was designed to evaluate molecular tools effectiveness of the gene
sequencing and DNA-based fragment polymorphism analysis for accurate identification and differentiation of closely-
related dermatophyte species isolated from clinical cases of dermatophytosis and their antifungal susceptibility to the
current antifungal agents.
Materials and Methods In this experimental study, a total of 95 skin samples were inoculated into mycobiotic agar for
two weeks at 28˚C. Morphological characteristics of the isolated dermatophytes were evaluated. DNA was extracted
from the fungal culture for amplification of topoisomerase II gene fragments and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
products were digested by Hinf I enzyme. Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA and TEF-1α regions of the all isolates
were amplified using the primers of ITS1/4 and EF-DermF/EF-DermR, respectively.
Results Based on the morphological criteria, 24, 24, 24 and 23 isolates were identified as T. rubrum, T. interdigitale,
T. tonsurans and E. floccosum, respectively. PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) results provided
identification pattern of the isolates for T. rubrum (19 isolates), T. tonsurans (28 isolates), T. interdigitale (26 isolates)
and E. floccosum (22 isolates). Concatenated dataset results were similar in PCR-RFLP, except six T. interdigitale
isolates belonging to T. mentagrophytes.
Conclusion Our results clearly indicated that conventional morphology and PCR-RFLP were not able to precisely
identify all dermatophyte species and differentiation of closely related species like T. interdigitale and T. mentagrophytes,
while ITS rDNA and TEF-1α gene sequence analyses provided accurate identification of all isolates at the genus and
species level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Salehi
- Department of Mycology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoomeh Shams-Ghahfarokhi
- Department of Mycology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. Electronic Address:
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Ansari S, Ahmadi B, Norouzi M, Ansari Z, Afsarian MH, Lotfali E, Rezaei-Matehkolaei A. Epidermophyton floccosum: nucleotide sequence analysis and antifungal susceptibility testing of 40 clinical isolates. J Med Microbiol 2019; 68:1655-1663. [PMID: 31573466 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. Epidermophyton floccosum is an anthropophilic dermatophyte species, which is one of the common causative agents of dermatophytosis in different parts of the world. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the genetic diversity of E. floccosum strains isolated from different parts of Iran and to define the in vitro susceptibility profiles of seven antifungal drugs against these clinical isolates.Methodology. Forty clinical strains of E. floccosum isolated from 40 patients with dermatophytosis were subjected to DNA extraction and PCR amplification of the ITS rDNA region using universal primers ITS1 and ITS4. The in vitro activities of griseofulvin, itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, caspofungin, ketoconazole and terbinafine were determined using a broth microdilution method according to the CLSI-M-38A2 protocol.Results. A mean genetic similarity of 99.5 % was found between E. floccosum strains, with intraspecies differences ranging from 0 to 3 nt. The geometric mean (GM) MICs and minimum effective concentrations (MECs) across all isolates were, in increasing order, as follows: terbinafine (GM=0.018 mg l-1), posaconazole (GM=0.022 mg l-1), itraconazole (GM=0.034 mg l-1) and voriconazole (GM=0.045 mg l-1), which had low MICs against all tested strains, whereas caspofungin (GM=0.22 mg l-1), ketoconazole (GM=0.41 mg l-1) and griseofulvin (GM=0.62 mg l-1) demonstrated higher MICs.Conclusion. Our study showed low intraspecies variation within strains of E. floccosum. Furthermore, terbinafine, posaconazole, itraconazole and voriconazole were shown to be the most potent antifungal drugs against E. floccosum strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saham Ansari
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram Ahmadi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Para-Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Maryam Norouzi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Ansari
- Department of Chemistry, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hosein Afsarian
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Ensieh Lotfali
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Rezaei-Matehkolaei
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Watanabe S, Anzawa K, Mochizuki T. High prevalence of superficial white onychomycosis by Trichophyton interdigitale in a Japanese nursing home with a geriatric hospital. Mycoses 2017; 60:634-637. [PMID: 28436564 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A mycological survey on feet was performed in a nursing home with a geriatric hospital to ascertain the prevalence of tinea lesions. Of 100 subjects, comprising 62 in the nursing home and 38 in the geriatric wing, 70 were diagnosed with tinea pedis, tinea unguium (onychomycosis) or both of which 54 had onychomycosis alone, nine tinea pedis alone and seven had co-existing onychomycosis and tinea pedis. The most common clinical type of onychomycosis was distal lateral subungual onychomycosis (DLSO) at 30 cases, followed by superficial white onychomycosis (SWO) at 23 cases. Fifteen strains of Trichophyton (T.) interdigitale isolated from 23 SWO patients comprised six molecular types (D2II, nine cases; C2II, two cases; four other types, one case of each), based on the non-transcribed spacer region (NTS) of the ribosomal DNA. The pathogen of three other SWO cases was identified as T. rubrum. Direct physical contact between the subjects was unlikely because they were bedridden most of the time. Nine T. interdigitale strains were isolated from a bathtub used by patients on the floor with a high incidence of SWO alone, and all nine strains were D2II type, which suggests nosocomial infection. Consequently, the hospital infection control policy committee was consulted, bathing arrangements were changed, and nursing staff were educated about onychomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Watanabe
- Department of Dermatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Himi Municipal Hospital, Himi-shi, Japan
| | - Kazushi Anzawa
- Department of Dermatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Daigaku, Uchinada-machi, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Mochizuki
- Department of Dermatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Daigaku, Uchinada-machi, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa, Japan
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Pathogenic Dermatophytes Survive in Nail Lesions During Oral Terbinafine Treatment for Tinea Unguium. Mycopathologia 2017; 182:673-679. [PMID: 28281037 PMCID: PMC5500682 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-017-0118-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Tinea unguium caused by dermatophyte species are usually treated with oral antimycotic, terbinafine (TBF). To understand the mechanisms of improvement and recalcitrance of tinea unguium by oral TBF treatment, a method of quantifying dermatophyte viability in the nail was developed, and the viability of dermatophytes was analyzed in toenail lesions of 14 patients with KOH-positive tinea unguium treated with oral TBF 125 mg/day for up to 16 weeks. Mycological tests, including KOH examination and fungal culture, and targeted quantitative real-time PCR for internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, including rRNA, were demonstrated at the initial visit and after 8 and 16 weeks of treatment. Assays in eight patients showed that average ITS DNA amount significantly decreased, to 44% at 8 weeks and 36% at 16 weeks compared with 100% at initial visit. No significant difference was observed between at 8 and 16 weeks, despite the TBF concentration in the nail supposedly more than 10-fold higher than the minimum fungicidal concentration for dermatophytes. This finding suggests the pathogenic dermatophytes in nail lesions could survive in a dormant form, such as arthroconidia, during oral TBF treatment. Both antimycotic activity and nail growth are important factors in treatment of tinea unguium.
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Kouara S, Ait Hlilou B, Abbadi A, Khalki H, Benbella I, Lahmadi K, Er-Rami M. [Trichophyton tonsurans associated with non-albicans Candida species in hands onychomycosis about a Moroccan case]. J Mycol Med 2017; 27:119-123. [PMID: 28040418 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Trichophyton tonsurans is an anthropophilic dermatophyte, frequent in the USA and in Asia where it is responsible for causing tinea capitis. At present, we attend an emergence of this species in certain regions where it was not or little met. Here, we report a case of onychomycosis of the hand due to T. tonsurans associated with non-albicans Candida species at an adult woman. OBSERVATION The patient is a 62-year-old woman, with hypertension and diabetes. She reports the rather frequent use of chemical cleaners for the housework. She presented one year previously a distal onycholysis of the last four fingers of the left hand. The clinical examination objectified a presence of intertrigo in the second interdigital space. The mycological examination showed at the direct examination mycelial elements and the culture allowed the isolation of T. tonsurans associated with non-albicans Candida species. DISCUSSION-CONCLUSION Our observation highlights especially the identification of a species, which has been described only once in Morocco about a case with onychomycosis of the feet. A possible emergence of this species in our country is not far from being possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kouara
- Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, hôpital militaire Moulay Ismaïl, boulevard Mohamed, El Hansali, Meknès 50000, Maroc.
| | - B Ait Hlilou
- Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, hôpital militaire Moulay Ismaïl, boulevard Mohamed, El Hansali, Meknès 50000, Maroc
| | - A Abbadi
- Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, hôpital militaire Moulay Ismaïl, boulevard Mohamed, El Hansali, Meknès 50000, Maroc
| | - H Khalki
- Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, hôpital militaire Moulay Ismaïl, boulevard Mohamed, El Hansali, Meknès 50000, Maroc
| | - I Benbella
- Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, hôpital militaire Moulay Ismaïl, boulevard Mohamed, El Hansali, Meknès 50000, Maroc
| | - K Lahmadi
- Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, hôpital militaire Moulay Ismaïl, boulevard Mohamed, El Hansali, Meknès 50000, Maroc
| | - M Er-Rami
- Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, hôpital militaire Moulay Ismaïl, boulevard Mohamed, El Hansali, Meknès 50000, Maroc
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Mochizuki T, Takeda K, Anzawa K. Molecular Markers Useful for Intraspecies Subtyping and Strain Differentiation of Dermatophytes. Mycopathologia 2016; 182:57-65. [PMID: 27456819 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-016-0041-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Dermatophytosis is a very common skin disorder and the most frequent infection encountered by practicing dermatologists. The identification, pathogenicity, biology, and epidemiology of dermatophytes, the causative agents of dermatophytosis, are of interest for both dermatologists and medical mycologists. Recent advances in molecular methods have provided new techniques for identifying dermatophytes, including intraspecies variations. Intraspecies subtyping and strain differentiation have made possible the tracking of infections, the identification of common sources of infections, recurrence or reinfection after treatment, and analysis of strain virulence and drug resistance. This review describes molecular methods of intraspecies subtyping and strain differentiation, including analyses of mitochondrial DNA and non-transcribed spacer regions of ribosomal RNA genes, random amplification of polymorphic DNA, and microsatellite markers, along with their advantages and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Mochizuki
- Department of Dermatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Daigaku 1-1, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan.
| | - Kiminobu Takeda
- Department of Dermatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Daigaku 1-1, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Kazushi Anzawa
- Department of Dermatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Daigaku 1-1, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
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Neji S, Trabelsi H, Hadrich I, Cheikhrouhou F, Sellami H, Makni F, Ayadi A. Molecular characterization of strains of theTrichophyton verrucosumcomplex from Tunisia. Med Mycol 2016; 54:787-93. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myw036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Yo A, Yamamoto M, Nakayama T, Ishikawa J, Makimura K. Detection and identification of Trichophyton tonsurans from clinical isolates and hairbrush samples by loop-mediated isothermal amplification system. J Dermatol 2016; 43:1037-43. [PMID: 26892741 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.13303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Since the 1990s, there have been reports of the spread of dermatophytosis caused by Trichophyton tonsurans among contact sports athletes in several countries, including Japan. This study was performed to develop a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) system for rapid and accurate detection and identification of T. tonsurans from clinical isolates or hairbrush samples for diagnosis and to prevent the spread of infection. A specific primer set was prepared by comparing the whole genome sequence of T. tonsurans with those of six other closely related dermatophytes. After confirming the sensitivity and specificity of this system, LAMP assay was performed using 37 clinical samples obtained from three healthy volunteers and 24 judo athletes. A total of 155 fungal isolates (56 strains of various standard fungi, 96 identified T. tonsurans isolates, three hairbrush-cultured isolates from judo athletes) and 37 hairbrush samples (34 samples from 24 judo athletes, and three samples from three healthy volunteers) were used for culture and LAMP assay, respectively. The assay showed no cross-reactivity to standard strains other than T. tonsurans. The detection limit was 100 copies of DNA template per tube. All of the 96 T. tonsurans isolates were amplified, and all samples from healthy volunteers showed negative results. Four of the 34 hairbrush samples obtained from judo athletes showed positive results in LAMP assay, and two of the four were positive in both culture and LAMP assay. We developed a rapid LAMP system with high specificity and sensitivity for diagnosis of T. tonsurans infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Yo
- Laboratory of Space and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikachi Yamamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Teikyo University School of Medicine Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takako Nakayama
- Laboratory of Space and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Ishikawa
- Department of Bioactive Molecules, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Makimura
- Laboratory of Space and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
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Ahmadi B, Mirhendi H, Shidfar MR, Nouripour-Sisakht S, Jalalizand N, Geramishoar M, Shokoohi GR. A comparative study on morphological versus molecular identification of dermatophyte isolates. J Mycol Med 2014; 25:29-35. [PMID: 25533610 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2014.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dermatophytes are taxonomically classified in the genera Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton. Pleomorphism, cultural variability, slow growth and sporulation, and the need for additional physiological tests make dermatophytes notoriously difficult to identify. The present study aimed to compare the results of morphological and molecular identification of certain groups of clinical isolates of dermatophytes with a view to evaluating the accuracy of molecular methods. PATIENTS AND METHODS For each sample, the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA region was amplified using the primers ITS1 and ITS4. PCR products were subjected to restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis using the enzyme MvaI and isolate identification was performed by comparing the electrophoretic RFLP patterns with reference profiles obtained previously. Finally, paired comparative analyses of molecular and conventional methods were performed. RESULTS While morphology results from routine daily reports of the laboratories indicated that 18 (6.8%) and 136 (52.10%) of the isolates were T. rubrum and T. interdigitale, respectively, PCR-RFLP results suggested that T. rubrum was the most common etiological agent of ringworm accounting for 94 (36.01%), followed by T. interdigitale accounting for 71 (27.20%). Interestingly, 80.8% out of the 94 isolates identified as T. rubrum by molecular testing had been identified by morphological examination as belonging to different species, such as T. interdigitale (75.5%), E. floccosum (2.1%) and M. canis, T. verrucosum, and T. tonsurans (each 1.06%). Ten strains out of 261 (T. interdigitale, n=8; E. floccosum, n=2) had been defined as unknown species by morphological tests. CONCLUSION An unexpected high percent of isolates identified as T. interdigitale by conventional methods were in effect T. rubrum shown by PCR-RFLP, and regarding the necessity of correct identification of dermatophytes recovered from different clinical forms of the infection, we highly recommend ITS-sequencing or ITS-RFLP of the isolates, particularly for epidemiological research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ahmadi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - H Mirhendi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - M R Shidfar
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Nouripour-Sisakht
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - N Jalalizand
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Geramishoar
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - G R Shokoohi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Mochizuki T, Kawasaki M, Tanabe H, Ishizaki H. A Nail Drilling Method Suitable for the Diagnosis of Onychomycosis. J Dermatol 2014; 32:108-13. [PMID: 15906540 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2005.tb00726.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We describe a nail drilling method suitable for the diagnosis of onychomycosis. Thirty-three patients with onychomycosis in which the big toenail had a white band or spike were enrolled in this study. We drilled a hole about 3-mm-wide in the most proximal part of the white band or spike using a ball-shaped metal file and then, through the hole, sampled the underlying nail material softened by fungi after removing the superficial hard nail plate. Fungi in 32 (97.0%) of the nail samples were detected by direct KOH examination. When incubated on Sabouraud's dextrose agar slant with chloramphenicol and cycloheximide, fungal cultures were obtained from 27 (81.8%) of the 33 nail samples. Fourteen of the fungal isolates were identified as T. rubrum, 11 as T. mentagrophytes, and 2 as Acremonium sp. The nail drilling method is suitable for diagnosing onychomycosis with a white band or spike, because it gives a high isolation rate and leaves the patients' nail relatively more intact compared with other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Mochizuki
- Department of Dermatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Daigaku 1-1, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
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15
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Ouchi T, Nagao K, Hata Y, Otuka T, Inazumi T. Trichophyton Tonsurans Infection Manifesting as Multiple Concentric Annular Erythemas. J Dermatol 2014; 32:565-8. [PMID: 16335872 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2005.tb00799.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of dermatophytosis in a Judo wrestler caused by Trichophyton tonsurans (T. tonsurans) with clinical features that mimicked the concentric rings of tinea imbricata. Tinea imbricata is a unique dermatophytosis caused by Trichophyton concentricum (T. concentricum), observed endemically in subtropical to torrid zones and characterized by impressive concentric rings. We found three similar cases of the dermatophytosis in the literature that were reported as tinea pseudoimbricata or tinea indecisiva. All of these cases were associated with systemic or local immunosuppression, perhaps simulating the mechanism of tinea imbricata, which is known to involve the lack of delayed type hypersensitivity to T. concentricum. These cases imply that iatrogenic immunosuppression may perhaps play an important role in the development of the unique clinical features mimicking tinea imbricata. Furthermore, three of the four cases, including the presented case, were caused by T. tonsurans. It may be necessary to consider T. tonsurans infection when multiple concentric erythemas are encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Ouchi
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Highly discriminatory variable-number tandem-repeat markers for genotyping of Trichophyton interdigitale strains. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52:3290-6. [PMID: 24989614 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00828-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichophyton interdigitale is the second most frequent cause of superficial fungal infections of various parts of the human body. Studying the population structure and genotype differentiation of T. interdigitale strains may lead to significant improvements in clinical practice. The present study aimed to develop and select suitable variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) markers for 92 clinical strains of T. interdigitale. On the basis of an analysis of four VNTR markers, four to eight distinct alleles were detected for each marker. The marker with the highest discriminatory power had eight alleles and a D value of 0.802. The combination of all four markers yielded a D value of 0.969 with 29 distinct multilocus genotypes. VNTR typing revealed the genetic diversity of the strains, identifying three populations according to their colonization sites. A correlation between phenotypic characteristics and multilocus genotypes was observed. Seven patients harbored T. interdigitale strains with different genotypes. Typing of clinical T. interdigitale samples by VNTR markers displayed excellent discriminatory power and 100% reproducibility.
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17
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Ciesielska A, Bohacz J, Korniłłowicz-Kowalska T, Stączek P. Microsatellite-primed PCR for intra-species genetic relatedness in Trichophyton ajelloi strains isolated in poland from various soil samples. Microbes Environ 2014; 29:178-83. [PMID: 24859370 PMCID: PMC4103524 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me13160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichophyton ajelloi is a geophilic dermatophyte that specializes in the decomposition of native keratin. It exists in soil with a permanent influx of keratin matter. In the present study, two PCR-based methods were used for the identification and intra-species differentiation of T. ajelloi strains isolated from 3 types of soils with different physicochemical properties. The first method, employed for molecular identification, was PCR amplification of the 5.8S rRNA gene and its flanking regions encoding internal transcribed spacers (ITSs), followed by restriction enzyme digestion using endonuclease HinfI. The second method, employed for molecular differentiation, was microsatellite-primed PCR (MSP-PCR) using the repetitive oligonucleotide (GACA)4. All the T. ajelloi strains were also identified using a traditional culture method. Our results showed that molecular identification using the PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method agreed with the identification made using the traditional approach. On the other hand, PCR-RFLP results showed no strain differentiation, while MSP-PCR using the (GACA)4 primer identified different varieties among the T. ajelloi strains. The reasons for the intra-species differentiation of T. ajelloi have been discussed.
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18
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Worek M, Kwiatkowska A, Ciesielska A, Jaworski A, Kaplan J, Miedziak B, Deregowska A, Lewinska A, Wnuk M. Identification of dermatophyte species using genomic in situ hybridization (GISH). J Microbiol Methods 2014; 100:32-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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Shafiee S, Khosravi AR, Ashrafi Tamai I. Comparative study of Microsporum canis isolates by DNA fingerprinting. Mycoses 2014; 57:507-12. [PMID: 24635009 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Microsporum canis is a zoophilic fungus and it is an important agent of dermatophytosis. Cats act as important reservoirs. Clinically, it is too difficult to differentiate dermatophytosis caused by various species, also this fungus loses its morphological characteristics easily because of subculture; so using of rapid and accurate laboratory techniques for identifying the dermatophytes is important, therefore, RAPD-PCR was applied for the differentiation of the isolates. In this study, 10 M. canis isolates were detected in cats, dog, human, fox and rabbit at the Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran. For running the RAPD-PCR, PCR set system and three random primers OPU 15, OPU 13 and OPA 04 were used. Then phylogenetic tree and similarity coefficient table were drawn. The results showed that there were some common bands between M. canis isolates. There were some specific bands for each isolates, as well. Our study showed, despite the typical morphology of the whole isolates, they were placed in different branches in molecular typing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Shafiee
- Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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20
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Drira I, Neji S, Hadrich I, Trabelsi H, Sellami H, Cheikhrouhou F, Guidara R, Makni F, Ayadi A. Polymorphisms in the ITS rDNA regions for differentiating strains of theTrichophyton mentagrophytescomplex in Sfax-Tunisia. Mycoses 2014; 57:453-9. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Drira
- Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology Laboratory; Faculty of Medicine; University of Sfax; Sfax Tunisia
| | - S. Neji
- Parasitology-Mycology Laboratory; Habib Bourguiba University Hospital; Sfax Tunisia
| | - I. Hadrich
- Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology Laboratory; Faculty of Medicine; University of Sfax; Sfax Tunisia
| | - H. Trabelsi
- Parasitology-Mycology Laboratory; Habib Bourguiba University Hospital; Sfax Tunisia
| | - H. Sellami
- Parasitology-Mycology Laboratory; Habib Bourguiba University Hospital; Sfax Tunisia
| | - F. Cheikhrouhou
- Parasitology-Mycology Laboratory; Habib Bourguiba University Hospital; Sfax Tunisia
| | - R. Guidara
- Parasitology-Mycology Laboratory; Habib Bourguiba University Hospital; Sfax Tunisia
| | - F. Makni
- Parasitology-Mycology Laboratory; Habib Bourguiba University Hospital; Sfax Tunisia
| | - A. Ayadi
- Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology Laboratory; Faculty of Medicine; University of Sfax; Sfax Tunisia
- Parasitology-Mycology Laboratory; Habib Bourguiba University Hospital; Sfax Tunisia
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21
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Mochizuki T, Anzawa K, Sakata Y, Fujihiro M. Simple identification ofTrichophyton tonsuransby chlamydospore-like structures produced in culture media. J Dermatol 2013; 40:1027-32. [DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Mochizuki
- Department of Dermatology; Research Institute of Medical Science; Kanazawa Medical University; Ishikawa Japan
- Division of Dermatomycology (Novartis Pharma); Research Institute of Medical Science; Kanazawa Medical University; Ishikawa Japan
| | - Kazushi Anzawa
- Department of Dermatology; Research Institute of Medical Science; Kanazawa Medical University; Ishikawa Japan
- Division of Dermatomycology (Novartis Pharma); Research Institute of Medical Science; Kanazawa Medical University; Ishikawa Japan
| | - Yuichi Sakata
- Department of Dermatology; Research Institute of Medical Science; Kanazawa Medical University; Ishikawa Japan
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22
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Cafarchia C, Iatta R, Latrofa MS, Gräser Y, Otranto D. Molecular epidemiology, phylogeny and evolution of dermatophytes. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 20:336-51. [PMID: 24060735 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dermatophytes are fungi that invade and propagate in the keratinized skin of mammals, including humans, often causing contagious infections. The species of medical concern belong to the genera Microsporum, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton (in their anamorphic state) and Arthroderma (in their telomorphic state), which were traditionally identified based on their morphology and biochemical characters. Nonetheless, limitations linked to the differentiation of closely related agents at species and strains level have been recently overcome by molecular studies. Indeed, an accurate identification of dermatophytes is pivotal for the establishment of effective control and prevention programs as well as for determining the most appropriate and effective antifungal therapies to be applied. This article reviews the DNA techniques and the molecular markers used to identify and to characterize dermatophyte species, as well as aspects of their phylogeny and evolution. The applications of typing molecular strain to both basic and applied research (e.g., taxonomy, ecology, typing of infection, antifungal susceptibility) have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cafarchia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Bari, Str. prov. le per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
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23
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Miao YZ, Xu H, Fei BJ, Qiao DR, Cao Y. PCR-RFLP analysis of the diversity of phytate-degrading bacteria in the Tibetan Plateau. Can J Microbiol 2013; 59:245-51. [PMID: 23586748 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2012-0752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Phytases play a very important role in increasing phytate digestion and reducing phosphorus pollution in the environment, and phytate-degrading bacteria have a ubiquitous distribution in the environment. Due to its extremely harsh environment, the Tibetan Plateau breeds possibly abundant, extreme microorganisms. In this research, 67 phytate-degrading bacteria were isolated from different habitats in the Tibetan Plateau. Among all isolates, 40.3% were screened from farmland, 25.3% from wetland, 4.5% from saline-alkaline soil, 7.5% from hot springs, and 22.4% from lawns, which showed that the distribution of the phytate-degrading bacteria varied with habitats. By the PCR-RFLP method, 16 different species were identified and named, 4 of which are reported for the first time as phytate-degrading bacteria, that is, Uncultured Enterococcus sp. GYPB01, Bacillaceae bacterium strain GYPB05, Endophytic bacterium strain GYPB16, and Shigella dysenteria strain GYPB22. Through the assay of phytase activity of 16 strains, Klebsiella sp. strain GYPB15 displayed the highest capability of phytase production. Through analysis of the optimum pH, the optimum temperature, and the thermal stability of enzyme from 16 strains, some especial phytate-degrading bacteria were obtained. Our findings clearly indicate a good relation between the composition of the soils from the different environments in the Tibetan Plateau and populations of cultivable phytate-degrading bacteria. Moreover, extreme harsh soils are logically the best soils in which to find some strains of phytate-degrading bacteria for exploiting in the fields of biotechnology and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Zhi Miao
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610101, P.R. China
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24
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Rezaei-Matehkolaei A, Makimura K, De Hoog GS, Shidfar MR, Satoh K, Najafzadeh MJ, Mirhendi H. Discrimination ofTrichophyton tonsuransandTrichophyton equinumby PCR-RFLP and by β-tubulin and Translation Elongation Factor 1-α sequencing. Med Mycol 2012; 50:760-4. [DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2012.661885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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25
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Takeda K, Nishibu A, Anzawa K, Mochizuki T. Molecular Epidemiology of a Major Subgroup of Arthroderma benhamiae Isolated in Japan by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis of the Non-Transcribed Spacer Region of Ribosomal RNA Gene. Jpn J Infect Dis 2012; 65:233-9. [DOI: 10.7883/yoken.65.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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26
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Extra-Scalp Black Dot Ringworm Caused by Trichophyton tonsurans Among Contact Sports Players. Mycopathologia 2011; 173:241-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-011-9501-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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27
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Beifuss B, Bezold G, Gottlöber P, Borelli C, Wagener J, Schaller M, Korting HC. Direct detection of five common dermatophyte species in clinical samples using a rapid and sensitive 24-h PCR-ELISA technique open to protocol transfer. Mycoses 2011; 54:137-45. [PMID: 19793206 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2009.01771.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Identification of dermatophytes is usually based on morphological characteristics determined by time-consuming microscopic and cultural examinations. An effective PCR-ELISA method has been developed for rapid detection of dermatophyte species directly from clinical specimens within 24 h. Isolated genomic DNA of skin scrapings and nail samples from patients with suspected dermatophyte infections is amplified with species-specific digoxigenin-labelled primers targeting the topoisomerase II gene. The subsequent ELISA procedure with biotin-labelled probes allows a sensitive and specific identification of the five common dermatophytes -Trichophyton rubrum, T. interdigitale, T. violaceum, Microsporum canis and Epidermophyton floccosum. PCR-ELISA, based on the new polyphasic species concept, was assessed using 204 microscopy-positive samples in two university mycological laboratories in Munich and Tübingen, and 316 consecutive specimens - regardless of mycological findings - in a dermatological practice laboratory in Neu-Ulm. One of the five dermatophytes was confirmed by PCR-ELISA in 163 of 204 (79.9%) of the clinical samples from the university hospitals found positive using microscopy. Culture was positive for dermatophytes in 59.8% of the same cases. A significant difference between these two methods could be demonstrated using the McNemar test (P < 0.005). Analysis of specimens from Neu-Ulm confirmed the results in a dermatological practice laboratory as 25.0% of the specimens had positive PCR results, whereas only 7.3% were positive according to culture. Direct DNA isolation from clinical specimens and the PCR-ELISA method employed in this study provide a rapid, reproducible and sensitive tool for detection and discrimination of five major dermatophytes at species level, independent of morphological and biochemical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Beifuss
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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28
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Khosravi A, Behzad F, Sabokbar A, Shokri H, Haddadi S, Masoudi-Nejad A. Molecular typing of Epidermophyton floccosum isolated from patients with dermatophytosis by RAPD-PCR. J Basic Microbiol 2011; 50 Suppl 1:S68-73. [PMID: 20967787 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201000089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the ability of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) to type Epidermophyton floccosum isolates recovered from patients with dermatophytosis originating from different regions of Iran. A total of 13 clinical isolates of E. floccosum obtained from Iranian patients were analyzed by RAPD with 7 arbitrary primers (OPN16, OPD18' OPU15, OPX19, R28, OPA04 and OPAA17). Among the applied primers, OPN16 produced banding patterns from all the isolates. In addition, some of the isolates had very close relation. The phenon line which represented the mean similarities was at the value of 73%. At this level, 4 groups were characterized. Two isolates of a patient had different molecular patterns, suggesting infection transmission from different sources in the case of a single patient. RAPD-PCR provided a rapid and practical tool for identification of E. floccosum isolates, which was independent of morphological characteristics, and enhanced laboratory diagnosis of dermatophytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Khosravi
- Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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29
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Identification and differentiation of Trichophyton rubrum clinical isolates using PCR-RFLP and RAPD methods. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 30:727-31. [PMID: 21416216 PMCID: PMC3088811 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-010-1144-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Trichophyton rubrum represents the most frequently isolated causative agent of superficial dermatophyte infections. Several genotyping methods have recently been introduced to improve the delineation between pathogenic fungi at both the species and the strain levels. The purpose of this study was to apply selected DNA fingerprinting methods to the identification and strain discrimination of T. rubrum clinical isolates. Fifty-seven isolates from as many tinea patients were subjected to species identification by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis and strain differentiation using a randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method, with two primers designated 1 and 6. Using PCR-RFLP, 55 of the isolates studied were confirmed to be T. rubrum. Among those, a total of 40 and five distinct profiles were obtained by RAPD with primers 1 and 6, respectively. The combination of profiles from both RAPD assays resulted in 47 genotypes and an overall genotypic diversity rate of 85.4%. A dendrogram analysis performed on the profiles generated by RAPD with primer 1 showed most of the isolates (87.3%) to be genetically related. PCR-RFLP serves as a rapid and reliable method for the identification of T. rubrum species, while the RAPD analysis is rather a disadvantageous tool for T. rubrum strain typing.
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30
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Kawasaki M, Anzawa K, Ushigami T, Kawanishi J, Mochizuki T. Multiple Gene Analyses are Necessary to Understand Accurate Phylogenetic Relationships among Trichophyton Species. Med Mycol J 2011; 52:245-54. [DOI: 10.3314/mmj.52.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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31
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Anzawa K, Kawasaki M, Hironaga M, Mochizuki T. Genetic Relationship between Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. interdigitale and Arthroderma vanbreuseghemii. Med Mycol J 2011; 52:223-7. [DOI: 10.3314/mmj.52.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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32
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Kawasaki M, Anzawa K, Wakasa A, Takeda K, Mochizuki T, Ishizaki H, Hemashettar B. Matings among three teleomorphs of Trichophyton mentagrophytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 51:143-52. [PMID: 20716853 DOI: 10.3314/jjmm.51.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Three genetically hybrid F1 progenies produced between a clinical isolate of Arthroderma simii (KMU4810) and a tester strain of A. vanbreuseghemii (RV27961) were crossed with two tester strains of A. vanbreuseghemii (RV27961 and RV27960) and a tester strain of A. benhamiae (RV30001), respectively. Three crossings yielded hybrid second progenies. Another interspecies crossing between A. simii (KMU4810) and a tester strain of A. benhamiae (RV26680) yielded one hybrid F1 progeny (Asb57). The second crossings of F1 progeny (Asb57) with A. vanbreuseghemii (RV27961) and A. benhamiae (RV30001) yielded many hybrid second progenies. Some hybrid second progenies produced between F1 progeny and A. vanbreuseghemii were confirmed to have genes from three species. The gene exchangeability among three Arthroderma species was shown and the meaning of these events discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Kawasaki
- Department of Dermatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
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33
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Wakasa A, Anzawa K, Kawasaki M, Mochizuki T. Molecular typing of Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. interdigitale isolated in a university hospital in Japan based on the non-transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal RNA gene. J Dermatol 2010; 37:431-40. [PMID: 20536648 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2010.00809.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Detecting intraspecies polymorphisms in fungi causing dermatophytoses is important in elucidating routes of infection and determining whether Tinea recurrence is caused by exacerbation or re-infection. In fungi, the non-transcribed spacer region (NTS) of the ribosomal RNA gene shows the greatest accumulation of base sequence mutations. We therefore assessed NTS sequences in 64 clinical isolates of Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. interdigitale, the second most common species of dermatophytes in Japan. These isolates were among the clinical isolates of dermatophytes in the Department of Dermatology, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital in 2006 and were obtained by morphological and molecular biological identification methods. DNA was extracted from each isolate, as well as from one isolate maintained in our department, to detect length polymorphisms at each of three variable loci, TmiS0, TmiS1 and TmiS2, of the NTS for subtyping. We observed seven patterns for TmiS0, six patterns for TmiS1 and three patterns for TmiS2. The combinations of these patterns enabled us to classify the 65 isolates into 15 types. The most prevalent, constituted 46% (30/65) of all isolates. Eleven types were new combinations, whereas the other four were previously described. These results suggest that this method may be used to determine the molecular epidemiology of T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale in Japan, because it generated results rapidly and in a sensitive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asako Wakasa
- Department of Dermatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa, Japan.
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34
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Cafarchia C, Otranto D, Weigl S, Campbell BE, Parisi A, Cantacessi C, Mancianti F, Danesi P, Gasser RB. Molecular characterization of selected dermatophytes and their identification by electrophoretic mutation scanning. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:3555-64. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Maruyama R. [Diagnosis of cutaneous mycoses]. NIHON ISHINKIN GAKKAI ZASSHI = JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MYCOLOGY 2008; 49:329-34. [PMID: 19001762 DOI: 10.3314/jjmm.49.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Kanbe T. Molecular Approaches in the Diagnosis of Dermatophytosis. Mycopathologia 2008; 166:307-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-008-9107-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abdel-Rahman SM. Strain Differentiation of Dermatophytes. Mycopathologia 2008; 166:319-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-008-9108-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kawasaki M, Anzawa K, Takeda K, Tanabe H, Mochizuki T, Ishizaki H. Genetic and phenotypic variations among F1 progenies of Arthroderma benhamiae. NIHON ISHINKIN GAKKAI ZASSHI = JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MYCOLOGY 2008; 49:103-10. [PMID: 18451591 DOI: 10.3314/jjmm.49.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The genotypes and phenotypes of 77 isolates derived from ascospores produced from two genetically different Arthroderma benhamiae were studied. Specifically, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) type, nuclear DNA (nDNA) type, mating type, colony texture, growth rate, urease activity, red pigmentation and hair perforation were examined. The nDNA types based on the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes and mating types were inherited from parents independently. mtDNA type was inherited from only one parent. All the phenotypes, except hair perforation and mating type, showed great variations. Those seemed not to be a conclusive factor for species identification. Additionally, these characteristics appeared in variable combinations suggesting that they are not interrelated. The intensity of red pigmentation varied even within a colony, implying that it is not a strain-specific characteristic. Hair perforation was observed in isolates of all but one atypical strain, and therefore could be one characteristic of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Kawasaki
- Department of Dermatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
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Li HC, Bouchara JP, Hsu MML, Barton R, Su S, Chang TC. Identification of dermatophytes by sequence analysis of the rRNA gene internal transcribed spacer regions. J Med Microbiol 2008; 57:592-600. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.47607-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of dermatophytes using the traditional method is sometimes problematic because of atypical microscopic or macroscopic morphology. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using sequencing of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS)1 and ITS2 regions for identification of 17 dermatophyte species. The ITS regions of 188 strains (62 reference strains and 126 clinical isolates) were amplified by PCR and sequenced. Species identification was made by sequence comparison with an in-house database comprising ITS sequences of type or neotype strains or by blast searches for homologous sequences in public databases. Strains producing discrepant results between conventional methods and ITS sequence analysis were analysed further by sequencing the D1–D2 domain of the large-subunit rRNA gene for species clarification. The identification rates by ITS1 and ITS2 sequencing were higher than 97 %. Based on reference sequences of type or neotype strains, it was noted that most strains of Trichophyton mentagrophytes were misidentifications of Trichophyton interdigitale. In addition, barcode sequences were present in species of the Microsporum canis complex and Trichophyton rubrum complex. These barcode sequences are useful for species delineation when the results of ITS sequencing are ambiguous. In conclusion, ITS sequencing provides a very accurate and useful method for the identification of dermatophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin Chieh Li
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jean-Philippe Bouchara
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, University Hospital, Angers, France
- Host-Pathogen-Interaction Study Group, UPRES-EA 3142, Angers University, Angers, France
| | - Mark Ming-Long Hsu
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Richard Barton
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Shuli Su
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tsung Chain Chang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
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High-frequency intragenomic heterogeneity of the ribosomal DNA intergenic spacer region in Trichophyton violaceum. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2008; 7:721-6. [PMID: 18296618 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00441-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The intergenic spacer (IGS) of the rRNA genes was analyzed from the dermatophyte Trichophyton violaceum isolated from cases of tinea capitis in Taiwan and Iran. T. violaceum strains were cultured from different colonies, from single conidial colonies derived by dilution plating, and from micromanipulation of single conidia from clinical samples. A ribosomal DNA probe hybridizing to multiple EcoRI fragments was used to compare restriction fragment length polymorphisms in different T. violaceum isolates. The arthroconidia of T. violaceum that form in vivo during infection were shown to contain a single nucleus by 4',6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining. IGS regions from an isolate cultured from a single conidium were amplified, cloned, and sequenced. The results identified that heterogeneity exists between IGS regions within a single T. violaceum genome due to different copy numbers of a 171-bp tandem repeat. This suggests that the IGS of T. violaceum is partially excluded from the concerted evolution of the rRNA gene locus. The heterogeneous character of the IGS regions in T. violaceum contrasts with the closely related dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum, posing further questions on the phylogeny and the evolution of dermatophyte fungi.
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Rapid identification and differentiation of Trichophyton species, based on sequence polymorphisms of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer regions, by rolling-circle amplification. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46:1192-9. [PMID: 18234865 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02235-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA sequencing analyses have demonstrated relatively limited polymorphisms within the fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions among Trichophyton spp. We sequenced the ITS region (ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2) for 42 dermatophytes belonging to seven species (Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, T. soudanense, T. tonsurans, Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis, and M. gypseum) and developed a novel padlock probe and rolling-circle amplification (RCA)-based method for identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that could be exploited to differentiate between Trichophyton spp. Sequencing results demonstrated intraspecies genetic variation for T. tonsurans, T. mentagrophytes, and T. soudanense but not T. rubrum. Signature sets of SNPs between T. rubrum and T. soudanense (4-bp difference) and T. violaceum and T. soudanense (3-bp difference) were identified. The RCA assay correctly identified five Trichophyton species. Although the use of two "group-specific" probes targeting both the ITS1 and the ITS2 regions were required to identify T. soudanense, the other species were identified by single ITS1- or ITS2-targeted species-specific probes. There was good agreement between ITS sequencing and the RCA assay. Despite limited genetic variation between Trichophyton spp., the sensitive, specific RCA-based SNP detection assay showed potential as a simple, reproducible method for the rapid (2-h) identification of Trichophyton spp.
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Yang ZH, Huang JX, Yao YJ. Autoscreening of restriction endonucleases for PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism identification of fungal species, with Pleurotus spp. as an example. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:7947-58. [PMID: 17965212 PMCID: PMC2168144 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00842-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2007] [Accepted: 10/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A molecular method based on PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ribosomal DNA sequences was designed to rapidly identify fungal species, with members of the genus Pleurotus as an example. Based on the results of phylogenetic analysis of ITS sequences from Pleurotus, a PCR-RFLP endonuclease autoscreening (PRE Auto) program was developed to screen restriction endonucleases for discriminating multiple sequences from different species. The PRE Auto program analyzes the endonuclease recognition sites and calculates the sizes of the fragments in the sequences that are imported into the program in groups according to species recognition. Every restriction endonuclease is scored through the calculation of the average coefficient for the sequence groups and the average coefficient for the sequences within a group, and then virtual electrophoresis maps for the selected restriction enzymes, based on the results of the scoring system, are displayed for the rapid determination of the candidate endonucleases. A total of 85 haplotypes representing 151 ITS sequences were used for the analysis, and 2,992 restriction endonucleases were screened to find the candidates for the identification of species. This method was verified by an experiment with 28 samples representing 12 species of Pleurotus. The results of the digestion by the restriction enzymes showed the same patterns of DNA fragments anticipated by the PRE Auto program, apart from those for four misidentified samples. ITS sequences from 14 samples (of which nine sequences were obtained in this study), including four originally misidentified samples, confirmed the species identities revealed by the PCR-RFLP analysis. The method developed here can be used for the identification of species of other living microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Systematic Mycology and Lichenology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2714, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China.
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Fujita S, Mochizuki T. [A case of black dot ringworm on the right forearm caused by Trichophyton tonsurans]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 48:91-5. [PMID: 17502844 DOI: 10.3314/jjmm.48.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of black dot ringworm on the right forearm caused by Trichophyton (T.) tonsurans. A 16-year-old male high school Judo-wrestler visited our clinic on September 30, 2005, complaining of a round erythematosquamous eruption with a distinct margin on the right forearm. Black dots were observed in the lesion. KOH-Parker ink prepared direct microscopy revealed abundant large endotrix arthroconidia in the hair shaft. Culture yielded yellowish-brown colonies. The isolate produced numerous round, short club-shaped microconidia along the hyphae unstained with lactophenol cotton blue (resembling matchsticks) and chlamydospores. PCR-RFLP analysis of internal transcribed spacer regions of ribosomal DNA revealed a banding pattern compatible with T. tonsurans. The lesion was cured by daily administration of 125 mg of terbinafine for 13 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Fujita
- Fujita Dermatological Clinic, 1-8-25 Saiwai-cho, Nagaoka City, Niigata 940-0084, Japan
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Summerbell RC, Moore MK, Starink-Willemse M, Van Iperen A. ITS barcodes forTrichophyton tonsuransandT. equinum. Med Mycol 2007; 45:193-200. [PMID: 17464840 DOI: 10.1080/13693780601087614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Early molecular biosystematic studies of dermatophytes created considerable confusion about the taxonomic status of the horse-associated Trichophyton equinum vis-à-vis the anthropophilic T. tonsurans. Though this matter has recently been clarified, routine identification of these species based on the commonly used ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence has been impractical. This is because, in the available sequences attributed to the species in GenBank, a clear species-level distinction does not appear to exist. In the present study, resequencing the ITS regions of several anomalous isolates is shown to eliminate this problem, which was mainly based on read errors in older sequences. Newly generated sequences and recent GenBank additions are analysed to show that T. equinum appears to be uniform in ITS sequence worldwide, while T. tonsurans is also uniform, excepting a single-base change found in one otherwise typical strain. Analysis also reveals a distinct, as yet incompletely classified Asian genotype that may belong to one or the other of these species. Standard ITS 'barcode sequences' are proposed for T. tonsurans and T. equinum, and a taxonomic neotype is designated to anchor the latter species. T. equinum var. autotrophicum is further evidenced as very closely related to T. equinum var. equinum, and the anomaly of its plesiomorphous phenotype is discussed in a population genetics context.
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Giddey K, Favre B, Quadroni M, Monod M. Closely related dermatophyte species produce different patterns of secreted proteins. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2006; 267:95-101. [PMID: 17156126 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00541.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytes are the most common infectious agents responsible for superficial mycosis in humans and animals. Various species in this group of fungi show overlapping characteristics. We investigated the possibility that closely related dermatophyte species with different behaviours secrete distinct proteins when grown in the same culture medium. Protein patterns from culture filtrates of several strains of the same species were very similar. In contrast, secreted protein profiles from various species were different, and so a specific signature could be associated with each of the six analysed species. In particular, protein patterns were useful to distinguish Trichophyton tonsurans from Trichophyton equinum, which cannot be differentiated by ribosomal DNA sequencing. The secreted proteases Sub2, Sub6 and Sub7 of the subtilisin family, as well as Mep3 and Mep4 of the fungalisin family were identified. SUB6, SUB7, MEP3 and MEP4 genes were cloned and sequenced. Although the protein sequence of each protease was highly conserved across species, their level of secretion by the various species was not equivalent. These results suggest that a switch of habitat could be related to a differential expression of genes encoding homologous secreted proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Giddey
- Dermatology Service, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Mochizuki T, Tanabe H, Wakasa A, Kawasaki M, Anzawa K, Ishizaki H. [Survey of Trichophyton tonsurans infection in Japan. Molecular epidemiology and factors affecting adequate hairbrush sampling]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 47:57-61. [PMID: 16699483 DOI: 10.3314/jjmm.47.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
At the 48th Annual Meeting of The Society for Japanese Medical Mycology, held in October, 2004, we reported our findings from a survey on Trichophyton tonsurans infections in the Hokuriku and Kinki regions of Japan. The survey revealed that a few epidemics had occurred across these regions. In this article, we introduce our subsequent studies relating to 1) molecular epidemiology of isolates taken from people in many parts of Japan and 2) factors affecting adequate sampling of the scalp with hairbrushes, essential for surveying and monitoring the infection. In total, 198 isolates of Trichophyton tonsurans were analyzed using restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the non-transcribed spacer regions of ribosomal RNA genes. The restriction enzyme Mva I indicated two molecular types of strains, implying that the causative agents of the epidemic had different origins. None of the isolates obtained from the epidemic showed the same restriction profile as that of isolates from aged and sporadic cases. The published hairbrush method suitable for obtaining samples from the scalp of Judo trainees was reevaluated by changing several factors. We found that sampling should not be done soon after the students' physical training because other fungal elements may give a false positive, samples should not be obtained from students who have recently applied topical antimycotics, and samples should be taken under the guidance of qualified instructors familiar with the sampling method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Mochizuki
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Medical Research, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
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Yoshida E, Makimura K, Mirhendi H, Kaneko T, Hiruma M, Kasai T, Uchida K, Yamaguchi H, Tsuboi R. Rapid identification of Trichophyton tonsurans by specific PCR based on DNA sequences of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1 region. J Dermatol Sci 2006; 42:225-30. [PMID: 16488118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2005.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2005] [Revised: 11/19/2005] [Accepted: 12/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichophyton tonsurans, a dermatophyte implicated in an international epidemic of tinea capitis, was also found to be responsible for infecting wrestling and Judo athletes nationwide in Japan since 2001. OBJECTIVE A rapid and highly accurate means of identifying this pathogen has been required to control the infection. We have developed a T. tonsurans-specific PCR method based on the DNA sequences of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 region. SUBJECTS Eighteen species of six genera of standard strains and 75 strains of clinically isolated Trichophyton species were used in this study. METHODS A T. tonsurans-specific PCR primer pair (tonsF1 and tonsR1) was designed on the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 region, located between 18S and 5.8S rDNA. Fungal DNA was extracted from the colonies grown on culture plates, and the specificity of the PCR primers was tested. RESULTS The specific PCR product was amplified from the standard strain of T. tonsurans and from five strains isolated from black dot ringworms, but there was no band from the 70 clinical isolates of other Trichophyton species. This T. tonsurans-specific PCR method was able to detect 10 pg of T. tonsurans genomic DNA with ethidium bromide staining. CONCLUSIONS A PCR identification system specific for T. tonsurans is rapid, sensitive, and specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Yoshida
- Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Medical University, Nishishinjuku, 6-1-1 Shinjuku-ku, and Department of Dermatology, Fraternity Memorial Hospital, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
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Yoshimura R, Ito Y, Morishita N, Ninomiya J, Takiuchi I. [Comparative study between culture and PCR-RFLP analysis on identification of the causative agent of Tinea Unguium]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 47:11-4. [PMID: 16465135 DOI: 10.3314/jjmm.47.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To identify the pathogenic fungi of dermatophytosis, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of PCR amplified ribosomal DNA including internal transcribed spacers (ITS) has been established in Japan. Our purpose was to evaluate the usability of PCR-RFLP analysis to identify the causative agent of tinea unguium directly from a nail sample. METHOD Samples of tinea unguium from 100 nails were collected and cultured on Sabouraud's glucose agar and observed for 2 months. DNA was extracted from these samples, and the PCR product was digested with restriction enzymes Mva I and Hinf I. Weight of the samples was determined. RESULT Sensitivity of PCR-RFLP analysis (73%) was higher than that of culture (20%) showing that PCR is more advantageous for identification of the causative agent of tinea unguium. Sensitivity of PCR-RFLP did not depend on weight of the nail sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieko Yoshimura
- Department of Dermatology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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Dobrowolska A, Staczek P, Kaszuba A, Kozłowska M. PCR–RFLP analysis of the dermatophytes isolated from patients in Central Poland. J Dermatol Sci 2006; 42:71-4. [PMID: 16469484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2006.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2005] [Revised: 12/01/2005] [Accepted: 01/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kim MO, Kim GY, Nam BH, Jin CY, Lee KW, Park JM, Lee SJ, Lee JD. Development of Species-specific Primers for Rapid Detection of Phellinus linteus and P. baumii. MYCOBIOLOGY 2005; 33:104-108. [PMID: 24049482 PMCID: PMC3774861 DOI: 10.4489/myco.2005.33.2.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2005] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Genus Phellinus taxonomically belongs to Aphyllophorales and some species of this genus have been used as a medicinal ingredients and Indian folk medicines. Especially, P. linteus and morphological-related species are well-known medicinal fungi that have various biological activities such as humoral and cell-mediated, anti-mutagenic, and anti-cancer activities. However, little is known about the rapid detection for complex Phellinus species. Therefore, this study was carried out to develop specific primers for the rapid detection of P. linteus and other related species. Designing the species-specific primers was done based on internal transcribed spacer sequence data. Each primer set detected specifically P. linteus (PL2/PL5R) and P. baumii (PB1/PB4R). These primer sets could be useful for the rapid detection of specific-species among unidentified Phellinus species. Moreover, restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the ITS region with HaeIII was also useful for clarifying the relationship between each 5 Phellinus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mun-Ok Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, Korea
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