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Caimi K, Ruybal P. Leptospira spp., a genus in the stage of diversity and genomic data expansion. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 81:104241. [PMID: 32061688 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a widespread global zoonotic bacterial disease with a noteworthy human-animal-ecosystem interface. The disease presents different clinical manifestations and a high mortality and morbidity rates in humans and animals throughout the world. Characterization and correct classification of Leptospira isolates is essential for a better understanding the epidemiological properties of the disease. In the last ten years, molecular typing tools have been developed and applied to this field. These methods together with the availability of hundreds of new whole genome sequences that belong to known and new described species are shaping the understanding and structure of the entire genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Caimi
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABiMo), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - P Ruybal
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Facultad de Medicina, Paraguay 2155 Piso: 12, CABA 1121, Argentina
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Xu Y, Zhang J, Cui S, Li M, Zhang Y, Xue H, Xin X, Wang J. Genetic stability of vaccine strains by multilocus sequence typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis: Implications for quality control of the leptospiral vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:1272-6. [PMID: 25806658 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1020266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Quality control of vaccine strains is directly associated with the safety and efficacy of inactivated whole bacterial vaccines. The assessment of genetic stability is one of the essential elements to guarantee the quality of vaccine strains. The multiple-valence inactivated leptospiral vaccine, comprising the main circulating serogroups, has played an important role in the control of Leptospira infection in China. In the present study, to assess the genetic stability of vaccine strains and develop novel quality control tests that enhance and extend the existing procedures, 7 Chinese leptospiral vaccine strains were characterized during in vivo and in vitro passages by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis. The seven vaccine strains were found to have distinct sequence types (STs) and PFGE profiles. Further analysis showed that the ST and PFGE pattern of each vaccine strain, after in vivo or serial in vitro passages (up to 20 passages), were identical to those of the initial strain, demonstrating that these strains were genetically stable and homogeneous. Taken together, PFGE and MLST provide a reproducible and reliable means for confirming the identity and genetic stability of vaccine seeds, suggesting that these approaches can be used to evaluate the quality of leptospiral vaccine strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Xu
- a National Institutes for Food and Drug Control ; Beijing , PR China
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Calderaro A, Piccolo G, Gorrini C, Montecchini S, Buttrini M, Rossi S, Piergianni M, De Conto F, Arcangeletti MC, Chezzi C, Medici MC. Leptospira species and serovars identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry after database implementation. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:330. [PMID: 24890024 PMCID: PMC4048046 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leptospirosis, a spirochaetal zoonotic disease of worldwide distribution, endemic in Europe, has been recognized as an important emerging infectious disease, though yet it is mostly a neglected disease which imparts its greatest burden on impoverished populations from developing countries. Leptospirosis is caused by the infection with any of the more than 230 serovars of pathogenic Leptospira sp. In this study we aimed to implement the MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS) database currently available in our laboratory with Leptospira reference pathogenic (L. interrogans, L. borgpetersenii, L. kirschneri, L. noguchii), intermediate (L. fainei) and saprophytic (L. biflexa) strains of our collection in order to evaluate its possible application to the diagnosis of leptospirosis and to the typing of strains. This was done with the goal of understanding whether this methodology could be used as a tool for the identification of Leptospira strains, not only at species level for diagnostic purposes, but also at serovar level for epidemiological purposes, overcoming the limits of serological and molecular conventional methods. Twenty Leptospira reference strains were analysed by MALDI-TOF MS. Statistical analysis of the protein spectra was performed by ClinProTools software. Results The spectra obtained by the analysis of the reference strains tested were grouped into 6 main classes corresponding to the species analysed, highlighting species-specific protein profiles. Moreover, the statistical analysis of the spectra identified discriminatory peaks to recognize Leptospira strains also at serovar level extending previously published data. Conclusions In conclusion, we confirmed that MALDI-TOF MS could be a powerful tool for research and diagnostic in the field of leptospirosis with broad applications ranging from the detection and identification of pathogenic leptospires for diagnostic purposes to the typing of pathogenic and non-pathogenic leptospires for epidemiological purposes in order to enrich our knowledge about the epidemiology of the infection in different areas and generate control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Calderaro
- Unit of Microbiology and Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Viale A, Gramsci, 14-43126 Parma, Italy.
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MALDI-TOF MS analysis of human and animal Brachyspira species and benefits of database extension. J Proteomics 2012; 78:273-80. [PMID: 23036724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Spirochaetes belonging to the genus Brachyspira are anaerobic bacteria that colonize the large intestine of humans and animals, mainly pigs. The main species are namely, B. hyodysenteriae, the etiological agent of swine dysentery, B. pilosicoli, a zoonotic agent causing colonic spirochaetosis both in humans and different animal species, B. aalborgi, exclusively infecting humans causing colonic spirochaetosis, B. intermedia, a potential animal pathogen, B. innocens and B. murdochii, generally commensal of pigs, and B. alvinipulli, found in egg laying hens with diarrhea. In this study, for the first time, MALDI-TOF MS was applied on Brachyspira strains of human and animal origins, supplementing the existing database, limited to the species B. murdochii only, with spirochaetal protein profiles and demonstrating its usefulness in the rapid, cheap and reliable identification of Brachyspira strains at the species level, overcoming the problems previously encountered in the identification of these spirochaetes when using biochemical and genetic-based methods. Moreover, a dendrogram based on protein profiles of the different spirochaetal species was generated reflecting their host spectrum, showing in the same branch the only two species able to infect humans (B. aalborgi and B. pilosicoli) and in the other branch the spirochaetes infecting exclusively animals.
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Galloway RL, Levett PN. Application and validation of PFGE for serovar identification of Leptospira clinical isolates. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4:e824. [PMID: 20856859 PMCID: PMC2939049 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Serovar identification of clinical isolates of Leptospira is generally not performed on a routine basis, yet the identity of an infecting serovar is valuable from both epidemiologic and public health standpoints. Only a small number of reference laboratories worldwide have the capability to perform the cross agglutinin absorption test (CAAT), the reference method for serovar identification. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is an alternative method to CAAT that facilitates rapid identification of leptospires to the serovar level. We employed PFGE to evaluate 175 isolates obtained from humans and animals submitted to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) between 1993 and 2007. PFGE patterns for each isolate were generated using the NotI restriction enzyme and compared to a reference database consisting of more than 200 reference strains. Of the 175 clinical isolates evaluated, 136 (78%) were identified to the serovar level by the database, and an additional 27 isolates (15%) have been identified as probable new serovars. The remaining isolates yet to be identified are either not represented in the database or require further study to determine whether or not they also represent new serovars. PFGE proved to be a useful tool for serovar identification of clinical isolates of known serovars from different geographic regions and a variety of different hosts and for recognizing potential new serovars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee L Galloway
- Bacterial Zoonoses Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
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Villanueva SYAM, Ezoe H, Baterna RA, Yanagihara Y, Muto M, Koizumi N, Fukui T, Okamoto Y, Masuzawa T, Cavinta LL, Gloriani NG, Yoshida SI. Serologic and molecular studies of Leptospira and leptospirosis among rats in the Philippines. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010; 82:889-98. [PMID: 20439972 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rats are known to be the most important reservoirs and transmission sources of leptospirosis. However, the status of leptospirosis in the Philippines regarding reservoirs and transmission remains unknown. A survey was conducted in Metro Manila and Laguna that analyzed samples obtained from 106 rats. Using the microscopic agglutination test, we found that 92% of rat serum samples were positive for anti-Leptospira antibodies; the most common infecting serovars were Manilae, Hebdomadis, and Losbanos. On the basis of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and gyrase B gene sequence analyses, four groups of rat kidney isolates were found: L. interrogans serovar Manilae, serovar Losbanos, and serogroup Grippotyphosa, and L. borgpetersenii serogroup Javanica. Most isolates were lethal after experimental infection of golden Syrian hamsters. Results showed that these four Leptospira serovars and serogroups are circulating among rats, and that these animals may be one of the possible transmission sources of leptospirosis in the Philippines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Y A M Villanueva
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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Machry L, Ribeiro RL, Vital-Brazil JM, Balassiano IT, Oliveira ICMD, Avelar KES, Pereira MM. Caracterização de cepas de referência de Leptospira sp utilizando a técnica de pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2010; 43:166-9. [DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822010000200012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUÇÃO: A leptospirose é uma zoonose endêmica, mundialmente distribuída, causada por bactérias do gênero Leptospira. Este gênero compreende espécies patogênicas e saprofíticas, com mais de 200 sorovares distintos, dificultando sua caracterização. A técnica de pulsed field gel electrophoresis tem sido empregada como uma ferramenta para auxiliar nesta caracterização. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram padronizar a técnica de PFGE, determinar os perfis moleculares das cepas de referência utilizadas pelo Laboratório de Referência Nacional para Leptospirose/Centro Colaborador da Organização Mundial de Saúde para Leptospirose e criar um banco de dados com estes perfis. MÉTODOS: Foram analisadas, por PFGE, dezenove cepas utilizando a enzima de restrição NotI. RESULTADOS: Cada cepa apresentou um perfil único que pode ser considerado como uma identidade genômica específica, com exceção dos sorovares Icterohaemorrhagiae e Copenhageni, cujos perfis foram indistinguíveis. CONCLUSÕES: Dessa forma, foi possível a criação de um banco de perfis moleculares que está sendo utilizado no Laboratório para a comparação e identificação de cepas isoladas de quadros clínicos.
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A century of Leptospira strain typing. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2009; 9:760-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2009.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Revised: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Romero EC, Blanco RM, Galloway RL. Application of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for the discrimination of leptospiral isolates in Brazil. Lett Appl Microbiol 2009; 48:623-7. [PMID: 19416464 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2009.02580.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Leptospirosis is a public health problem worldwide. Traditionally, microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and cross-agglutinin absorption test (CAAT) are used to identify leptospires. However, these techniques are laborious and time-consuming, requiring the maintenance of a collection of more than 200 reference strains and correspondent rabbit antisera. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) method for discrimination of Leptospira serovars. METHODS AND RESULTS Fourteen clinical isolates of Leptospira spp. were analysed by MAT before being characterized by PFGE. The isolates were compared with a library of 206 different reference Leptospira serovars. All the isolates gave clear profiles with high resolution. PFGE and MAT results were in agreement for all clinical isolates evaluated. Twelve isolates were classified as serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae/Copenhageni by PFGE. By MAT, these isolates were classified as serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae with titres ranging from 3200 to 25 600. Two isolates were classified as serovar Canicola by PFGE, and as serogroup Canicola by MAT with titres higher than 3200. CONCLUSIONS PFGE offers the advantages of simple, reliable and reproducible results. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY PFGE provides a convenient tool for the identification of clinical isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Romero
- Department of Medical Biology, Bacteriology, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, Brazil. eliete_romero @yahoo.com.br
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Variable nucleotide tandem-repeat analysis revealing a unique group of Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona isolates associated with California sea lions. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47:1202-5. [PMID: 19204099 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01639-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona isolates were compared by variable nucleotide tandem-repeat typing. Most cattle isolates grouped together, while isolates from pigs and wildlife were distributed across several groups. Significantly, California sea lion isolates formed a unique group, providing evidence that these animals are maintenance hosts of serovar Pomona.
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Kositanont U, Chotinantakul K, Phulsuksombati D, Tribuddharat C. Assessment of Southern blot ribotyping for differentiation of Leptospira strains isolated from field rats. J Microbiol Methods 2007; 69:288-97. [PMID: 17346835 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2007.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Revised: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 01/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A Southern blot ribotyping based on EcoRV and HindIII digestion with two 16S and 23S rDNA probes for differentiating 27 Leptospira serovars was developed. The results between ribotyping and serotyping among 40 leptospiral strains isolated from field rats trapped in the northeastern region of Thailand during 1999-2000, were compared. A combination of Southern blot ribotyping, using EcoRV or HindIII digestion with both 16S and 23S rDNA as the probes, successfully typed 27 Leptospira serovars into 24 ribotypes with the discriminatory index (D) values of 0.99. The 16S- and 23S-EcoRV ribopatterns produced 17 and 9 profiles, respectively, with D values of 0.95 and 0.63, respectively. Ribopatterns of HindIII from both specific probes yielded 17 patterns. The D values of 16S- and 23S-HindIII ribopatterns were 0.94 and 0.93, respectively. With EcoRV digestion, the 16S rDNA probe was more discriminative than the 23S rDNA probe for differentiating Leptospira serovars. Moreover, the 16S-EcoRV (11 profiles), 16S-HindIII (11 profiles), and 23S-HindIII (10 profiles) ribopatterns produced higher numbers of distinct and unique profiles than the 23S-EcoRV (5 profiles). The results showed 100% concordance between ribotyping and serotyping, leading to all 40 isolates being successfully typed. The current study revealed that ribotyping as a quick and powerful tool for differentiating Leptospira serovars, has potential value in epidemiological studies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Southern/methods
- DNA Restriction Enzymes/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- Leptospira/classification
- Leptospira/genetics
- Leptospira/isolation & purification
- Leptospirosis/diagnosis
- Leptospirosis/microbiology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/chemistry
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 23S/chemistry
- RNA, Ribosomal, 23S/genetics
- Rats
- Ribotyping/methods
- Serotyping
- Thailand
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Affiliation(s)
- Uraiwan Kositanont
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
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