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Rubio-Ribeaux D, da Costa RAM, Montero-Rodríguez D, do Amaral Marques NSA, Puerta-Díaz M, de Souza Mendonça R, Franco PM, Dos Santos JC, da Silva SS. Sustainable production of bioemulsifiers, a critical overview from microorganisms to promising applications. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:195. [PMID: 37171665 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03611-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Microbial bioemulsifiers are molecules of amphiphilic nature and high molecular weight that are efficient in emulsifying two immiscible phases such as water and oil. These molecules are less effective in reducing surface tension and are synthesized by bacteria, yeast and filamentous fungi. Unlike synthetic emulsifiers, microbial bioemulsifiers have unique advantages such as biocompatibility, non-toxicity, biodegradability, efficiency at low concentrations and high selectivity under different conditions of pH, temperature and salinity. The adoption of microbial bioemulsifiers as alternatives to their synthetic counterparts has been growing in ongoing research. This article analyzes the production of microbial-based emulsifiers, the raw materials and fermentation processes used, as well as the scale-up and commercial applications of some of these biomolecules. The current trend of incorporating natural compounds into industrial formulations indicates that the search for new bioemulsifiers will continue to increase, with emphasis on performance improvement and economically viable processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daylin Rubio-Ribeaux
- Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 12.602-810, Brazil.
- Faculty of Philosophy and Sciences, Campus Marília, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, 17.525-900, Brazil.
| | - Rogger Alessandro Mata da Costa
- Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 12.602-810, Brazil
- Faculty of Philosophy and Sciences, Campus Marília, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, 17.525-900, Brazil
| | - Dayana Montero-Rodríguez
- Nucleus of Research in Environmental Sciences and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50050-590, Brazil
- Faculty of Philosophy and Sciences, Campus Marília, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, 17.525-900, Brazil
| | - Nathália Sá Alencar do Amaral Marques
- Nucleus of Research in Environmental Sciences and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50050-590, Brazil
- Faculty of Philosophy and Sciences, Campus Marília, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, 17.525-900, Brazil
| | - Mirelys Puerta-Díaz
- Pernambuco Institute of Agronomy, Recife, Pernambuco, 50761-000, Brazil
- Faculty of Philosophy and Sciences, Campus Marília, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, 17.525-900, Brazil
| | - Rafael de Souza Mendonça
- Nucleus of Research in Environmental Sciences and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, 50050-590, Brazil
- Faculty of Philosophy and Sciences, Campus Marília, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, 17.525-900, Brazil
| | - Paulo Marcelino Franco
- Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 12.602-810, Brazil
- Faculty of Philosophy and Sciences, Campus Marília, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, 17.525-900, Brazil
| | - Júlio César Dos Santos
- Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 12.602-810, Brazil
- Faculty of Philosophy and Sciences, Campus Marília, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, 17.525-900, Brazil
| | - Silvio Silvério da Silva
- Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 12.602-810, Brazil
- Faculty of Philosophy and Sciences, Campus Marília, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, 17.525-900, Brazil
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Transcriptome analysis of polysaccharide-based microbial flocculant MBFA9 biosynthesis regulated by nitrogen source. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2918. [PMID: 32075995 PMCID: PMC7031244 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59114-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial flocculant (MBF), an environmentally friendly water treatment agent, can be widely used in various water treatments. However, its use is limited by low yield and high cost. This problem can be solved by clarifying its biosynthesis mechanism and regulating it. Paenibacillus shenyangensis A9, a flocculant-producing bacterium, was used to produce polysaccharide-type MBFA9 by regulating the nitrogen source (nitrogen adequacy/nitrogen deficiency). In this study, RNA-Seq high-throughput sequencing technology and bioinformatic approaches were used to investigate the fermentation and biosynthesis of polysaccharide-type MBFA9 by regulating the nitrogen source (high nitrogen/low nitrogen) in the flocculant-producing bacteria Paenibacillus shenyangensis A9. Differentially expressed genes, functional clustering, and functional annotation of key genes were assessed. Then the MBFA9 biosynthesis and metabolic pathway were reconstructed. Our results showed that when cultured under different nitrogen conditions, bacterial strain A9 had a greater ability to synthesize polysaccharide-type MBFA9 under low nitrogen compared to high nitrogen conditions, with the yield of MBFA9 reaching 4.2 g/L at 36 h of cultivation. The quality of transcriptome sequencing data was reliable, with a matching rate of 85.38% and 85.48% when L36/H36 was mapped to the reference genome. The total expressed genes detected were 4719 and 4730, with 265 differentially expressed genes. The differentially expressed genes were classified into 3 categories: molecular function (MF), cell component (CC), and biological process (BP), and can be further divided into 22 subcategories. There were 192 upregulated genes and 73 downregulated genes, with upregulation being predominant under low nitrogen. UDP-Gal, UDP-Glc, UDP-GlcA, and UDP-GlcNAc, which are in the polysaccharide metabolic pathway, could all be used as precursors for MBFA9 biosynthesis, and murA, wecB, pgm, galU/galF, fcl, gmd, and glgC were the main functional genes capable of affecting the growth of bacteria and the biosynthesis of MBF. Results from this study provide evidence that high-level expression of key genes in MBFA9 biosynthesis, regulation, and control can achieve MBFA9 directional synthesis for large-scale applications.
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Marczak M, Żebracki K, Koper P, Turska-Szewczuk A, Mazur A, Wydrych J, Wójcik M, Skorupska A. Mgl2 Is a Hypothetical Methyltransferase Involved in Exopolysaccharide Production, Biofilm Formation, and Motility in Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:899-911. [PMID: 30681888 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-19-0026-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, functional characterization of the mgl2 gene located near the Pss-I exopolysaccharide biosynthesis region in Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii TA1 is described. The hypothetical protein encoded by the mgl2 gene was found to be similar to methyltransferases (MTases). Protein homology and template-based modeling facilitated prediction of the Mgl2 structure, which greatly resembled class I MTases with a S-adenosyl-L-methionine-binding cleft. The Mgl2 protein was engaged in exopolysaccharide, but not lipopolysaccharide, synthesis. The mgl2 deletion mutant produced exopolysaccharide comprised of only low molecular weight fractions, while overexpression of mgl2 caused overproduction of exopolysaccharide with a normal low to high molecular weight ratio. The deletion of the mgl2 gene resulted in disturbances in biofilm formation and a slight increase in motility in minimal medium. Red clover (Trifolium pratense) inoculated with the mgl2 mutant formed effective nodules, and the appearance of the plants indicated active nitrogen fixation. The mgl2 gene was preceded by an active and strong promoter. Mgl2 was defined as an integral membrane protein and formed homodimers in vivo; however, it did not interact with Pss proteins encoded within the Pss-I region. The results are discussed in the context of the possible involvement of the newly described potential MTase in various metabolic traits, such as the exopolysaccharide synthesis and motility that are important for rhizobial saprophytic and symbiotic relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Marczak
- 1 Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Kamil Żebracki
- 1 Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Koper
- 1 Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Turska-Szewczuk
- 1 Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Mazur
- 1 Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jerzy Wydrych
- 2 Department of Comparative Anatomy and Anthropology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University
| | - Magdalena Wójcik
- 1 Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Skorupska
- 1 Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
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Osińska-Jaroszuk M, Jaszek M, Starosielec M, Sulej J, Matuszewska A, Janczarek M, Bancerz R, Wydrych J, Wiater A, Jarosz-Wilkołazka A. Bacterial exopolysaccharides as a modern biotechnological tool for modification of fungal laccase properties and metal ion binding. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2018; 41:973-989. [PMID: 29582151 PMCID: PMC6013525 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-018-1928-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Four bacterial EPSs extracted from Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii Rt24.2, Sinorhizobium meliloti Rm1021, Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA110, and Bradyrhizobium elkanii USDA76 were determined towards their metal ion adsorption properties and possible modification of Cerrena unicolor laccase properties. The highest magnesium and iron ion-sorption capacity (~ 42 and ~ 14.5%, respectively) was observed for EPS isolated from B. japonicum USDA110. An evident influence of EPSs on the stability of laccase compared to the control values (without EPSs) was shown after 30-day incubation at 25 °C. The residual activity of laccases was obtained in the presence of Rh76EPS and Rh1021EPS, i.e., 49.5 and 41.5% of the initial catalytic activity, respectively. This result was confirmed by native PAGE electrophoresis. The EPS effect on laccase stability at different pH (from 3.8 to 7.0) was also estimated. The most significant changes at the optimum pH value (pH 5.8) was observed in samples of laccase stabilized by Rh76EPS and Rh1021EPS. Cyclic voltamperometry was used for analysis of electrochemical parameters of laccase stabilized by bacterial EPS and immobilized on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with aryl residues. Laccases with Rh76EPS and Rh1021EPS had an evident shift of the value of the redox potential compared to the control without EPS addition. In conclusion, the results obtained in this work present a new potential use of bacterial EPSs as a metal-binding component and a modulator of laccase properties especially stability of enzyme activity, which can be a very effective tool in biotechnology and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Osińska-Jaroszuk
- Department of Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Jaszek
- Department of Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Magdalena Starosielec
- Department of Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Justyna Sulej
- Department of Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Matuszewska
- Department of Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Janczarek
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Renata Bancerz
- Department of Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jerzy Wydrych
- Department of Comparative Anatomy and Anthropology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Adrian Wiater
- Department of Industrial Microbiology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Jarosz-Wilkołazka
- Department of Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
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Marczak M, Mazur A, Koper P, Żebracki K, Skorupska A. Synthesis of Rhizobial Exopolysaccharides and Their Importance for Symbiosis with Legume Plants. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:E360. [PMID: 29194398 PMCID: PMC5748678 DOI: 10.3390/genes8120360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizobia dwell and multiply in the soil and represent a unique group of bacteria able to enter into a symbiotic interaction with plants from the Fabaceae family and fix atmospheric nitrogen inside de novo created plant organs, called nodules. One of the key determinants of the successful interaction between these bacteria and plants are exopolysaccharides, which represent species-specific homo- and heteropolymers of different carbohydrate units frequently decorated by non-carbohydrate substituents. Exopolysaccharides are typically built from repeat units assembled by the Wzx/Wzy-dependent pathway, where individual subunits are synthesized in conjunction with the lipid anchor undecaprenylphosphate (und-PP), due to the activity of glycosyltransferases. Complete oligosaccharide repeat units are transferred to the periplasmic space by the activity of the Wzx flippase, and, while still being anchored in the membrane, they are joined by the polymerase Wzy. Here we have focused on the genetic control over the process of exopolysaccharides (EPS) biosynthesis in rhizobia, with emphasis put on the recent advancements in understanding the mode of action of the key proteins operating in the pathway. A role played by exopolysaccharide in Rhizobium-legume symbiosis, including recent data confirming the signaling function of EPS, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Marczak
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Mazur
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Piotr Koper
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Kamil Żebracki
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Anna Skorupska
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
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PssP2 is a polysaccharide co-polymerase involved in exopolysaccharide chain-length determination in Rhizobium leguminosarum. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109106. [PMID: 25268738 PMCID: PMC4182512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Production of extracellular polysaccharides is a complex process engaging proteins localized in different subcellular compartments, yet communicating with each other or even directly interacting in multicomponent complexes. Proteins involved in polymerization and transport of exopolysaccharide (EPS) in Rhizobium leguminosarum are encoded within the chromosomal Pss-I cluster. However, genes implicated in polysaccharide synthesis are common in rhizobia, with several homologues of pss genes identified in other regions of the R. leguminosarum genome. One such region is chromosomally located Pss-II encoding proteins homologous to known components of the Wzx/Wzy-dependent polysaccharide synthesis and transport systems. The pssP2 gene encodes a protein similar to polysaccharide co-polymerases involved in determination of the length of polysaccharide chains in capsule and O-antigen biosynthesis. In this work, a mutant with a disrupted pssP2 gene was constructed and its capabilities to produce EPS and enter into a symbiotic relationship with clover were studied. The pssP2 mutant, while not altered in lipopolysaccharide (LPS), displayed changes in molecular mass distribution profile of EPS. Lack of the full-length PssP2 protein resulted in a reduction of high molecular weight EPS, yet polymerized to a longer length than in the RtTA1 wild type. The mutant strain was also more efficient in symbiotic performance. The functional interrelation between PssP2 and proteins encoded within the Pss-I region was further supported by data from bacterial two-hybrid assays providing evidence for PssP2 interactions with PssT polymerase, as well as glycosyltransferase PssC. A possible role for PssP2 in a complex involved in EPS chain-length determination is discussed.
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Gomes DF, da Silva Batista JS, Rolla AAP, da Silva LP, Bloch C, Galli-Terasawa LV, Hungria M. Proteomic analysis of free-living Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens: highlighting potential determinants of a successful symbiosis. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:643. [PMID: 25086822 PMCID: PMC4287336 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strain CPAC 7 (=SEMIA 5080) was recently reclassified into the new species Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens; due to its outstanding efficiency in fixing nitrogen, it has been used in commercial inoculants for application to crops of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in Brazil and other South American countries. Although the efficiency of B. diazoefficiens inoculant strains is well recognized, few data on their protein expression are available. RESULTS We provided a two-dimensional proteomic reference map of CPAC 7 obtained under free-living conditions, with the successful identification of 115 spots, representing 95 different proteins. The results highlighted the expression of molecular determinants potentially related to symbiosis establishment (e.g. inositol monophosphatase, IMPase), fixation of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) (e.g. NifH) and defenses against stresses (e.g. chaperones). By using bioinformatic tools, it was possible to attribute probable functions to ten hypothetical proteins. For another ten proteins classified as "NO related COG" group, we analyzed by RT-qPCR the relative expression of their coding-genes in response to the nodulation-gene inducer genistein. Six of these genes were up-regulated, including blr0227, which may be related to polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) biosynthesis and competitiveness for nodulation. CONCLUSIONS The proteomic map contributed to the identification of several proteins of B. diazoefficiens under free-living conditions and our approach-combining bioinformatics and gene-expression assays-resulted in new information about unknown genes that might play important roles in the establishment of the symbiosis with soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mariangela Hungria
- Embrapa Soja, Embrapa Soja, C,P, 231, 86001-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
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Janczarek M, Rachwał K. Mutation in the pssA gene involved in exopolysaccharide synthesis leads to several physiological and symbiotic defects in Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:23711-35. [PMID: 24317432 PMCID: PMC3876073 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141223711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacterium Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii 24.2 secretes large amounts of acidic exopolysaccharide (EPS), which plays a crucial role in establishment of effective symbiosis with clover. The biosynthesis of this heteropolymer is conducted by a multi-enzymatic complex located in the bacterial inner membrane. PssA protein, responsible for the addition of glucose-1-phosphate to a polyprenyl phosphate carrier, is involved in the first step of EPS synthesis. In this work, we characterize R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii strain Rt270 containing a mini-Tn5 transposon insertion located in the 3'-end of the pssA gene. It has been established that a mutation in this gene causes a pleiotropic effect in rhizobial cells. This is confirmed by the phenotype of the mutant strain Rt270, which exhibits several physiological and symbiotic defects such as a deficiency in EPS synthesis, decreased motility and utilization of some nutrients, decreased sensitivity to several antibiotics, an altered extracellular protein profile, and failed host plant infection. The data of this study indicate that the protein product of the pssA gene is not only involved in EPS synthesis, but also required for proper functioning of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Janczarek
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19 st., Lublin 20-033, Poland; E-Mail:
| | - Kamila Rachwał
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19 st., Lublin 20-033, Poland; E-Mail:
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Relevance of fucose-rich extracellular polysaccharides produced by Rhizobium sullae strains nodulating Hedysarum coronarium l. legumes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012. [PMID: 23183977 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02903-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific and complex interactions between soil bacteria, known as rhizobia, and their leguminous host plants result in the development of root nodules. This process implies a complex dialogue between the partners. Rhizobia synthesize different classes of polysaccharides: exopolysaccharides (EPS), Kdo-rich capsular polysaccharides, lipopolysaccharides, and cyclic β-(1,2)-glucans. These polymers are actors of a successful symbiosis with legumes. We focus here on studying the EPS produced by Rhizobium sullae bacteria that nodulate Hedysarum coronarium L., largely distributed in Algeria. We describe the influence of the carbon source on the production and on the composition of EPS produced by R. sullae A6 and RHF strains. High-molecular-weight EPS preserve the bacteria from desiccation. The structural characterization of the EPS produced by R. sullae strains has been performed through sugar analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The low-molecular-weight EPS of one strain (RHF) has been totally elucidated using nuclear magnetic resonance and quantitative time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry analyses. An unusual fucose-rich EPS has been characterized. The presence of this deoxy sugar seems to be related to nodulation capacity.
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Kutkowska J, Turska-Szewczuk A, Janczarek M, Paduch R, Kamińska T, Urbanik-Sypniewska T. Biological activity of (lipo)polysaccharides of the exopolysaccharide-deficient mutant Rt120 derived from Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii strain TA1. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2012; 76:840-50. [PMID: 21999546 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297911070157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii TA1 (RtTA1) and its mutant Rt120 in the pssBpssA intergenic region as well as degraded polysaccharides (DPS) derived from the LPS were elucidated in terms of their chemical composition and biological activities. The polysaccharide portions were examined by methylation analysis, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and (1)H NMR spectroscopy. A high molecular mass carbohydrate fraction obtained from Rt120 DPS by Sephadex G-50 gel chromatography was composed mainly of L-rhamnose, 6-deoxy-L-talose, D-galactose, and D-galacturonic acid, whereas that from RtTA1 DPS contained L-fucose, 2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-D-glucose, D-galacturonic acid, 3-deoxy-3-methylaminofucose, D-glucose, D-glucuronic acid, and heptose. Relative intensities of the major (1)H NMR signals for O-acetyl and N-acetyl groups were 1 : 0.8 and 1 : 1.24 in DPS of Rt120 and RtTA1, respectively. The intact mutant LPS exhibited a twice higher lethal toxicity than the wild type LPS. A higher in vivo production of TNFα and IL-6 after induction of mice with Rt120 LPS correlated with the toxicity, although the mutant LPS induced the secretion of IL-1β and IFNγ more weakly than RtTA1 LPS. A polysaccharide obtained by gel chromatography on Bio-Gel P-4 of the high molecular mass material from Rt120 had a toxic effect on tumor HeLa cells but was inactive against the normal human skin fibroblast cell line. The polysaccharide from RtTA1 was inactive against either cell line. The potent inhibitory effect of the mutant DPS on tumor HeLa cells seems to be related with the differences in sugar composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kutkowska
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, M. Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
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Janczarek M. Environmental signals and regulatory pathways that influence exopolysaccharide production in rhizobia. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:7898-933. [PMID: 22174640 PMCID: PMC3233446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12117898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizobia are Gram-negative bacteria that can exist either as free-living bacteria or as nitrogen-fixing symbionts inside root nodules of leguminous plants. The composition of the rhizobial outer surface, containing a variety of polysaccharides, plays a significant role in the adaptation of these bacteria in both habitats. Among rhizobial polymers, exopolysaccharide (EPS) is indispensable for the invasion of a great majority of host plants which form indeterminate-type nodules. Various functions are ascribed to this heteropolymer, including protection against environmental stress and host defense, attachment to abiotic and biotic surfaces, and in signaling. The synthesis of EPS in rhizobia is a multi-step process regulated by several proteins at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Also, some environmental factors (carbon source, nitrogen and phosphate starvation, flavonoids) and stress conditions (osmolarity, ionic strength) affect EPS production. This paper discusses the recent data concerning the function of the genes required for EPS synthesis and the regulation of this process by several environmental signals. Up till now, the synthesis of rhizobial EPS has been best studied in two species, Sinorhizobium meliloti and Rhizobium leguminosarum. The latest data indicate that EPS synthesis in rhizobia undergoes very complex hierarchical regulation, in which proteins engaged in quorum sensing and the regulation of motility genes also participate. This finding enables a better understanding of the complex processes occurring in the rhizosphere which are crucial for successful colonization and infection of host plant roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Janczarek
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of M. Curie-Skłodowska, Akademicka 19 st., Lublin 20-033, Poland; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +48-81-537-5974
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Janczarek M, Kalita M, Skorupska AM. New taxonomic markers for identification of Rhizobium leguminosarum and discrimination between closely related species. Arch Microbiol 2008; 191:207-19. [PMID: 19020864 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-008-0447-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rhizobia, producing species-specific exopolysaccharides (EPSs), comprise a very diverse group of soil bacteria that are able to establish nitrogen-fixing symbioses with legumes. Based on the sequences of R. leguminosarum EPS synthesis genes, a sensitive and reliable PCR-based method for identification and subsequent discrimination between Rhizobium species has been developed and tested. For identification of R. leguminosarum, primer sets I-III complementary to sequences of rosR, pssA and pssY genes were proposed. Further sets of primers (IV-VII) were designed for discrimination between R. leguminosarum biovars. The usefulness of the method was examined using a wide range of R. leguminosarum strains isolated from different host plants nodules originating from different regions of Poland. We demonstrate a high discriminating power of primer sets I-III that allow distinguishing R. leguminosarum and two closely related species, R. etli and R. gallicum. This new approach is applicable to identification of R. leguminosarum strains, originating from nodules or soil, where many other closely related bacteria are expected to be present. Based on the nucleotide sequence of rosR and pssA genes, phylogenetic relationships of selected R. leguminosarum isolates were determined. Our results indicate that both rosR and pssA might be useful markers to differentiate and define relationships within a group of R. leguminosarum strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Janczarek
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of M. Curie-Skłodowska, 19 Akademicka, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
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Król JE, Mazur A, Marczak M, Skorupska A. Syntenic arrangements of the surface polysaccharide biosynthesis genes in Rhizobium leguminosarum. Genomics 2006; 89:237-47. [PMID: 17014983 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2006.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2006] [Revised: 08/29/2006] [Accepted: 08/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We applied a genomic approach in the identification of genes required for the biosynthesis of different polysaccharides in Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii TA1 (RtTA1). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analyses of undigested genomic DNA revealed that the RtTA1 genome is partitioned into a chromosome and four large plasmids. The combination of sequencing of RtTA1 library BAC clones and PCR amplification of polysaccharide genes from the RtTA1 genome led to the identification of five large regions and clusters, as well as many separate potential polysaccharide biosynthesis genes dispersed in the genome. We observed an apparent abundance of genes possibly linked to lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. All RtTA1 polysaccharide biosynthesis regions showed a high degree of conserved synteny between R. leguminosarum bv. viciae and/or Rhizobium etli. A majority of the genes displaying a conserved order also showed high sequence identity levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław E Król
- Department of General Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Maria Curie Skłodowska, 19 Akademicka Street, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
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14
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Salo-Zieman VLA, Sivonen T, Plumb JJ, Haddad CM, Laukkanen K, Kinnunen PHM, Kaksonen AH, Franzmann PD, Puhakka JA. Characterization of a thermophilic sulfur oxidizing enrichment culture dominated by a Sulfolobus sp. obtained from an underground hot spring for use in extreme bioleaching conditions. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 33:984-94. [PMID: 16767461 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-006-0144-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2006] [Accepted: 05/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A thermoacidophilic elemental sulfur and chalcopyrite oxidizing enrichment culture VS2 was obtained from hot spring run-off sediments of an underground mine. It contained only archaeal species, namely a Sulfolobus metallicus-related organism (96% similarity in partial 16S rRNA gene) and Thermoplasma acidophilum (98% similarity in partial 16S rRNA gene). The VS2 culture grew in a temperature range of 35-76 degrees C. Sulfur oxidation by VS2 was optimal at 70 degrees C, with the highest oxidation rate being 99 mg S(0 )l(-1 )day(-1). At 50 degrees C, the highest sulfur oxidation rate was 89 mg l(-1 )day(-1 )(in the presence of 5 g Cl(-) l(-1)). Sulfur oxidation was not significantly affected by 0.02-0.1 g l(-1) yeast extract or saline water (total salinity of 0.6 M) that simulated mine water at field application sites with availability of only saline water. Chloride ions at a concentration above 10 g l(-1) inhibited sulfur oxidation. Both granular and powdered forms of sulfur were bioavailable, but the oxidation rate of granular sulfur was less than 50% of the powdered form. Chalcopyrite concentrate oxidation (1% w/v) by the VS2 resulted in a 90% Cu yield in 30 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virpi L A Salo-Zieman
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Biotechnology, Tampere University of Technology, 33101 Tampere, Finland.
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Skorupska A, Janczarek M, Marczak M, Mazur A, Król J. Rhizobial exopolysaccharides: genetic control and symbiotic functions. Microb Cell Fact 2006; 5:7. [PMID: 16483356 PMCID: PMC1403797 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-5-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2005] [Accepted: 02/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific complex interactions between soil bacteria belonging to Rhizobium, Sinorhizobium, Mesorhizobium, Phylorhizobium, Bradyrhizobium and Azorhizobium commonly known as rhizobia, and their host leguminous plants result in development of root nodules. Nodules are new organs that consist mainly of plant cells infected with bacteroids that provide the host plant with fixed nitrogen. Proper nodule development requires the synthesis and perception of signal molecules such as lipochitooligosaccharides, called Nod factors that are important for induction of nodule development. Bacterial surface polysaccharides are also crucial for establishment of successful symbiosis with legumes. Sugar polymers of rhizobia are composed of a number of different polysaccharides, such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), capsular polysaccharides (CPS or K-antigens), neutral β-1, 2-glucans and acidic extracellular polysaccharides (EPS). Despite extensive research, the molecular function of the surface polysaccharides in symbiosis remains unclear. This review focuses on exopolysaccharides that are especially important for the invasion that leads to formation of indetermined (with persistent meristem) type of nodules on legumes such as clover, vetch, peas or alfalfa. The significance of EPS synthesis in symbiotic interactions of Rhizobium leguminosarum with clover is especially noticed. Accumulating data suggest that exopolysaccharides may be involved in invasion and nodule development, bacterial release from infection threads, bacteroid development, suppression of plant defense response and protection against plant antimicrobial compounds. Rhizobial exopolysaccharides are species-specific heteropolysaccharide polymers composed of common sugars that are substituted with non-carbohydrate residues. Synthesis of repeating units of exopolysaccharide, their modification, polymerization and export to the cell surface is controlled by clusters of genes, named exo/exs, exp or pss that are localized on rhizobial megaplasmids or chromosome. The function of these genes was identified by isolation and characterization of several mutants disabled in exopolysaccharide synthesis. The effect of exopolysaccharide deficiency on nodule development has been extensively studied. Production of exopolysaccharides is influenced by a complex network of environmental factors such as phosphate, nitrogen or sulphur. There is a strong suggestion that production of a variety of symbiotically active polysaccharides may allow rhizobial strains to adapt to changing environmental conditions and interact efficiently with legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Skorupska
- Department of General Microbiology, University of M. Curie-Skłodowska, Akademicka 19 st., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Janczarek
- Department of General Microbiology, University of M. Curie-Skłodowska, Akademicka 19 st., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Marczak
- Department of General Microbiology, University of M. Curie-Skłodowska, Akademicka 19 st., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Mazur
- Department of General Microbiology, University of M. Curie-Skłodowska, Akademicka 19 st., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jarosław Król
- Department of General Microbiology, University of M. Curie-Skłodowska, Akademicka 19 st., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
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Parro V, Moreno-Paz M. Nitrogen fixation in acidophile iron-oxidizing bacteria: The nif regulon of Leptospirillum ferrooxidans. Res Microbiol 2004; 155:703-9. [PMID: 15501646 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2004.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2004] [Accepted: 05/26/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The Gram-negative iron-oxidizing bacterium Leptospirillum ferrooxidans contains all genes necessary for nitrogen fixation, from genes encoding the Mo-Fe nitrogenase, the specific regulator (nifA), global regulators like glnB and ntrC like genes, to other sensors and transport systems somehow related to nitrogen assimilation. We review current knowledge about the nif regulon and its connection with other metabolic functions in L. ferrooxidans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Parro
- Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Carretera de Ajalvir km 4, 28850 Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain.
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