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Mukhopadhyay D, Gupta C, Theint T, Jaroniec CP. Peptide bond conformation in peptides and proteins probed by dipolar coupling-chemical shift tensor correlation solid-state NMR. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2018; 297:152-160. [PMID: 30396157 PMCID: PMC6289736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Multidimensional magic-angle spinning solid-state NMR experiments are described that permit cis and trans peptide bonds in uniformly 13C,15N-labeled peptides and proteins to be unambiguously distinguished in residue-specific manner by determining the relative orientations of the amide 13C' CSA and 1H-15N dipolar coupling tensors. The experiments are demonstrated for model peptides glycylglycine and 2,5-diketopiperazine containing trans and cis peptide bonds, respectively. Subsequently, the measurements are extended to two representative proteins that contain exclusively trans peptide bonds, microcrystalline B3 immunoglobulin domain of protein G and Y145Stop human prion protein amyloid fibrils, to illustrate their applicability to a wide range of protein systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwaipayan Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Chitrak Gupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Theint Theint
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Christopher P Jaroniec
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
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2
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Molugu TR, Lee S, Brown MF. Concepts and Methods of Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy Applied to Biomembranes. Chem Rev 2017; 117:12087-12132. [PMID: 28906107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Concepts of solid-state NMR spectroscopy and applications to fluid membranes are reviewed in this paper. Membrane lipids with 2H-labeled acyl chains or polar head groups are studied using 2H NMR to yield knowledge of their atomistic structures in relation to equilibrium properties. This review demonstrates the principles and applications of solid-state NMR by unifying dipolar and quadrupolar interactions and highlights the unique features offered by solid-state 2H NMR with experimental illustrations. For randomly oriented multilamellar lipids or aligned membranes, solid-state 2H NMR enables direct measurement of residual quadrupolar couplings (RQCs) due to individual C-2H-labeled segments. The distribution of RQC values gives nearly complete profiles of the segmental order parameters SCD(i) as a function of acyl segment position (i). Alternatively, one can measure residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) for natural abundance lipid samples to obtain segmental SCH order parameters. A theoretical mean-torque model provides acyl-packing profiles representing the cumulative chain extension along the normal to the aqueous interface. Equilibrium structural properties of fluid bilayers and various thermodynamic quantities can then be calculated, which describe the interactions with cholesterol, detergents, peptides, and integral membrane proteins and formation of lipid rafts. One can also obtain direct information for membrane-bound peptides or proteins by measuring RDCs using magic-angle spinning (MAS) in combination with dipolar recoupling methods. Solid-state NMR methods have been extensively applied to characterize model membranes and membrane-bound peptides and proteins, giving unique information on their conformations, orientations, and interactions in the natural liquid-crystalline state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trivikram R Molugu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and ‡Department of Physics, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Soohyun Lee
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and ‡Department of Physics, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Michael F Brown
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and ‡Department of Physics, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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3
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Theoretical approaches to control spin dynamics in solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance. J CHEM SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-015-0977-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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4
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Mananga ES, Reid AE, Charpentier T. Efficient theory of dipolar recoupling in solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance of rotating solids using Floquet-Magnus expansion: application on BABA and C7 radiofrequency pulse sequences. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2012; 41:32-47. [PMID: 22197191 PMCID: PMC4362537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the use of an alternative expansion scheme called Floquet-Magnus expansion (FME) to study the dynamics of spin system in solid-state NMR. The main tool used to describe the effect of time-dependent interactions in NMR is the average Hamiltonian theory (AHT). However, some NMR experiments, such as sample rotation and pulse crafting, seem to be more conveniently described using the Floquet theory (FT). Here, we present the first report highlighting the basics of the Floquet-Magnus expansion (FME) scheme and hint at its application on recoupling sequences that excite more efficiently double-quantum coherences, namely BABA and C7 radiofrequency pulse sequences. The use of Λ(n)(t) functions available only in the FME scheme, allows the comparison of the efficiency of BABA and C7 sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene S Mananga
- Commissariat A L' Energie Atomique, Neurospin/I2BM, Laboratoire de Resonance Magnetique Nucleaire, CEA-Saclay, Bât 145, Point Courrier 156F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France.
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5
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Mananga ES, Charpentier T. Introduction of the Floquet-Magnus expansion in solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2011; 135:044109. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3610943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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6
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Oyler NA, Tycko R. Conformational constraints in solid-state NMR of uniformly labeled polypeptides from double single-quantum-filtered rotational echo double resonance. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2007; 45 Suppl 1:S101-S106. [PMID: 18157809 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.2110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique is described for obtaining constraints on the backbone conformation of a protein or peptide that is prepared with uniform (15)N,(13)C labeling of consecutive pairs of amino acids or of longer segments. The technique, called double single-quantum-filtered rotational echo double resonance (DSQ-REDOR), uses frequency-selective REDOR to prepare DSQ coherences involving directly bonded backbone (13)CO and (15)NH sites, to dephase these coherences under longer-range (15)NH-(13)CO dipole-dipole couplings in a conformationally dependent manner, and to convert the remaining DSQ coherences to detectable transverse (13)C-spin polarization. The efficacy of DSQ-REDOR is demonstrated in experiments on two isotopically labeled samples, the helical peptide MB(i + 4)EK and the amyloid-forming peptide Abeta(11-25).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Oyler
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0520, USA
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7
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Ohashi R, Takegoshi K, Terao T. Cross polarization via the non-Zeeman spin reservoirs under MAS. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2007; 31:115-8. [PMID: 17412570 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2007.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2006] [Revised: 02/09/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
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8
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Rienstra CM, Hohwy M, Mueller LJ, Jaroniec CP, Reif B, Griffin RG. Determination of multiple torsion-angle constraints in U-(13)C,(15)N-labeled peptides: 3D (1)H-(15)N-(13)C-(1)H dipolar chemical shift NMR spectroscopy in rotating solids. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:11908-22. [PMID: 12358535 DOI: 10.1021/ja020802p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate constraint of peptide backbone and side-chain conformation with 3D (1)H-(15)N-(13)C-(1)H dipolar chemical shift, magic-angle spinning NMR experiments. In these experiments, polarization is transferred from (15)N[i] by ramped SPECIFIC cross polarization to the (13)C(alpha)[i], (13)C(beta)[i], and (13)C(alpha)[i - 1] resonances and evolves coherently under the correlated (1)H-(15)N and (1)H-(13)C dipolar couplings. The resulting set of frequency-labeled (15)N(1)H-(13)C(1)H dipolar spectra depend strongly upon the molecular torsion angles phi[i], chi1[i], and psi[i - 1]. To interpret the data with high precision, we considered the effects of weakly coupled protons and differential relaxation of proton coherences via an average Liouvillian theory formalism for multispin clusters and employed average Hamiltonian theory to describe the transfer of (15)N polarization to three coupled (13)C spins ((13)C(alpha)[i], (13)C(beta)[i], and (13)C(alpha)[i - 1]). Degeneracies in the conformational solution space were minimized by combining data from multiple (15)N(1)H-(13)C(1)H line shapes and analogous data from other 3D (1)H-(13)C(alpha)-(13)C(beta)-(1)H (chi1), (15)N-(13)C(alpha)-(13)C'-(15)N (psi), and (1)H-(15)N[i]-(15)N[i + 1]-(1)H (phi, psi) experiments. The method is demonstrated here with studies of the uniformly (13)C,(15)N-labeled solid tripeptide N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe-OH, where the combined data constrains a total of eight torsion angles (three phi, three chi1, and two psi): phi(Met) = -146 degrees, psi(Met) = 159 degrees, chi1(Met) = -85 degrees, phi(Leu) = -90 degrees, psi(Leu) = -40 degrees, chi1(Leu) = -59 degrees, phi(Phe) = -166 degrees, and chi1(Phe) = 56 degrees. The high sensitivity and dynamic range of the 3D experiments and the data analysis methods provided here will permit immediate application to larger peptides and proteins when sufficient resolution is available in the (15)N-(13)C chemical shift correlation spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad M Rienstra
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Magnetic Resonance, Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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9
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Brinkmann A, Schmedt auf der Günne J, Levitt MH. Homonuclear zero-quantum recoupling in fast magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2002; 156:79-96. [PMID: 12081445 DOI: 10.1006/jmre.2002.2525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state magic-angle-spinning NMR pulse sequences which implement zero-quantum homonuclear dipolar recoupling are designed with the assistance of symmetry theory. The pulse sequences are compensated on a short time scale by the use of composite pulses and on a longer time scale by the use of supercycles. (13)C dipolar recoupling is demonstrated in powdered organic solids at high spinning frequencies. The new sequences are compared to existing pulse sequences by means of numerical simulations. Experimental two-dimensional magnetization exchange spectra are shown for [U-(13)C]-L-tyrosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Brinkmann
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden
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10
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Tycko R. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance techniques for structural studies of amyloid fibrils. Methods Enzymol 2001; 339:390-413. [PMID: 11462823 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(01)39324-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Tycko
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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11
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Tycko R. Biomolecular solid state NMR: advances in structural methodology and applications to peptide and protein fibrils. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2001; 52:575-606. [PMID: 11326075 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.physchem.52.1.575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods can provide atomic-level structural constraints on peptides and proteins in forms that are not amenable to characterization by other high-resolution structural techniques, owing to insolubility, high molecular weight, noncrystallinity, or other characteristics. Important examples include peptide and protein fibrils and membrane-bound peptides and proteins. Recent advances in solid state NMR methodology aimed at structural problems in biological systems are reviewed. The power of these methods is illustrated by experimental results on amyloid fibrils and other protein fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tycko
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0520, USA.
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12
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Brinkmann A, Levitt MH. Symmetry principles in the nuclear magnetic resonance of spinning solids: Heteronuclear recoupling by generalized Hartmann–Hahn sequences. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1377031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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13
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Ishii Y. 13C–13C dipolar recoupling under very fast magic angle spinning in solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance: Applications to distance measurements, spectral assignments, and high-throughput secondary-structure determination. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1359445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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14
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Sack I, Balazs YS, Rahimipour S, Vega S. Solid-State NMR Determination of Peptide Torsion Angles: Applications of 2H-Dephased REDOR. J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja000489w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ingolf Sack
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemical Physics and Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yael S. Balazs
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemical Physics and Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Shai Rahimipour
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemical Physics and Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Shimon Vega
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemical Physics and Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Abstract
Solid-state nmr spectroscopy provides a robust method for investigating polypeptides that have been prepared by chemical synthesis and that are immobilized by strong interactions with solid surfaces or large macroscopic complexes. Solid-state nmr spectroscopy has been widely used to investigate membrane polypeptides or peptide aggregates such as amyloid fibrils. Whereas magic angle spinning solid-state nmr spectroscopy allows one to measure distances and dihedral angles with high accuracy, static membrane samples that are aligned with respect to the magnetic field direction allow one to determine the secondary structure of bound polypeptides and their orientation with respect to the bilayer normal. Peptide dynamics and the effect of polypeptides on the macroscopic phase preference of phospholipid membranes have been investigated in nonoriented samples. Investigations of the structure and topology of membrane channels, peptide antibiotics, signal sequences as well as model systems that allow one to dissect the interaction contributions in phospholipid membranes will be presented in greater detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bechinger
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18A, 82152 Marinsried, Germany.
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16
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Reif B, Hohwy M, Jaroniec CP, Rienstra CM, Griffin RG. NH-NH vector correlation in peptides by solid-state NMR. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2000; 145:132-141. [PMID: 10873504 DOI: 10.1006/jmre.2000.2067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel solid-state magic angle-spinning NMR method for measuring the NH(i)-NH(i+1) projection angle θ(i,i+1) in peptides. The experiment is applicable to uniformly (15)N-labeled peptides and is demonstrated on the chemotactic tripeptide N-formyl-l-Met-l-Leu-l-Phe. The projection angle θ(i,i+1) is directly related to the peptide backbone torsion angles φ(i) and psi(i). The method utilizes the T-MREV recoupling scheme to restore (15)N-(1)H interactions, and proton-mediated spin diffusion to establish (15)N-(15)N correlations. T-MREV has recently been shown to increase the dynamic range of the (15)N-(1)H recoupling by gamma-encoding, and permits an accurate determination of the recoupled NH dipolar interaction. The results are interpreted in a quasi-analytical fashion that permits efficient extraction of the structural parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Reif
- Department of Chemistry and MIT/Harvard Center for Magnetic Resonance, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
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17
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Takegoshi K, Imaizumi T, Terao T. One- and two-dimensional 13C-1H/15N- 1H dipolar correlation experiments under fast magic-angle spinning for determining the peptide dihedral angle phi. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2000; 16:271-278. [PMID: 10928631 DOI: 10.1016/s0926-2040(00)00076-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A recently proposed 13C-1H recoupling sequence operative under fast magic-angle spinning (MAS) [K. Takegoshi, T. Terao, Solid State Nucl. Magn. Reson. 13 (1999) 203-212.] is applied to observe 13C-1H and 15N-1H dipolar powder patterns in the IH-15N- 3C- H system of a peptide bond. Both patterns are correlated by 15N-to-13C cross polarization to observe one- or two-dimensional (1D or 2D) correlation spectra, which can be simulated by using a simple analytical expression to determine the H-N-C-H dihedral angle. The 1D and 2D experiments were applied to N-acetyl[1,2-13C,15N] DL-valine, and the peptide q angle was determined with high precision by the 2D experiment to be +/- 155.0 degrees +/- 1.2 degrees. The positive one is in good agreement with the X-ray value of 154 degrees +/- 5 degrees. The 1D experiment provided the value of phi = +/- 156.0 degrees +/- 0.8 degrees.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Takegoshi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Japan
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18
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Brinkmann A, Edén M, Levitt MH. Synchronous helical pulse sequences in magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance: Double quantum recoupling of multiple-spin systems. J Chem Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1063/1.481458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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19
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Ishii Y, Tycko R. Multidimensional Heteronuclear Correlation Spectroscopy of a Uniformly 15N- and 13C-Labeled Peptide Crystal: Toward Spectral Resolution, Assignment, and Structure Determination of Oriented Molecules in Solid-State NMR. J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9915753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Ishii
- Contribution from the Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0520
| | - Robert Tycko
- Contribution from the Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0520
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20
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Fu R, Cross TA. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of protein and polypeptide structure. ANNUAL REVIEW OF BIOPHYSICS AND BIOMOLECULAR STRUCTURE 1999; 28:235-68. [PMID: 10410802 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.biophys.28.1.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is rapidly emerging as a successful and important technique for protein and peptide structural elucidation from samples in anisotropic environments. Because of the diversity of nuclei and nuclear spin interactions that can be observed, and because of the broad range of sample conditions that can be studied by solid-state NMR, the potential for gaining structural constraints is great. Structural constraints in the form of orientational, distance, and torsional constraints can be obtained on proteins in crystalline, liquid-crystalline, or amorphous preparations. Great progress in the past few years has been made in developing techniques for obtaining these constraints, and now it has also been clearly demonstrated that these constraints can be assembled into uniquely defined three-dimensional structures at high resolution. Although much progress toward the development of solid-state NMR as a routine structural tool has been documented, the future is even brighter with the continued development of the experiments, of NMR hardware, and of the molecular biological methods for the preparation of labeled samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Fu
- Center for Interdisciplinary Magnetic Resonance, Florida State University, Tallahassee 32310, USA.
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21
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Nomura K, Takegoshi K, Terao T, Uchida K, Kainosho M. Determination of the Complete Structure of a Uniformly Labeled Molecule by Rotational Resonance Solid-State NMR in the Tilted Rotating Frame. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja984330j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Nomura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan Department of Biosciences School of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University Utsunomiya 320-8551, Japan Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - K. Takegoshi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan Department of Biosciences School of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University Utsunomiya 320-8551, Japan Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Takehiko Terao
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan Department of Biosciences School of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University Utsunomiya 320-8551, Japan Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Kenichi Uchida
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan Department of Biosciences School of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University Utsunomiya 320-8551, Japan Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Masatsune Kainosho
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan Department of Biosciences School of Science and Engineering, Teikyo University Utsunomiya 320-8551, Japan Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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