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Xia J, Kutas M, Salmon DP, Stoermann AM, Rigatuso SN, Tomaszewski Farias SE, Edland SD, Brewer JB, Olichney JM. Memory-related brain potentials for visual objects in early AD show impairment and compensatory mechanisms. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae398. [PMID: 39390709 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Impaired episodic memory is the primary feature of early Alzheimer's disease (AD), but not all memories are equally affected. Patients with AD and amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (aMCI) remember pictures better than words, to a greater extent than healthy elderly. We investigated neural mechanisms for visual object recognition in 30 patients (14 AD, 16 aMCI) and 36 cognitively unimpaired healthy (19 in the "preclinical" stage of AD). Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded while participants performed a visual object recognition task. Hippocampal occupancy (integrity), amyloid (florbetapir) PET, and neuropsychological measures of verbal & visual memory, executive function were also collected. A right-frontal ERP recognition effect (500-700 ms post-stimulus) was seen in cognitively unimpaired participants only, and significantly correlated with memory and executive function abilities. A later right-posterior negative ERP effect (700-900 ms) correlated with visual memory abilities across participants with low verbal memory ability, and may reflect a compensatory mechanism. A correlation of this retrieval-related negativity with right hippocampal occupancy (r = 0.55), implicates the hippocampus in the engagement of compensatory perceptual retrieval mechanisms. Our results suggest that early AD patients are impaired in goal-directed retrieval processing, but may engage compensatory perceptual mechanisms which rely on hippocampal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyi Xia
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, 267 Cousteau Place, Davis, CA 95618, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of California, 4860 Y Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States
| | - Marta Kutas
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - David P Salmon
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Anna M Stoermann
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Siena N Rigatuso
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, 267 Cousteau Place, Davis, CA 95618, United States
| | | | - Steven D Edland
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - James B Brewer
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - John M Olichney
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, 267 Cousteau Place, Davis, CA 95618, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of California, 4860 Y Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States
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2
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Huffer V, Bader R, Mecklinger A. Can the elderly take the action? - The influence of unitization induced by action relationships on the associative memory deficit. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2022; 194:107655. [PMID: 35788058 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2022.107655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Healthy aging is associated with intact familiarity, whereas recollection, usually supporting associative memory, is attenuated. Accordingly, associative memory shows a stronger age-related decline than item memory. One approach to alleviate age-related associative memory deficits is to increase the contribution of familiarity to associative memory by creating encoding conditions that allow to integrate separate stimuli to an entity (unitization). The current study investigated whether bottom-up unitization can reduce age-related differences in associative memory. Younger (YA) and older adults (OA) studied associations between semantically unrelated objects, spatially arranged in a way that an action between these two objects is possible (unitized, e.g., emptying a bottle into a sneaker) or not (non-unitized). At test, participants distinguished intact from recombined and new object pairs. As expected, we found larger age differences for associative memory than for item memory. Additionally, the presence of action relationships supports memory performance in both age groups. In the event-related potentials (ERP) of the test phase, we observed an age-related attenuation of recollection and preserved familiarity independent of the action relationship condition. Considering comparisons including the recombined pairs, the ERP correlate of associative familiarity (i.e., intact vs. recombined) was present in OA for action-related pairs, whereas for YA, there was no evidence for enhanced familiarity for action-related pairs. In the late time window, ERP evidence for recollection for intact action-related object pairs was obtained independent of age group. In conclusion, both age groups benefited from unitization by action relationships but by different mechanisms. While YA show no associative familiarity for action-related object pairs but a general reliance on recollection for associations in action-related and -unrelated pairs, OA seem to rely more on familiarity for the specific arrangement of action-related pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Huffer
- Experimental Neuropsychological Unit, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Regine Bader
- Experimental Neuropsychological Unit, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Axel Mecklinger
- Experimental Neuropsychological Unit, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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3
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Fortin J, Grondin S, Blanchet S. Level of processing's effect on episodic retrieval following traumatic brain injury in the elderly: An event-related potential study. Brain Cogn 2021; 154:105805. [PMID: 34638050 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2021.105805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Individuals who have sustained a traumatic brain injury (TBI) can suffer from episodic memory impairments. Until now, the neural correlates underlying episodic retrieval in individuals with TBI remained scarce, particularly in older adults. We aimed to fill this gap by recording event-related potentials during an old/new episodic recognition task in 26 older adults, 13 healthy and 13 with TBI. The task manipulated the level of processing in encoding with the use of semantic organizational strategies (deep guided, deep self-guided, and shallow encoding). For all encoding conditions, behavioral data analyses on the discrimination rate indicated that older adults with TBI were globally impaired compared with healthy older adults. The electrophysiological results indicated that the left-parietal effect was larger in the deep guided condition than in the shallow condition. In addition, the results show that the mid-frontal and left-parietal positive old/new effects were absent in both groups. The main findings are the observation, in the control group only, of an early frontal old/new effect (P200; 150-300 ms) and of a late frontal old/new effect on the left hemisphere, only in the Spontaneous condition. Together, results suggest an impairment of the allocation of attentional resources and working memory necessary for retrieving and monitoring items in the elderly with TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fortin
- École de psychologie, Université Laval, Quebec city, Quebec, Canada; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, CIRRIS, Quebec City (QC), Canada.
| | - S Grondin
- École de psychologie, Université Laval, Quebec city, Quebec, Canada; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, CIRRIS, Quebec City (QC), Canada.
| | - S Blanchet
- École de psychologie, Université Laval, Quebec city, Quebec, Canada; Laboratoire Mémoire, Cerveau et Cognition (LMC(2)), Institut de Psychologie, Université de Paris, Paris, France.
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4
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Context Memory Encoding and Retrieval Temporal Dynamics are Modulated by Attention across the Adult Lifespan. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0387-20.2020. [PMID: 33436445 PMCID: PMC7877465 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0387-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Episodic memories are multidimensional, including simple and complex features. How we successful encode and recover these features in time, whether these temporal dynamics are preserved across age, even under conditions of reduced memory performance, and the role of attention on these temporal dynamics is unknown. In the current study, we applied time-resolved multivariate decoding to oscillatory electroencephalography (EEG) in an adult lifespan sample to investigate the temporal order of successful encoding and recognition of simple and complex perceptual context features. At encoding, participants studied pictures of black and white objects presented with both color (low-level/simple) and scene (high-level/complex) context features and subsequently made context memory decisions for both features. Attentional demands were manipulated by having participants attend to the relationship between the object and either the color or scene while ignoring the other context feature. Consistent with hierarchical visual perception models, simple visual features (color) were successfully encoded earlier than were complex features (scenes). These features were successfully recognized in the reverse temporal order. Importantly, these temporal dynamics were both dependent on whether these context features were in the focus of one's attention, and preserved across age, despite age-related context memory impairments. These novel results support the idea that episodic memories are encoded and retrieved successively, likely dependent on the input and output pathways of the medial temporal lobe (MTL), and attentional influences that bias activity within these pathways across age.
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Neural correlates of episodic memory change in increasing age: a longitudinal event-related potential study. Neuroreport 2021; 32:268-273. [PMID: 33470763 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Using a longitudinal design, we examined whether event-related brain potentials (ERPs) correlates of successful episodic memory retrieval varied over a 4-year period according to the level of memory change. ERPs were recorded while participants performed a word-stem cued-recall task, and this procedure was repeated 4 years later. We compared the ERP old/new effect patterns of participants whose memory performance remained stable over time (stable group) with those of participants experiencing episodic memory decline (decline group). The pattern of change of the old/new effect differed between groups. At T1, the two groups exhibited the same pattern, with a positive frontal and parietal old/new effect. For the decline group, the old/new effect pattern did not change between T1 and T2. By contrast, for the stable group, the positive parietal old/new effect at T1 no longer appeared at T2, but a negative old/new effect was exhibited at frontal sites. This brain reorganization pattern could be a compensatory mechanism supporting strategic processes and allowing memory abilities to be maintained over time.
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Canada KL, Geng F, Riggins T. Age- and performance-related differences in source memory retrieval during early childhood: Insights from event-related potentials. Dev Psychobiol 2020; 62:723-736. [PMID: 31876294 PMCID: PMC7505688 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Across early childhood, children's ability to remember individual items and the details that accompany these items (i.e., episodic memory) improves greatly. Given that these behavioral improvements coincide with increases in age, effects of age and performance are often confounded. This study used event-related potentials (ERPs) to investigate age- and performance-related differences in the neural processes underlying the development of memory for details during early childhood. Using a source memory paradigm, ERP components related to episodic memory, the negative component (Nc), and late slow wave (LSW) were examined in 4- to 8-year-old children. Analyses focused on trials for which children correctly remembered the source related to an item versus trials where the item was remembered but the source was forgotten. Results revealed LSW, but not Nc, differed as a function of age and performance. Specifically, LSW effects were similar across source correct and source incorrect trials in all high-performing children and in low-performing older children; however, LSW effects differed across conditions in low-performing younger children. Results show developmental differences in retrieval processes across early childhood and highlight the importance of considering age and performance when examining electrophysiological correlates of episodic memory during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey L. Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742
| | - Fengji Geng
- Department of Curriculum and Learning Sciences, Zhejiang University, Xixi Campus, Hangzhou, 310007
| | - Tracy Riggins
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742
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7
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Cui X, Ren W, Zheng Z, Li J. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Improved Source Memory and Modulated Recollection-Based Retrieval in Healthy Older Adults. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1137. [PMID: 32636777 PMCID: PMC7316954 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Source memory is one of the cognitive abilities that are most vulnerable to aging. Luckily, the brain plasticity could be modulated to counteract the decline. The repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), a relatively non-invasive neuro-modulatory technique, could directly modulate neural excitability in the targeted cortical areas. Here, we are interested in whether the application of rTMS could enhance the source memory performance in healthy older adults. In addition, event-related potentials (ERPs) were employed to explore the specific retrieval process that rTMS could affect. Subjects were randomly assigned to either the rTMS group or the sham group. The rTMS group received 10 sessions (20 min per session) of 10 Hz rTMS applying on the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (i.e., F4 site), and the sham group received 10 sessions of sham stimulation. Both groups performed source memory tests before and after the intervention while the electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded during the retrieval process. Behavioral results showed that the source memory performance was significantly improved after rTMS compared with the sham stimulation; ERPs results showed that during the retrieval phase, the left parietal old/new effect, which reflected the process of recollection common to both young and old adults, increased in the rTMS group compared with the sham stimulation group, whereas the late reversed old/new effect specific to the source retrieval of older adults showed similar attenuation after intervention in both groups. The present results suggested that rTMS could be an effective intervention to improve source memory performance in healthy older adults and that it selectively facilitated the youth-like recollection process during retrieval. This study was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR) with the identifier chictr-ire-15006371.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Center on Aging Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weicong Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Center on Aging Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhiwei Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Center on Aging Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Center on Aging Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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8
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Horne ED, Koen JD, Hauck N, Rugg MD. Age differences in the neural correlates of the specificity of recollection: An event-related potential study. Neuropsychologia 2020; 140:107394. [PMID: 32061829 PMCID: PMC7078048 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In young adults, the neural correlates of successful recollection vary with the specificity (or amount) of information retrieved. We examined whether the neural correlates of recollection are modulated in a similar fashion in older adults. We compared event-related potential (ERP) correlates of recollection in samples of healthy young and older adults (N = 20 per age group). At study, participants were cued to make one of two judgments about each of a series of words. Subsequently, participants completed a memory test for studied and unstudied words in which they first made a Remember/Know/New (RKN) judgment, followed by a source memory judgment when a word attracted a 'Remember' (R) response. In young adults, the 'left parietal effect' - a putative ERP correlate of successful recollection - was largest for test items endorsed as recollected (R judgment) and attracting a correct source judgment, intermediate for items endorsed as recollected but attracting an incorrect or uncertain source judgment, and, relative to correct rejections, absent for items endorsed as familiar only (K judgment). In marked contrast, the left parietal effect was not detectable in older adults. Rather, regardless of source accuracy, studied items attracting an R response elicited a sustained, centrally maximum negative-going deflection relative to both correct rejections and studied items where recollection failed (K judgment). A similar retrieval-related negativity has been described previously in older adults, but the present findings are among the few to link this effect specifically to recollection. Finally, relative to correct rejections, all classes of correctly recognized old items elicited an age-invariant, late-onsetting positive deflection that was maximal over the right frontal scalp. This finding, which replicates several prior results, suggests that post-retrieval monitoring operations were engaged to an equivalent extent in the two age groups. Together, the present results suggest that there are circumstances where young and older adults engage qualitatively distinct retrieval-related processes during successful recollection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin D Horne
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA.
| | - Joshua D Koen
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA; University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Nedra Hauck
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA
| | - Michael D Rugg
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA
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9
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Murray JG, Ouyang G, Donaldson DI. Compensation of Trial-to-Trial Latency Jitter Reveals the Parietal Retrieval Success Effect to be Both Variable and Thresholded in Older Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:179. [PMID: 31396075 PMCID: PMC6664001 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the neural mechanism supporting episodic recollection has been well characterized in younger adults, exactly how recollection is supported in older adults remains unclear. The electrophysiological correlate of recollection—the parietal retrieval success effect—for example, has been shown to be sensitive to both the amount of information recollected and the accuracy of remembered information in younger adults. To date, there is mixed evidence that parietal effect also scales with the amount of information remembered in older adults whilst there is little evidence that the same mechanism is sensitive to the accuracy of recollected information. Here, we address one potential concern when investigating Event Related Potentials (ERPs) among older adults—namely, the greater potential for single-trial latency variability to smear and reduces the amplitudes of averaged ERPs. We apply a well-established algorithm for correcting single-trial latency variability, Residual Iteration Decomposition Analysis (RIDE), to investigate whether the parietal retrieval success effect among older adults is sensitive to retrieval accuracy. Our results reveal that similar to younger adults, older adult parietal retrieval success effects scale with the accuracy of recollected information—i.e., is greater in magnitude when recollected information is of high accuracy, reduced in magnitude when accuracy is low, and entirely absent when guessing. The results help clarify the functional significance of the neural mechanism supporting recollection in older adults whilst also highlighting the potential issues with interpreting average ERPs in older adult populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie G Murray
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Guang Ouyang
- The Laboratory of Neuroscience for Education, Faculty of Education, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - David I Donaldson
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
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10
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Zheng Z, Lang M, Wang W, Xiao F, Li J. Episodic reconstruction contributes to high-confidence false recognition memories in older adults: Evidence from event-related potentials. Brain Cogn 2019; 132:13-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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11
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Pan Y, Li X, Chen X, Ku Y, Dong Y, Dou Z, He L, Hu Y, Li W, Zhou X. ERPs and oscillations during encoding predict retrieval of digit memory in superior mnemonists. Brain Cogn 2017; 117:17-25. [PMID: 28697376 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have consistently demonstrated that superior mnemonists (SMs) outperform normal individuals in domain-specific memory tasks. However, the neural correlates of memory-related processes remain unclear. In the current EEG study, SMs and control participants performed a digit memory task during which their brain activity was recorded. Chinese SMs used a digit-image mnemonic for encoding digits, in which they associated 2-digit groups with images immediately after the presentation of each even-position digit in sequences. Behaviorally, SMs' memory of digit sequences was better than the controls'. During encoding in the study phase, SMs showed an increased right central P2 (150-250ms post onset) and a larger right posterior high-alpha (10-14Hz, 500-1720ms) oscillation on digits at even-positions compared with digits at odd-positions. Both P2 and high-alpha oscillations in the study phase co-varied with performance in the recall phase, but only in SMs, indicating that neural dynamics during encoding could predict successful retrieval of digit memory in SMs. Our findings suggest that representation of a digit sequence in SMs using mnemonics may recruit both the early-stage attention allocation process and the sustained information preservation process. This study provides evidence for the role of dynamic and efficient neural encoding processes in mnemonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Pan
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xianchun Li
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yixuan Ku
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yujie Dong
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zheng Dou
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lin He
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yi Hu
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Weidong Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Xiaolin Zhou
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 10071, China.
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12
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Unitization improves source memory in older adults: An event-related potential study. Neuropsychologia 2016; 89:232-244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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James T, Strunk J, Arndt J, Duarte A. Age-related deficits in selective attention during encoding increase demands on episodic reconstruction during context retrieval: An ERP study. Neuropsychologia 2016; 86:66-79. [PMID: 27094851 PMCID: PMC5319869 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous event-related potential (ERP) and neuroimaging evidence suggests that directing attention toward single item-context associations compared to intra-item features at encoding improves context memory performance and reduces demands on strategic retrieval operations in young and older adults. In everyday situations, however, there are multiple event features competing for our attention. It is not currently known how selectively attending to one contextual feature while attempting to ignore another influences context memory performance and the processes that support successful retrieval in the young and old. We investigated this issue in the current ERP study. Young and older participants studied pictures of objects in the presence of two contextual features: a color and a scene, and their attention was directed to the object's relationship with one of those contexts. Participants made context memory decisions for both attended and unattended contexts and rated their confidence in those decisions. Behavioral results showed that while both groups were generally successful in applying selective attention during context encoding, older adults were less confident in their context memory decisions for attended features and showed greater dependence in context memory accuracy for attended and unattended contextual features (i.e., hyper-binding). ERP results were largely consistent between age groups but older adults showed a more pronounced late posterior negativity (LPN) implicated in episodic reconstruction processes. We conclude that age-related suppression deficits during encoding result in reduced selectivity in context memory, thereby increasing subsequent demands on episodic reconstruction processes when sought after details are not readily retrieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor James
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 654 Cherry Street NW, Atlanta, GA 30332-0170, USA.
| | - Jonathan Strunk
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 654 Cherry Street NW, Atlanta, GA 30332-0170, USA
| | - Jason Arndt
- Department of Psychology, Middlebury College, 276 Bicentennial Way, Middlebury, VT 05753-6006, USA
| | - Audrey Duarte
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 654 Cherry Street NW, Atlanta, GA 30332-0170, USA
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14
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Cansino S, Trejo-Morales P, Estrada-Manilla C, Pasaye-Alcaraz EH, Aguilar-Castañeda E, Salgado-Lujambio P, Sosa-Ortiz AL. Brain activity during source memory retrieval in young, middle-aged and old adults. Brain Res 2015; 1618:168-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Electrophysiological evidence for the effects of unitization on associative recognition memory in older adults. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2015; 121:59-71. [PMID: 25858698 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Normal aging is associated with greater decline in associative memory relative to item memory due to impaired recollection. Familiarity may also contribute to associative recognition when stimuli are perceived as a 'unitized' representation. Given that familiarity is relatively preserved in older adults, we explored whether age-related associative memory deficits could be attenuated when associations were unitized (i.e., compounds) compared with those non-unitized (i.e., unrelated word pairs). Young and older adults performed an associative recognition task while electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded. Behavioral results showed that age differences were smaller for recognition of compounds than for unrelated word pairs. ERP results indicated that only compounds evoked an early frontal old/new effect in older adults. Moreover, the early frontal old/new effect was positively correlated with associative discrimination accuracy. These findings suggest that reduced age-related associative deficits under unitized condition may be associated with the presence of familiarity-based retrieval of compounds in older adults.
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Friedman D, Johnson R. Inefficient Encoding as an Explanation for Age-Related Deficits in Recollection-Based Processing. J PSYCHOPHYSIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1027/0269-8803/a000122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A cardinal feature of aging is a decline in episodic memory (EM). Nevertheless, there is evidence that some older adults may be able to “compensate” for failures in recollection-based processing by recruiting brain regions and cognitive processes not normally recruited by the young. We review the evidence suggesting that age-related declines in EM performance and recollection-related brain activity (left-parietal EM effect; LPEM) are due to altered processing at encoding. We describe results from our laboratory on differences in encoding- and retrieval-related activity between young and older adults. We then show that, relative to the young, in older adults brain activity at encoding is reduced over a brain region believed to be crucial for successful semantic elaboration in a 400–1,400-ms interval (left inferior prefrontal cortex, LIPFC; Johnson, Nessler, & Friedman, 2013 ; Nessler, Friedman, Johnson, & Bersick, 2007 ; Nessler, Johnson, Bersick, & Friedman, 2006 ). This reduced brain activity is associated with diminished subsequent recognition-memory performance and the LPEM at retrieval. We provide evidence for this premise by demonstrating that disrupting encoding-related processes during this 400–1,400-ms interval in young adults affords causal support for the hypothesis that the reduction over LIPFC during encoding produces the hallmarks of an age-related EM deficit: normal semantic retrieval at encoding, reduced subsequent episodic recognition accuracy, free recall, and the LPEM. Finally, we show that the reduced LPEM in young adults is associated with “additional” brain activity over similar brain areas as those activated when older adults show deficient retrieval. Hence, rather than supporting the compensation hypothesis, these data are more consistent with the scaffolding hypothesis, in which the recruitment of additional cognitive processes is an adaptive response across the life span in the face of momentary increases in task demand due to poorly-encoded episodic memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Friedman
- Cognitive Electrophysiology Laboratory, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, NY, USA
| | - Ray Johnson
- Brain and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Queens College of CUNY, NY, USA
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Is faster better? Effects of response deadline on ERP correlates of recognition memory in younger and older adults. Brain Res 2014; 1582:139-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Friedman D. The cognitive aging of episodic memory: a view based on the event-related brain potential. Front Behav Neurosci 2013; 7:111. [PMID: 23986668 PMCID: PMC3752587 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A cardinal feature of older-adult cognition is a decline, relative to the young, in the encoding and retrieval of personally relevant events, i.e., episodic memory (EM). A consensus holds that familiarity, a relatively automatic feeling of knowing that can support recognition-memory judgments, is preserved with aging. By contrast, recollection, which requires the effortful, strategic recovery of contextual detail, declines as we age. Over the last decade, event-related brain potential (ERPs) have become increasingly important tools in the study of the aging of EM, because a few, well-researched EM effects have been associated with the cognitive processes thought to underlie successful EM performance. EM effects are operationalized by subtracting the ERPs elicited by correctly rejected, new items from those to correctly recognized, old items. Although highly controversial, the mid-frontal effect (a positive component between ∼300 and 500 ms, maximal at fronto-central scalp sites) is thought to reflect familiarity-based recognition. A positivity between ∼500 and 800 ms, maximal at left-parietal scalp, has been labeled the left-parietal EM effect. A wealth of evidence suggests that this brain activity reflects recollection-based retrieval. Here, I review the ERP evidence in support of the hypothesis that familiarity is maintained while recollection is compromised in older relative to young adults. I consider the possibility that the inconsistency in findings may be due to individual differences in performance, executive function, and quality of life indices, such as socio-economic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Friedman
- Cognitive Electrophysiology Laboratory, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Columbia University Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute , New York , NY, USA
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Johnson R, Nessler D, Friedman D. Temporally specific divided attention tasks in young adults reveal the temporal dynamics of episodic encoding failures in elderly adults. Psychol Aging 2013; 28:443-56. [PMID: 23276214 PMCID: PMC3692580 DOI: 10.1037/a0030967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nessler, Johnson, Bersick, and Friedman (D. Nessler, R. Johnson, Jr., M. Bersick, & D. Friedman, 2006, On why the elderly have normal semantic retrieval but deficient episodic encoding: A study of left inferior frontal ERP activity, NeuroImage, Vol. 30, pp. 299-312) found that, compared with young adults, older adults show decreased event-related brain potential (ERP) activity over posterior left inferior prefrontal cortex (pLIPFC) in a 400- to 1,400-ms interval during episodic encoding. This altered brain activity was associated with significantly decreased recognition performance and reduced recollection-related brain activity at retrieval (D. Nessler, D. Friedman, R. Johnson, Jr., & M. Bersick, 2007, Does repetition engender the same retrieval processes in young and older adults? NeuroReport, Vol. 18, pp. 1837-1840). To test the hypothesis that older adults' well-documented episodic retrieval deficit is related to reduced pLIPFC activity at encoding, we used a novel divided attention task in healthy young adults that was specifically timed to disrupt encoding in either the 1st or 2nd half of a 300- to 1,400-ms interval. The results showed that diverting resources for 550 ms during either half of this interval reproduced the 4 characteristic aspects of the older participants' retrieval performance: normal semantic retrieval during encoding, reduced subsequent episodic recognition and recall, reduced recollection-related ERP activity, and the presence of "compensatory" brain activity. We conclude that part of older adults' episodic memory deficit is attributable to altered pLIPFC activity during encoding due to reduced levels of available processing resources. Moreover, the findings also provide insights into the nature and timing of the putative "compensatory" processes posited to be used by older adults in an attempt to compensate for age-related decline in cognitive function. These results support the scaffolding account of compensation, in which the recruitment of additional cognitive processes is an adaptive response across the life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray Johnson
- Brain and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Queens College of CUNY, NY, USA
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Dulas MR, Duarte A. The influence of directed attention at encoding on source memory retrieval in the young and old: An ERP study. Brain Res 2013; 1500:55-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Newsome RN, Dulas MR, Duarte A. The effects of aging on emotion-induced modulations of source retrieval ERPs: evidence for valence biases. Neuropsychologia 2012; 50:3370-84. [PMID: 23017596 PMCID: PMC11212073 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Many behavioral studies have shown that memory is enhanced for emotionally salient events across the lifespan. It has been suggested that this mnemonic boost may be observed for both age groups, particularly the old, in part because emotional information is retrieved with less effort than neutral information. Neuroimaging evidence suggests that inefficient retrieval processing (temporally delayed and attenuated) may contribute to age-related impairments in episodic memory for neutral events. It is not entirely clear whether emotional salience may reduce these age-related changes in neural activity associated with episodic retrieval for neutral events. Here, we investigated these ideas using event-related potentials (ERPs) to assess the neural correlates of successful source memory retrieval ("old-new effects") for neutral and emotional (negative and positive) images. Behavioral results showed that older adults demonstrated source memory impairments compared to the young but that both groups showed reduced source memory accuracy for negative compared to positive and neutral images; most likely due to an arousal-induced memory tradeoff for the negative images, which were subjectively more arousing than both positive and neutral images. ERP results showed that early onsetting old-new effects, between 100 and 300 ms, were observed for emotional but not neutral images in both age groups. Interestingly, these early effects were observed for negative items in the young and for positive items in the old. These ERP findings offer support for the idea that emotional events may be retrieved more automatically than neutral events across the lifespan. Furthermore, we suggest that very early retrieval mechanisms, possibly perceptual priming or familiarity, may underlie the negativity and positivity effects sometimes observed in the young and old, respectively, for various behavioral measures of attention and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel N Newsome
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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22
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Age-related decline in controlled retrieval: the role of the PFC and sleep. Neural Plast 2012; 2012:624795. [PMID: 22970389 PMCID: PMC3434414 DOI: 10.1155/2012/624795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related cognitive impairments often include difficulty retrieving memories, particularly those that rely on executive control. In this paper we discuss the influence of the prefrontal cortex on memory retrieval, and the specific memory processes associated with the prefrontal cortex that decline in late adulthood. We conclude that preretrieval processes associated with preparation to make a memory judgment are impaired, leading to greater reliance on postretrieval processes. This is consistent with the view that impairments in executive control significantly contribute to deficits in controlled retrieval. Finally, we discuss age-related changes in sleep as a potential mechanism that contributes to deficiencies in executive control that are important for efficient retrieval. The sleep literature points to the importance of slow-wave sleep in restoration of prefrontal cortex function. Given that slow-wave sleep significantly declines with age, we hypothesize that age-related changes in slow-wave sleep could mediate age-related decline in executive control, manifesting a robust deficit in controlled memory retrieval processes. Interventions, like physical activity, that improve sleep could be effective methods to enhance controlled memory processes in late life.
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Schefter M, Knorr S, Kathmann N, Werheid K. Age differences on ERP old/new effects for emotional and neutral faces. Int J Psychophysiol 2012; 85:257-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 11/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Cansino S, Hernández-Ramos E, Trejo-Morales P. Neural correlates of source memory retrieval in young, middle-aged and elderly adults. Biol Psychol 2012; 90:33-49. [PMID: 22366225 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded in young (21-27 years old), middle-aged (50-57 years old) and older adults (70-77 years old) to determine whether the decline in source memory that occurs with advancing age coincides with contemporaneous neurophysiological changes. Source memory for the spatial location (quadrant on the screen) of images presented during encoding was examined. The images were shown in the center of the screen during the retrieval task. Retrieval success for source information was characterized by different scalp topographies at frontal electrode sites in young adults relative to middle-aged and older adults. The right frontal effect during unsuccessful retrieval attempts showed amplitude and latency differences across age groups and was related to the ability to discriminate between old and new images only in young adults. These results suggest that the neural correlates of the retrieval success and attempt were affected by age and these effects were present by middle-age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selene Cansino
- Laboratory of NeuroCognition, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.
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25
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Ageing affects event-related potentials and brain oscillations: A behavioral and electrophysiological study using a haptic recognition memory task. Neuropsychologia 2011; 49:3967-80. [PMID: 22027172 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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Wang TH, de Chastelaine M, Minton B, Rugg MD. Effects of age on the neural correlates of familiarity as indexed by ERPs. J Cogn Neurosci 2011; 24:1055-68. [PMID: 21878056 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
ERPs were recorded from samples of young (18-29 years) and older (63-77 years) participants while they performed a modified "remember-know" recognition memory test. ERP correlates of familiarity-driven recognition were obtained by contrasting the waveforms elicited by unrecollected test items accorded "confident old" and "confident new" judgments. Correlates of recollection were identified by contrasting the ERPs elicited by items accorded "remember" and confident old judgments. Behavioral analyses revealed lower estimates of both recollection and familiarity in older participants than in young participants. The putative ERP correlate of recollection-the "left parietal old-new effect"-was evident in both age groups, although it was slightly but significantly smaller in the older sample. By contrast, the putative ERP correlate of familiarity-the "midfrontal old-new effect"-could be identified in young participants only. This age-related difference in the sensitivity of ERPs to familiarity was also evident in subgroups of young and older participants, in whom familiarity-based recognition performance was equivalent. Thus, the inability to detect a reliable midfrontal old-new effect in older participants was not a consequence of an age-related decline in the strength of familiarity. These findings raise the possibility that familiarity-based recognition memory depends upon qualitatively different memory signals in older and young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy H Wang
- Center for Vital Longevity, University of Texas at Dallas, 1600 Viceroy Drive, Dallas, TX 75235, USA.
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27
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Dulas MR, Newsome RN, Duarte A. The effects of aging on ERP correlates of source memory retrieval for self-referential information. Brain Res 2011; 1377:84-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.12.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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28
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St Jacques PL, Rubin DC, Cabeza R. Age-related effects on the neural correlates of autobiographical memory retrieval. Neurobiol Aging 2010; 33:1298-310. [PMID: 21190759 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Older adults recall less episodically rich autobiographical memories (AM), however, the neural basis of this effect is not clear. Using functional MRI, we examined the effects of age during search and elaboration phases of AM retrieval. Our results suggest that the age-related attenuation in the episodic richness of AMs is associated with difficulty in the strategic retrieval processes underlying recovery of information during elaboration. First, age effects on AM activity were more pronounced during elaboration than search, with older adults showing less sustained recruitment of the hippocampus and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) for less episodically rich AMs. Second, there was an age-related reduction in the modulation of top-down coupling of the VLPFC on the hippocampus for episodically rich AMs. In sum, the present study shows that changes in the sustained response and coupling of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC) underlie age-related reductions in episodic richness of the personal past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy L St Jacques
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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29
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Angel L, Fay S, Isingrini M. Exploration électrophysiologique de la mémoire épisodique dans le vieillissement normal. ANNEE PSYCHOLOGIQUE 2010. [DOI: 10.3917/anpsy.104.0595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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30
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Angel L, Fay S, Bouazzaoui B, Baudouin A, Isingrini M. Protective role of educational level on episodic memory aging: An event-related potential study. Brain Cogn 2010; 74:312-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2010.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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31
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Angel L, Fay S, Bouazzaoui B, Isingrini M. Individual differences in executive functioning modulate age effects on the ERP correlates of retrieval success. Neuropsychologia 2010; 48:3540-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Rajah MN, Languay R, Valiquette L. Age-related changes in prefrontal cortex activity are associated with behavioural deficits in both temporal and spatial context memory retrieval in older adults. Cortex 2010; 46:535-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2009.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Revised: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Angel L, Isingrini M, Bouazzaoui B, Taconnat L, Allan K, Granjon L, Fay S. The amount of retrieval support modulates age effects on episodic memory: evidence from event-related potentials. Brain Res 2010; 1335:41-52. [PMID: 20346926 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This experiment was designed to explore the impact of age and amount of retrieval support on episodic memory and its electrophysiological correlates. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded while young and older participants performed a word-stem cued-recall task in a low-support condition (LSC) in which the stem was composed of three letters, and a high-support condition (HSC) in which the cue consisted of four letters. Behavioral analyses showed that recall in the older group was less accurate than in the young group in the LSC, but no age differences were observed in the HSC. In the LSC, old/new ERP effects at frontal and parietal sites were later and less sustained for the older adults. Furthermore, the parietal old/new effect was symmetrically distributed for older adults, whereas it was predominant over the left hemisphere for their younger counterparts. In addition, young participants demonstrated early and long-lasting frontal and parietal effects in the HSC but with predominance over the right hemisphere, whereas the older adults exhibited a frontal effect and an early and long-lasting parietal effect becoming predominant over the left hemisphere. No age differences in the time course of the parietal old/new effect were observed in this more supportive condition. In addition, in the last period, the left parietal effect was greater for the older group. This study suggests that episodic memory performance and ERP correlates of recall processes are more similar between young and older adults when increased support is provided at retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Angel
- UMR-CNRS 6234 CeRCA, France; University Francois Rabelais of Tours, France; IFR 135, Imagerie fonctionnelle, France.
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Viggiano MP, Galli G, La Corte V, Ragazzoni A. Temporal dynamics of memory-related effects in older and young adults: an event-related potential study. Exp Aging Res 2010; 36:206-29. [PMID: 20209422 DOI: 10.1080/03610731003613821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Priming effects on the identification process were examined in young and older adults by using event-related potentials (ERPs). Animals and artifacts were presented in an ascending sequence of filtered images, half of which had been shown in their complete versions in a previous study phase. Each stimulus was represented by a progressively less filtered image (i.e., more complete) until the whole version was revealed in a sequence of frames. Such a paradigm allowed us to record ERPs prior to, and during, the identification of stimuli. Results showed a dynamic interplay between memory, category, and aging effects. At the moment of identification, young adults elicited larger positivity at parietal sites for previously studied stimuli and this effect was not observed for older adults. For stimuli previously studied, a striking effect was observed in both groups at the level just prior to overt identification. In addition, a frontally distributed priming effect was evident in the elderly. Category-related ERP differences emerged between the two age groups. In particular, younger participants elicited an early positive activation at anterior sites upon seeing stimuli of animals. These results are discussed in relation to current models of recognition memory, categorization, and age-related cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pia Viggiano
- Department of Psychology, University of Florence, via di San Salvi 12, Florence, Italy.
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35
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Friedman D, de Chastelaine M, Nessler D, Malcolm B. Changes in familiarity and recollection across the lifespan: an ERP perspective. Brain Res 2010; 1310:124-41. [PMID: 19914220 PMCID: PMC2812671 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Revised: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability to recognize previous experience depends on two neurocognitive processes, familiarity, fast-acting and relatively automatic, and recollection, slower-acting and more effortful. Familiarity appears to mature relatively early in development and is maintained with aging, whereas recollection shows protracted development and deteriorates with aging. To assess this model, ERP and behavioral data were recorded in children (9-10 years), adolescents (13-14), young (20-30) and older (65-85) adults during a recognition memory task in which the same items were studied and tested over four cycles. Participants decided whether each item was old or new and then whether the decision was associated with (Remember, R) or without (Know, K) contextual detail. Memory sensitivity was greatest in young adults, although all groups showed increases in memory sensitivity and R judgments with repetition. Familiarity-based processes (mid-frontal episodic memory, EM, effect) appeared to be used by adolescents, young and older adults, but apparently not to the same extent by children. Recollection-based processes (parietal EM effect) were recruited by children, adolescents and young adults, but to a much lesser extent by older adults. Repetition enhanced the parietal effect in all but older adults. However, post-hoc analyses indicated that reduced recollective processing was confined to poor-performing older adults. By contrast, children appeared to rely mainly on recollection concordant with their conservative decision criteria across tests. We conclude that episodic-memory development reflects the increasingly flexible and interchangeable use of familiarity and recollection with a breakdown in the latter at older ages, perhaps limited to poor-performing older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Friedman
- Cognitive Electrophysiology Laboratory, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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36
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Osorio A, Ballesteros S, Fay S, Pouthas V. The effect of age on word-stem cued recall: A behavioral and electrophysiological study. Brain Res 2009; 1289:56-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Revised: 06/20/2009] [Accepted: 07/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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37
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Macpherson H, Pipingas A, Silberstein R. A steady state visually evoked potential investigation of memory and ageing. Brain Cogn 2009; 69:571-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2008.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2007] [Revised: 06/25/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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38
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Kim YY, Roh AY, Namgoong Y, Jo HJ, Lee JM, Kwon JS. Cortical network dynamics during source memory retrieval: current density imaging with individual MRI. Hum Brain Mapp 2009; 30:78-91. [PMID: 17979123 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the neural correlates of source memory retrieval using low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) with 64 channels EEG and individual MRI as a realistic head model. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded while 13 healthy subjects performed the source memory task for the voice of the speaker in spoken words. The source correct condition of old words elicited more positive-going potentials than the correct rejection condition of new words at 400-700 ms post-stimulus and the old/new effects also appeared in the right anterior region between 1,000 and 1,200 ms. We conducted source reconstruction at mean latencies of 311, 604, 793, and 1,100 ms and used statistical parametric mapping for the statistical analysis. The results of source analysis suggest that the activation of the right inferior parietal region may reflect retrieval of source information. The source elicited by the difference ERPs between the source correct and source incorrect conditions exhibited dynamic change of current density activation in the overall cortices with time during source memory retrieval. These results indicate that multiple neural systems may underlie the ability to recollect context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Youn Kim
- BK21 Research Division of Human Life Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Kim YY, Roh AY, Yoo SY, Kang DH, Kwon JS. Impairment of source memory in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: equivalent current dipole analysis. Psychiatry Res 2009; 165:47-59. [PMID: 19027963 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2008.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2007] [Revised: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 03/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We examined memory performance and cortical source localization of old/new effects in a source memory task in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients by employing an equivalent current dipole (ECD) model using EEG and a realistic head model. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded while 14 OCD patients and 14 age-, sex-, handedness-, and educational level-matched healthy control subjects performed recognition tasks for spoken words (items) or for the voice of the speaker of spoken words (sources). In the item memory task, both groups showed ERP old/new effects at 300-700 ms. In the source memory task, the controls showed ERP old/new effects at 400-700 ms, whereas the OCD patients did not. Compared with the controls, the OCD patients showed significantly lower source accuracy and prolonged reaction times to the old words with accurate voice judgments. There were no differences between the OCD and control groups with regard to the locations of the ERP generators elicited by source correct and correct rejection conditions. The OCD patients showed significantly altered hemispheric asymmetry of ECD power in the frontal lobe during source memory retrieval, compared with the controls. These results indicate that OCD patients have preserved item memory about content, but impaired source memory about context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Youn Kim
- BK21 Research Division of Human Life Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Early age-related changes in episodic memory retrieval as revealed by event-related potentials. Neuroreport 2009; 20:191-6. [PMID: 19104457 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e32831b44ca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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41
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Wolk DA, Sen NM, Chong H, Riis JL, McGinnis SM, Holcomb PJ, Daffner KR. ERP correlates of item recognition memory: effects of age and performance. Brain Res 2009; 1250:218-31. [PMID: 19046954 PMCID: PMC2712353 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Revised: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 11/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Decline in episodic memory is a common feature of healthy aging. Event-related potential (ERP) studies in young adults have consistently reported several modulations thought to index memory retrieval processes, but relatively limited work has explored the impact of aging on them. Further, work with functional imaging has demonstrated differential neural recruitment in elderly subjects depending on their level of cognitive performance which may reflect compensatory or, alternatively, inefficient processing. In the present study we examined the effect of aging and level of performance on both early (FN400, LPC) and later [late frontal effect (LFE)] ERP indices of recognition memory. We found that the FN400 and LPC were absent or attenuated in the older group relative to young adults, but that the LFE was actually increased, analogous to findings in the functional imaging literature. Additionally, the latter effect was most prominent in the poorer performing older participants. These findings suggest that weak memory retrieval supported by earlier ERP modulations, may lead to an enhanced LFE in the service of additional retrieval attempts.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Wolk
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15217, USA.
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42
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Neural correlates of cued recall in young and older adults: an event-related potential study. Neuroreport 2009; 20:75-9. [DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e32831b6e0c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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43
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Duverne S, Motamedinia S, Rugg MD. Effects of age on the neural correlates of retrieval cue processing are modulated by task demands. J Cogn Neurosci 2009; 21:1-17. [PMID: 18476757 PMCID: PMC2707523 DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2009.21001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The electrophysiological correlates of retrieval orientation--the differential processing of retrieval cues according to the nature of the sought-for information--were investigated in healthy young (18-20 years old) and older (63-77 years old) adults. In one pair of study-test cycles, subjects studied either words or pictures presented in one of two visually distinct contexts, and then performed a yes/no recognition task with words as test items. In another pair of study-test cycles, subjects again made recognition judgments, but were required, in addition, to signal the study context for each item judged "old." Young subjects' event-related potentials (ERPs) for new (unstudied) test items were more negative-going when the study material was pictures rather than words, and this effect varied little between the two retrieval tasks. Replicating a previous report [Morcom, A. M., & Rugg, M. D. Effects of age on retrieval cue processing as revealed by ERPs. Neuropsychologia, 42, 1525-1542, 2004], the effects of study material on the ERPs of the older subjects were attenuated and statistically nonsignificant in the recognition task. In the source retrieval task, however, material effects in the older group were comparable in both onset latency and magnitude with those of the young subjects. Thus, the failure of older adults to demonstrate differential cue processing in tests of recognition memory likely reflects the adoption of a specific retrieval strategy rather than the incapacity to process retrieval cues in a goal-directed manner.
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Age differences in the emotional modulation of ERP old/new effects. Int J Psychophysiol 2008; 70:105-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Revised: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Wiese H, Schweinberger SR, Hansen K. The age of the beholder: ERP evidence of an own-age bias in face memory. Neuropsychologia 2008; 46:2973-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Revised: 05/28/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Duarte A, Henson RN, Graham KS. The effects of aging on the neural correlates of subjective and objective recollection. Cereb Cortex 2008; 18:2169-80. [PMID: 18165281 PMCID: PMC2517104 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhm243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
High-functioning older adults can exhibit normal recollection when measured subjectively, via "remember" judgments, but not when measured objectively, via source judgments, whereas low-functioning older adults exhibit impairments for both measures. A potential explanation for this is that typical subjective and objective tests of recollection necessitate different processing demands, supported by distinct brain regions, and that deficits in these tests are observed according to the degree of age-related changes in these regions. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure the effects of aging on neural correlates of subjective and objective measures of recollection, in young, high-functioning (Old-High) and low-functioning (Old-Low) older adults. Behaviorally, the Old-High group showed intact subjective ("remember" judgments) but impaired objective recollection (for 1 of 2 spatial or temporal sources), whereas the Old-Low group was impaired on both measures. Imaging data showed changes in parietal subjective recollection effects in the Old-Low group and in lateral frontal objective recollection effects in both older adult groups. Our results highlight the importance of examining performance variability in older adults and suggest that differential effects of aging on brain regions are associated with different patterns of performance on tests of subjective and objective recollection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Duarte
- Medical Research Council, Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.
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Cansino S. Episodic memory decay along the adult lifespan: a review of behavioral and neurophysiological evidence. Int J Psychophysiol 2008; 71:64-9. [PMID: 18725253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The ability to learn and remember new information declines along life. Empirical evidence reveals that this deficit occurs unevenly with different types of memory. Episodic memory, which is referred to as the ability to remember our own experiences in a determined temporal and spatial context, is especially vulnerable to aging. Episodic information can be retrieved with or without the context information that took place when the episodic event was encoded. There is agreement that, with advancing age, the source information related to an episodic event is more susceptible to be forgotten than the event; however, there is no consensus regarding the age at which this decline begins, the speed of source-memory decline along life or the possible changes, due to aging, in neurophysiological activity during encoding of source information that is subsequently correctly retrieved. In an attempt to answer the first two issues, a behavioral study with 552 subjects from 20 to 80 years of age was conducted, which provided evidence of the exact age at which source memory starts to decline and of the speed of this memory loss along life. To address the last question, event-related potentials were recorded while young and old adults encoded source information, to investigate whether older adults generate memory traces different from young adults during encoding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selene Cansino
- Laboratorio de NeuroCognición, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Neurophysiology of successful encoding and retrieval of source memory. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2008; 8:85-98. [PMID: 18405049 DOI: 10.3758/cabn.8.1.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Event-related potentials were recorded during encoding, to identify whether brain activity predicts subsequent retrieval of spatial source information, and during retrieval, to investigate the neural correlates of successful and unsuccessful spatial context recollection. The amplitude registered during encoding for study items that were later recognized and assigned a correct source judgment was more positive than the amplitude for recognized items given incorrect source judgments; this difference started 480 msec poststimulus, predominantly at central and anterior sites. During retrieval, the waveform was more positive from 250 to 1,600 msec poststimulus when the brain had retrieved episodic information successfully than when it had failed. These findings indicate that brain electrical activity recorded during the first presentation of an item within its context predicts the subsequent retrieval of the specific spatial context. During retrieval, brain activity differed quantitatively at anterior sites and qualitatively at posterior sites according to the accuracy of source memory.
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Hernandez RJ, Bayer ZC, Brushfield AM, Pirogovsky E, Murphy C, Gilbert PE. Effect of encoding condition on source memory for odors in healthy young and older adults. Gerontology 2008; 54:187-92. [PMID: 18340103 DOI: 10.1159/000121377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Source memory has been shown to be more affected by aging than item memory. Aging also has been shown to result in impairments in odor memory. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study is to examine the effects of explicit encoding instructions on source memory for olfactory stimuli in healthy older and young adults. METHODS Source and item memory for odors were assessed in two conditions. In the uninformed condition, young (18-30) and older adults (65+) were presented with 16 odors by two sources (male and female) without instruction at encoding and no warning of a subsequent memory task. In the informed condition, young and older adults were instructed to encode the stimuli and their respective sources. To assess item memory, the participant was presented with an odor from the task and a new odor and was asked to indicate which odor had been presented previously. On source memory trials, the participant was presented with an odor from the task and was asked to indicate whether the male or female presented the odor. RESULTS A 2 x 2 x 2 analysis of variance revealed that older adults were significantly impaired relative to young adults on the source memory trials in both the uninformed and informed conditions, F(1, 52) = 18.15, p < 0.001. However, older adults matched the performance of young adults on item memory trials, regardless of encoding condition. CONCLUSIONS Even with conscious effort to encode the sources associated with the odors, older adults show significant source memory impairments. The mnemonic processes used to integrate contextual source information with item memory during encoding may fail to initiate due to the amount of effort required to encode the olfactory stimulus. The difficulty of encoding and subsequently retrieving the source may be increased due to the difficulty of encoding the odors. The results demonstrate the robust effects of aging on source memory for odors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael J Hernandez
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, USA
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Age-related ERP differences at retrieval persist despite age-invariant performance and left-frontal negativity during encoding. Neurosci Lett 2008; 432:151-6. [PMID: 18226452 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2007] [Revised: 12/05/2007] [Accepted: 12/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although it has been reported repeatedly that retrieval-related processes decline with aging, the influence of well-documented age-related encoding deficiencies on the observed changes at retrieval have not been ruled out as a contributing factor. Here, we disentangle this confound by using a serendipitous finding reported by Nessler et al. [D. Nessler, R. Johnson Jr., M. Bersick, D. Friedman, On why the elderly have normal semantic retrieval but deficient episodic encoding: a study of left inferior frontal ERP activity, Neuroimage 30 (2006) 299-312]. In that study, age-related differences in the magnitude of left inferior frontal brain activity at encoding and subsequent recognition memory performance were eliminated when a deeper level of semantic encoding in the older adults was compared with a shallow level in the young. Based on this earlier result, the present paper is concerned with the question of whether the matched recognition performance resulting from age-equivalent ERP encoding activity was also accompanied by age-invariant retrieval-related brain activity. The results in the young were consistent with dual-process models of recognition memory due to the presence of ERP activity linked previously to familiarity (frontal EM effect) and recollection (parietal EM effect). By contrast the older adults only showed evidence of familiarity-based processes. Thus, despite age-equivalent brain activity at encoding and subsequent recognition performance, older relative to young adults appeared to base their old-new decisions on a qualitatively different pattern of retrieval processes (i.e., more on familiarity and less on recollection). Consequently, these data suggest that the age-related changes in retrieval observed here are independent of, and likely occur in addition to, any age-related changes in encoding processes.
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