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Li P, Liu C, Luo Y, Shi H, Li Q, PinChu C, Li X, Yang J, Fan W. Oxalate in Plants: Metabolism, Function, Regulation, and Application. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:16037-16049. [PMID: 36511327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Characterized by strong acidity, chelating ability, and reducing ability, oxalic acid, a low molecular weight dicarboxylic organic acid, plays important roles in the regulation of plant growth and development, the response to both biotic and abiotic stresses such as plant defense and heavy metals detoxification, and food quality. The metabolism of oxalic acid has been well-studied in microorganisms, fungi, and animals but remains less understood in plants. However, excessive accumulation of oxalic acid is detrimental to plants. Therefore, the level of oxalic acid has to be precisely controlled in plant tissues. In this review, we summarize the metabolism, function, and regulation of oxalic acid in plants, and we discuss solutions such as agricultural practices and plant biotechnology to manipulate oxalic acid metabolism to regulate plant responses to both external stimuli and internal developmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Plant Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chunlan Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Yu Luo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Huineng Shi
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Qi Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Cier PinChu
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Xuejiao Li
- College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jianli Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Plant Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Fan
- College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
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Goldsmith M, Barad S, Peleg Y, Albeck S, Dym O, Brandis A, Mehlman T, Reich Z. The identification and characterization of an oxalyl-CoA synthetase from grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.). RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:320-333. [PMID: 35359497 PMCID: PMC8905533 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00202c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxalic acid is a small metabolite that can be found in many plants in which it serves as protection from herbivores, a chelator of metal ions, a regulator of calcium...
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Goldsmith
- Dept. of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 7610001 Israel +972-8-9344118 +972-8-9343278 +972-8-9342982
| | - Shiri Barad
- Dept. of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 7610001 Israel +972-8-9344118 +972-8-9343278 +972-8-9342982
| | - Yoav Peleg
- Dept. of Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 7610001 Israel
| | - Shira Albeck
- Dept. of Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 7610001 Israel
| | - Orly Dym
- Dept. of Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 7610001 Israel
| | - Alexander Brandis
- Dept. of Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 7610001 Israel
| | - Tevie Mehlman
- Dept. of Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 7610001 Israel
| | - Ziv Reich
- Dept. of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 7610001 Israel +972-8-9344118 +972-8-9343278 +972-8-9342982
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Kumar V, Irfan M, Datta A. Manipulation of oxalate metabolism in plants for improving food quality and productivity. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 158:103-109. [PMID: 30500595 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Oxalic acid is a naturally occurring metabolite in plants and a common constituent of all plant-derived human diets. Oxalic acid has diverse unrelated roles in plant metabolism, including pH regulation in association with nitrogen metabolism, metal ion homeostasis and calcium storage. In plants, oxalic acid is also a pathogenesis factor and is secreted by various fungi during host infection. Unlike those of plants, fungi and bacteria, the human genome does not contain any oxalate-degrading genes, and therefore, the consumption of large amounts of plant-derived oxalate is considered detrimental to human health. In this review, we discuss recent biotechnological approaches that have been used to reduce the oxalate content of plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Kumar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Mohammad Irfan
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Asis Datta
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Peng C, Liang X, Liu EE, Zhang JJ, Peng XX. The oxalyl-CoA synthetase-regulated oxalate and its distinct effects on resistance to bacterial blight and aluminium toxicity in rice. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2017; 19:345-353. [PMID: 28039904 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Oxalic acid is widely distributed in biological systems and known to play functional roles in plants. The gene AAE3 was recently identified to encode an oxalyl-CoA synthetase (OCS) in Arabidopsis that catalyses the conversion of oxalate and CoA into oxalyl-CoA. It will be particularly important to characterise the homologous gene in rice since rice is not only a monocotyledonous model plant, but also a staple food crop. Various enzymatic and biological methods have been used to characterise the homologous gene. We first defined that AAE3 in the rice genome (OsAAE3) also encodes an OCS enzyme. Its Km for oxalate is 1.73 ± 0.12 mm, and Vm is 6824.9 ± 410.29 U·min-1 ·mg protein-1 . Chemical modification and site-directed mutagenesis analyses identified thiols as the active site residues for rice OCS catalysis, suggesting that the enzyme might be regulated by redox state. Subcellular localisation assay showed that the enzyme is located in the cytosol and predominantly distributed in leaf epidermal cells. As expected, oxalate levels increased when OCS was suppressed in RNAi transgenic plants. More interestingly, OCS-suppressed plants were more susceptible to bacterial blight but more resistant to Al toxicity. The results demonstrate that the OsAAE3-encoded protein also acts as an OCS in rice, and may play different roles in coping with stresses. These molecular, enzymatic and functional data provide first-hand information to further clarify the function and mechanism of OCS in rice plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - X Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - E-E Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - J-J Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - X-X Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Truffault V, Fry SC, Stevens RG, Gautier H. Ascorbate degradation in tomato leads to accumulation of oxalate, threonate and oxalyl threonate. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 89:996-1008. [PMID: 27888536 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbate content in plants is controlled by its synthesis from carbohydrates, recycling of the oxidized forms and degradation. Of these pathways, ascorbate degradation is the least studied and represents a lack of knowledge that could impair improvement of ascorbate content in fruits and vegetables as degradation is non-reversible and leads to a depletion of the ascorbate pool. The present study revealed the nature of degradation products using [14 C]ascorbate labelling in tomato, a model plant for fleshy fruits; oxalate and threonate are accumulated in leaves, as is oxalyl threonate. Carboxypentonates coming from diketogulonate degradation were detected in relatively insoluble (cell wall-rich) leaf material. No [14 C]tartaric acid was found in tomato leaves. Ascorbate degradation was stimulated by darkness, and the degradation rate was evaluated at 63% of the ascorbate pool per day, a percentage that was constant and independent of the initial ascorbate or dehydroascorbic acid concentration over periods of 24 h or more. Furthermore, degradation could be partially affected by the ascorbate recycling pathway, as lines under-expressing monodehydroascorbate reductase showed a slight decrease in degradation product accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Truffault
- INRA, UR-1052, Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, CS60094, 84143, Montfavet, France
- INRA, UR-1115, Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, CS40509, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - Stephen C Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Daniel Rutherford Building, The King's Building, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Rebecca G Stevens
- INRA, UR-1052, Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, CS60094, 84143, Montfavet, France
| | - Hélène Gautier
- INRA, UR-1115, Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, CS40509, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France
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Foster J, Luo B, Nakata PA. An Oxalyl-CoA Dependent Pathway of Oxalate Catabolism Plays a Role in Regulating Calcium Oxalate Crystal Accumulation and Defending against Oxalate-Secreting Phytopathogens in Medicago truncatula. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149850. [PMID: 26900946 PMCID: PMC4763187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering the widespread occurrence of oxalate in nature and its broad impact on a host of organisms, it is surprising that so little is known about the turnover of this important acid. In plants, oxalate oxidase is the most well studied enzyme capable of degrading oxalate, but not all plants possess this activity. Recently, an Acyl Activating Enzyme 3 (AAE3), encoding an oxalyl-CoA synthetase, was identified in Arabidopsis. AAE3 has been proposed to catalyze the first step in an alternative pathway of oxalate degradation. Whether this enzyme and proposed pathway is important to other plants is unknown. Here, we identify the Medicago truncatula AAE3 (MtAAE3) and show that it encodes an oxalyl-CoA synthetase activity exhibiting high activity against oxalate with a Km = 81 ± 9 μM and Vmax = 19 ± 0.9 μmoles min-1mg protein-1. GFP-MtAAE3 localization suggested that this enzyme functions within the cytosol of the cell. Mtaae3 knock-down line showed a reduction in its ability to degrade oxalate into CO2. This reduction in the capacity to degrade oxalate resulted in the accumulation of druse crystals of calcium oxalate in the Mtaae3 knock-down line and an increased susceptibility to oxalate-secreting phytopathogens such as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Taken together, these results suggest that AAE3 dependent turnover of oxalate is important to different plants and functions in the regulation of tissue calcium oxalate crystal accumulation and in defense against oxalate-secreting phytopathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Foster
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030–2600, United States of America
| | - Bin Luo
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030–2600, United States of America
| | - Paul A. Nakata
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030–2600, United States of America
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Igamberdiev AU, Eprintsev AT. Organic Acids: The Pools of Fixed Carbon Involved in Redox Regulation and Energy Balance in Higher Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1042. [PMID: 27471516 PMCID: PMC4945632 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Organic acids are synthesized in plants as a result of the incomplete oxidation of photosynthetic products and represent the stored pools of fixed carbon accumulated due to different transient times of conversion of carbon compounds in metabolic pathways. When redox level in the cell increases, e.g., in conditions of active photosynthesis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in mitochondria is transformed to a partial cycle supplying citrate for the synthesis of 2-oxoglutarate and glutamate (citrate valve), while malate is accumulated and participates in the redox balance in different cell compartments (via malate valve). This results in malate and citrate frequently being the most accumulated acids in plants. However, the intensity of reactions linked to the conversion of these compounds can cause preferential accumulation of other organic acids, e.g., fumarate or isocitrate, in higher concentrations than malate and citrate. The secondary reactions, associated with the central metabolic pathways, in particularly with the TCA cycle, result in accumulation of other organic acids that are derived from the intermediates of the cycle. They form the additional pools of fixed carbon and stabilize the TCA cycle. Trans-aconitate is formed from citrate or cis-aconitate, accumulation of hydroxycitrate can be linked to metabolism of 2-oxoglutarate, while 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate can be formed from pyruvate and glyoxylate. Glyoxylate, a product of either glycolate oxidase or isocitrate lyase, can be converted to oxalate. Malonate is accumulated at high concentrations in legume plants. Organic acids play a role in plants in providing redox equilibrium, supporting ionic gradients on membranes, and acidification of the extracellular medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir U. Igamberdiev
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’sNL, Canada
- *Correspondence: Abir U. Igamberdiev,
| | - Alexander T. Eprintsev
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Physiology, Voronezh State UniversityVoronezh, Russia
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Skorczynski SS, Hamilton GA. Oxalyl thiolesters and N-oxalylcysteine are normal mammalian metabolites. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1986; 141:1051-7. [PMID: 3814115 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(86)80150-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A method for the quantitative analysis of N-oxalylcysteine and oxalyl thiolesters (RSCOCOO-) in biological samples is described. These compounds were found in all rat tissues examined (kidney, liver, brain, heart, muscle and fat), with the amount of N-oxalylcysteine ranging up to 18 nmoles/g wet weight and that of oxalyl thiolesters up to 65 nmoles/g wet weight. The identification of such compounds in animal tissues adds further credence to the hypothesis that they may be important metabolic effectors.
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Gunshore S, Hamilton GA. Inhibition of the catalytic subunit of phosphorylase phosphatase by oxalyl thioesters and its possible relevance to the mechanism of insulin action. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1986; 134:93-9. [PMID: 3004447 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(86)90531-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Oxalyl thioesters, especially S-oxalylglutathione, are shown to be effective inhibitors of the catalytic subunit of phosphorylase phosphatase. The amount of inhibition was found to be time dependent and partially reversed by thiols, thus suggesting that at least part of the inhibition is due to oxalylation of an enzymic thiol group. The possibility that the inhibition of the phosphatase by oxalyl thioesters may be important in vivo and that oxalyl thioesters may be functioning as negative intracellular messengers for insulin is discussed.
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Adsule RN, Barat GK. Occurrence of oxalyl-CoA synthetase in Indian pulses. EXPERIENTIA 1977; 33:416-7. [PMID: 862718 DOI: 10.1007/bf01922184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The presence of oxalyl-CoA synthetase was observed in common edible pulses. Excepting in chick pea, the changes in oxalyl-CoA synthetase activity of winter pulses proceeded in stages. The enzyme remained more active in late strains than in early strains of winter pulses. Unlike the activity of the enzyme in winter pulses, that in summer pulses behaved differently.
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Groot PH, Scholte HR, Hülsmann WC. Fatty acid activation: specificity, localization, and function. ADVANCES IN LIPID RESEARCH 1976; 14:75-126. [PMID: 3952 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-024914-5.50009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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1 Adenylyl Transfer Reactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-6047(08)60061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
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