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Enzyme immobilization: Implementation of nanoparticles and an insight into polystyrene as the contemporary immobilization matrix. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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2
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Synergistic effect of UV and chemical treatment on biological degradation of Polystyrene by Cephalosporium strain NCIM 1251. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:2183-2191. [PMID: 33620524 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02228-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study approaches the capability of Cephalosporium strain NCIM 1251 to degrade pre-treated polystyrene films. Polystyrene was initially treated with UV for the introduction of oxygen molecules in pure polystyrene samples. UV treatment inserts aliphatic ketones functional group in polystyrene whereas it created C-C stretching after chemical treatment in UV-treated polystyrene as analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The gravimetric study confirmed a decline in the weight of the pre-treated polystyrene by 20.62 ± 1.47% after 8 weeks of the incubation period. pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), and conductivity of mineral salt media were correlated with the extent of biodegradation. Treatment with UV and acid increased the thermal stability of pure polystyrene, whereas thermal stability decreased in pre-treated polystyrene after incubation with Cephalosporium strain NCIM 1251 as studied by Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis observed revisions in the morphology and surface patterns in pre-treated polystyrene after inoculation with Cephalosporium strain NCIM 1251. The observed findings suggest that the Cephalosporium strain NCIM 1251 could be efficient for the decomposition of pre-treated polystyrene.
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Tobias C, Climent E, Gawlitza K, Rurack K. Polystyrene Microparticles with Convergently Grown Mesoporous Silica Shells as a Promising Tool for Multiplexed Bioanalytical Assays. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:207-218. [PMID: 33348979 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c17940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Functional core/shell particles are highly sought after in analytical chemistry, especially in methods suitable for single-particle analysis such as flow cytometry because they allow for facile multiplexed detection of several analytes in a single run. Aiming to develop a powerful bead platform of which the core particle can be doped in a straightforward manner while the shell offers the highest possible sensitivity when functionalized with (bio)chemical binders, polystyrene particles were coated with different kinds of mesoporous silica shells in a convergent growth approach. Mesoporous shells allow us to obtain distinctly higher surface areas in comparison with conventional nonporous shells. While assessing the potential of narrow- as well as wide-pore silicas such as Mobil composition of matter no. 41 (MCM-41) and Santa Barbara amorphous material no. 15 (SBA-15), especially the synthesis of the latter shells that are much more suitable for biomolecule anchoring was optimized by altering the pH and both, the amount and type of the mediator salt. Our studies showed that the best performing material resulted from a synthesis using neutral conditions and MgSO4 as an ionic mediator. The analytical potential of the particles was investigated in flow cytometric DNA assays after their respective functionalization for individual and multiplexed detection of short oligonucleotide strands. These experiments revealed that a two-step modification of the silica surface with amino silane and succinic anhydride prior to coupling of an amino-terminated capture DNA (c-DNA) strand is superior to coupling carboxylic acid-terminated c-DNA to aminated core/shell particles, yielding limits of detection (LOD) down to 5 pM for a hybridization assay, using labeled complementary single-stranded target DNA (t-DNA) 15mers. The potential of the use of the particles in multiplexed analysis was shown with the aid of dye-doped core particles carrying a respective SBA-15 shell. Characteristic genomic sequences of human papillomaviruses (HPV) were chosen as the t-DNA analytes here, since their high relevance as carcinogens and the high number of different pathogens is a relevant model case. The title particles showed a promising performance and allowed us to unequivocally detect the different high- and low-risk HPV types in a single experimental run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Tobias
- Chemical and Optical Sensing Division, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Estela Climent
- Chemical and Optical Sensing Division, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kornelia Gawlitza
- Chemical and Optical Sensing Division, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Knut Rurack
- Chemical and Optical Sensing Division, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
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Enzyme Immobilization over Polystyrene Surface Using Cysteine Functionalized Copper Nanoparticle as a Linker Molecule. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 191:1247-1257. [PMID: 32086705 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03257-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The work focus on the development of a simple and efficient method of enzyme immobilization over a polystyrene surface using cysteine functionalized copper nanoparticle as linker molecule. The polystyrene surface is activated by generating -NO2 groups by the process of nitration reaction. The nitrated polystyrene plate then is silanized with (3-mercaptopropyl) trimethoxysilane (MPTS) followed with the coupling of cysteine-capped copper nanoparticles on the silanized surface through thiol moiety. A nanoparticle layer is thus created over the polystyrene surface which is efficiently used for covalent immobilization of urease via an amino group of cysteine through glutaraldehyde treatment. The technique resulted in an enhancement in the enzymatic activity by 72.37% over the soluble counterpart. The immobilized enzyme also exhibited appreciable reusability of about 10 times with activity retention of 82% of its initial activity. Immobilization also offered an increased thermal and pH stability to the immobilized enzyme over the soluble enzyme.
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Fabricating polystyrene fiber-dehydrogenase assemble as a functional biocatalyst. Enzyme Microb Technol 2015; 68:15-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Kim D, Herr AE. Protein immobilization techniques for microfluidic assays. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2013; 7:41501. [PMID: 24003344 PMCID: PMC3747845 DOI: 10.1063/1.4816934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic systems have shown unequivocal performance improvements over conventional bench-top assays across a range of performance metrics. For example, specific advances have been made in reagent consumption, throughput, integration of multiple assay steps, assay automation, and multiplexing capability. For heterogeneous systems, controlled immobilization of reactants is essential for reliable, sensitive detection of analytes. In most cases, protein immobilization densities are maximized, while native activity and conformation are maintained. Immobilization methods and chemistries vary significantly depending on immobilization surface, protein properties, and specific assay goals. In this review, we present trade-offs considerations for common immobilization surface materials. We overview immobilization methods and chemistries, and discuss studies exemplar of key approaches-here with a specific emphasis on immunoassays and enzymatic reactors. Recent "smart immobilization" methods including the use of light, electrochemical, thermal, and chemical stimuli to attach and detach proteins on demand with precise spatial control are highlighted. Spatially encoded protein immobilization using DNA hybridization for multiplexed assays and reversible protein immobilization surfaces for repeatable assay are introduced as immobilization methods. We also describe multifunctional surface coatings that can perform tasks that were, until recently, relegated to multiple functional coatings. We consider the microfluidics literature from 1997 to present and close with a perspective on future approaches to protein immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dohyun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 449-728, South Korea
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7
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Synthesis of a thermosensitive surface by construction of a thin layer of poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) on maleimide-immobilized polypropylene. J Colloid Interface Sci 2012; 367:494-501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Prado AD, Briz N, Navarro R, Pérez M, Gallardo A, Reinecke H. Chlorosulfonation of polystyrene substrates for bioanalytical assays: distribution of activated groups at the surface. Analyst 2012; 137:5666-71. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35659g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Aminated dendritic surfaces characterization: a rapid and versatile colorimetric assay for estimating the amine density and coating stability. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 399:2295-302. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4612-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Jung KH, Byun JH, Lee YS, Park SJ. Synthesis and characterization of chemically modified polystyrene as processable carbon fiber precursors. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-010-0197-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Nagarajan S, Li Z, Marchi-Artzner V, Grasset F, Zhang Y. Imaging gap junctions with silica-coated upconversion nanoparticles. Med Biol Eng Comput 2010; 48:1033-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s11517-010-0618-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2009] [Accepted: 04/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Oh JR, Moon JH, Park HK, Park JH, Chung H, Jeong J, Kim W, Do YR. Wafer-scale colloidal lithography based on self-assembly of polystyrene nanospheres and atomic layer deposition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b927532k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ghasemi M, Minier M, Tatoulian M, Arefi-Khonsari F. Determination of amine and aldehyde surface densities: application to the study of aged plasma treated polyethylene films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:11554-61. [PMID: 17915893 DOI: 10.1021/la701126t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to test and to compare different methods reported in the literature to quantify amine and aldehyde functions on the surface of polyethylene (PE) films treated by ammonia plasma and to specify their stability against time. A low pressure ammonia plasma reactor was used to functionalize PE films with amine groups, which could be subsequently used for further immobilization of biomolecules. In order to determine the density of amine groups on the surface of treated films, various molecule probes and spectrophotometric analytical methods have been investigated. Two methods using (i) sulfosuccinimidyl 6-[3'-(2-pyridyldithio)-propionamido] hexanoate (sulfo-LC-SPDP) and (ii) 2-iminothiolane (ITL) associated with bicinchoninic acid (BCA) have been proved to be reliable and sensitive enough to estimate the surface concentration of primary amine functions. The amount of primary amino groups on the functionalized polyethylene films was found to be between 1.2 and 1.4 molecules/nm2. In a second step, the surface concentration of glutaraldehyde (GA), which is currently used as a spacer arm before immobilization of biomolecules, has been assessed: two methods were used to determine the surface density of available aldehyde functions, after the reaction of GA with the aminated polyethylene film. The concentration of GA was found to be in the same range as primary amine concentration. The influence of aging time on the density of available amino and aldehyde groups on the surfaces were evaluated under different storage conditions. The results showed that 50% of the initial density of primary amine functions remained available after storage during 6 days of the PE samples in PBS (pH 7.6) at 4 degrees C. In the case of aldehyde groups, the same percentage of the initial density (50%) remained active after storage in air at RT over a longer period, i.e., 15 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Ghasemi
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Plasma et Traitements de Surface, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231 Paris Cedex France.
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Li P, Zhu J, Sunintaboon P, Harris FW. Preparation of Latexes with Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Cores and Hydrophilic Polymer Shells Containing Amino Groups. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/dis-120021817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Li
- a The Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, and the Open Laboratory of Chirotechnology of the Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug Discovery and Synthesis , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hung Hom , Kowloon , Hong Kong, P.R. China
- c The University Grants Committee Area of Excellence Scheme (Hong Kong)
| | - Junmin Zhu
- a The Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, and the Open Laboratory of Chirotechnology of the Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug Discovery and Synthesis , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hung Hom , Kowloon , Hong Kong, P.R. China
- c The University Grants Committee Area of Excellence Scheme (Hong Kong)
| | - Panya Sunintaboon
- a The Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, and the Open Laboratory of Chirotechnology of the Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug Discovery and Synthesis , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hung Hom , Kowloon , Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Frank W. Harris
- b Maurice Morton Institute of Polymer Science , The University of Akron , Akron , Ohio , USA
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Cao YC, Hua XF, Zhu XX, Wang Z, Huang ZL, Zhao YD, Chen H, Liu MX. Preparation of Au coated polystyrene beads and their application in an immunoassay. J Immunol Methods 2006; 317:163-70. [PMID: 17107687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2006.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2006] [Revised: 09/29/2006] [Accepted: 10/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel immunoassay method based on polystyrene beads coated with Au nanoparticles (Au@PS) is described. Au nanoparticles were prepared by reductive reaction, and then deposited on the surface of polystyrene beads to form Au coatings. Results indicated that the Au coatings had good stability and that human IgG was immobilized at a concentration of 16 microg/g Au@PS. FITC-labeled rabbit-anti-human IgG and FITC-labeled rabbit-anti-goat IgG were employed to react with the human IgG on Au@PS. Fluorescence imaging results showed that the reaction had good immuno-specificity. In addition, further experiments at the single-bead level indicated that the linear range was 0.05-15 microg/ml, and that the FITC signal could be detected even when the target antibody concentration was as low as 0.01 microg/ml. The assay results were compared with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and showed relatively good reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Cheng Cao
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Photonics of Ministry of Education--Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, HuBei, 430074, PR China
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Covolan VL, Galembeck F, Leite CADP, Ruggeri G, Chiellini E. Characterization of surface NH+3Cl− groups on poly(styrene-co-Boc-aminostyrene) microspheres obtained by controlled acidic treatment. J Colloid Interface Sci 2004; 273:121-30. [PMID: 15051441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2004.01.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2003] [Accepted: 01/29/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Different samples of aminated latex of poly(styrene-co-Boc-aminostyrene) microspheres with mean diameters varying from 0.7 to 1.0 microm were prepared by dispersion copolymerization of styrene (ST) and Boc-aminostyrene (Boc-AMST). The copolymer compositions determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) were Boc-AMST/ST 6.9/93.1 mol/mol % (BOC7 sample) and Boc-AMST/ST 31.3/68.7 mol/mol % (BOC30 sample). The average molecular weights determined by gel permeation chromatography were 126 kDa (BOC7 sample) and 51 kDa (BOC30 sample). The latex containing NH-carbo-tert-butoxy groups (NH-Boc) were treated with 2 M HCl in isopropyl alcohol/water (1:1 vol/vol), at 50 degrees C for 3, 6, 9, 24, and 30 h, in order to control the extent of deprotection reaction of the NH-Boc. The deprotection reaction resulted in the formation of NH3+Cl- groups on the particle surfaces. The kinetic of the deprotection reaction was investigated by 1H NMR analyses and the yield varied from 20 to 40%. The resulting -NH3+Cl- groups on the microsphere surfaces were examined, in particular, by electron spectroscopy imaging (ESI) using an energy-filtered transmission electron microscope (EFTEM) that clearly demonstrated the presence of Cl on the particle surfaces. Scanning electron photomicrographs recorded for the above samples showed that the particle morphology was maintained after the acidic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Lúcia Covolan
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, CEP 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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