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Escuder-Rodríguez JJ, DeCastro ME, Saavedra-Bouza A, González-Siso MI, Becerra M. Bioprospecting for Thermozymes and Characterization of a Novel Lipolytic Thermozyme Belonging to the SGNH/GDSL Family of Hydrolases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5733. [PMID: 35628544 PMCID: PMC9145741 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional screenings were conducted on two metagenomic libraries from hot springs in order to find novel thermozymes with potential biotechnological applications. These included enzymes acting on plant cell walls such as endoglucanases and exoglucanases, β-glucosidases, xylanases, and β-xylosidases, and broad application enzymes such as proteases and lipolytic hydrolases. Of all the enzymes found by this bioprospection, we selected a novel lipolytic enzyme for further characterization. The protein was found to belong to the SGNH/GDSL family of hydrolases. It was purified and its biochemical parameters determined. We found that the enzyme was most active at 60 °C and pH 9 using pNP-laurate as substrate and was highly thermostable. It also showed preference for short-chained substrates and activation with temperature and with certain detergents such as Tween 80. Proteins of this family of hydrolases are relevant for their broad substrate specificity, that coupled with this protein's high temperature optima, broad pH range, and thermostability further highlights its biotechnological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - María-Isabel González-Siso
- EXPRELA Group, Advanced Scientific Research Center (CICA), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; (J.-J.E.-R.); (M.-E.D.); (A.S.-B.)
| | - Manuel Becerra
- EXPRELA Group, Advanced Scientific Research Center (CICA), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; (J.-J.E.-R.); (M.-E.D.); (A.S.-B.)
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Wu Z, Yang S, Xu L, Li H, Sun J, Xu Y, Huang M, Sun B. Screening and identifying microorganisms with feruloyl esterase activity in Chinese sesame-flavour baijiu fermentation materials (Jiupei). J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Zhang H, Wen B, Liu Y, Du G, Wei X, Imam KMSU, Zhou H, Fan S, Wang F, Wang Y, Xin F. A reverse catalytic triad Asp containing loop shaping a wide substrate binding pocket of a feruloyl esterase from Lactobacillus plantarum. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 184:92-100. [PMID: 34116094 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Feruloyl esterase is an indispensable biocatalyst in food processing, pesticide and pharmaceutical industries, catalyzing the cleavage of the ester bond cross-linked between the polysaccharide side chain of hemicellulose and ferulic acid in plant cell walls. LP_0796 from Lactobacillus plantarum was identified as a feruloyl esterase that may have potential applications in the food industry, but the lack of the substrate recognition and catalytic mechanisms limits its application. Here, LP_0796 showed the highest activity towards methyl caffeate at pH 6.6 and 40 °C. The crystal structure of LP_0796 was determined at 2.5 Å resolution and featured a catalytic triad Asp195-containing loop facing the opposite direction, thus forming a wider substrate binding pocket. Molecular docking simulation and site-directed mutagenesis studies further demonstrated that in addition to the catalytic triad (Ser94, Asp195, His225), Arg125 and Val128 played essential roles in the function of the active site. Our data also showed that Asp mutation of Ala23 and Ile198 increased the catalytic efficiency to 4- and 5-fold, respectively. Collectively, this work provided a better understanding of the substrate recognition and catalytic mechanisms of LP_0796 and may facilitate the future protein design of this important feruloyl esterase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Zhang
- Laboratory of Biomanufacturing and Food Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Boting Wen
- Laboratory of Biomanufacturing and Food Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yusi Liu
- Laboratory of Biomanufacturing and Food Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guoming Du
- Laboratory of Biomanufacturing and Food Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xue Wei
- Laboratory of Biomanufacturing and Food Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Khandaker Md Sharif Uddin Imam
- Laboratory of Biomanufacturing and Food Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huan Zhou
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Shilong Fan
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Protein Science, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fengzhong Wang
- Laboratory of Biomanufacturing and Food Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yulu Wang
- Laboratory of Biomanufacturing and Food Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Fengjiao Xin
- Laboratory of Biomanufacturing and Food Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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Oliveira DM, Mota TR, Oliva B, Segato F, Marchiosi R, Ferrarese-Filho O, Faulds CB, Dos Santos WD. Feruloyl esterases: Biocatalysts to overcome biomass recalcitrance and for the production of bioactive compounds. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 278:408-423. [PMID: 30704902 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Ferulic acid and its hydroxycinnamate derivatives represent one of the most abundant forms of low molecular weight phenolic compounds in plant biomass. Feruloyl esterases are part of a microorganism's plant cell wall-degrading enzymatic arsenal responsible for cleaving insoluble wall-bound hydroxycinnamates and soluble cytosolic conjugates. Stimulated by industrial requirements, accelerating scientific discoveries and knowledge transfer, continuous improvement efforts have been made to identify, create and repurposed biocatalysts dedicated to plant biomass conversion and biosynthesis of high-added value molecules. Here we review the basic knowledge and recent advances in biotechnological characteristics and the gene content encoding for feruloyl esterases. Information about several enzymes is systematically organized according to their function, biochemical properties, substrate specificity, and biotechnological applications. This review contributes to further structural, functional, and biotechnological R&D both for obtaining hydroxycinnamates from agricultural by-products as well as for lignocellulose biomass treatments aiming for production of bioethanol and other derivatives of industrial interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dyoni M Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Thatiane R Mota
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Bianca Oliva
- Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Segato
- Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rogério Marchiosi
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Craig B Faulds
- Aix-Marseille Université, INRA UMR 1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques (BBF), 13009 Marseille, France
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García-Calvo L, Ullán RV, Fernández-Aguado M, García-Lino AM, Balaña-Fouce R, Barreiro C. Secreted protein extract analyses present the plant pathogen Alternaria alternata as a suitable industrial enzyme toolbox. J Proteomics 2018; 177:48-64. [PMID: 29438850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic plant biomass is the most abundant carbon source in the planet, which makes it a potential substrate for biorefinery. It consists of polysaccharides and other molecules with applications in pharmaceutical, food and feed, cosmetics, paper and textile industries. The exploitation of these resources requires the hydrolysis of the plant cell wall, which is a complex process. Aiming to discover novel fungal natural isolates with lignocellulolytic capacities, a screening for feruloyl esterase activity was performed in samples taken from different metal surfaces. An extracellular enzyme extract from the most promising candidate, the natural isolate Alternaria alternata PDA1, was analyzed. The feruloyl esterase activity of the enzyme extract was characterized, determining the pH and temperature optima (pH 5.0 and 55-60 °C, respectively), thermal stability and kinetic parameters, among others. Proteomic analyses derived from two-dimensional gels allowed the identification and classification of 97 protein spots from the extracellular proteome. Most of the identified proteins belonged to the carbohydrates metabolism group, particularly plant cell wall degradation. Enzymatic activities of the identified proteins (β-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase, endoglucanase, β-xylosidase and xylanase) of the extract were also measured. These findings confirm A. alternata PDA1 as a promising lignocellulolytic enzyme producer. SIGNIFICANCE Although plant biomass is an abundant material that can be potentially utilized by several industries, the effective hydrolysis of the recalcitrant plant cell wall is not a straightforward process. As this hydrolysis occurs in nature relying almost solely on microbial enzymatic systems, it is reasonable to infer that further studies on lignocellulolytic enzymes will discover new sustainable industrial solutions. The results included in this paper provide a promising fungal candidate for biotechnological processes to obtain added value from plant byproducts and analogous substrates. Moreover, the proteomic analysis of the secretome of a natural isolate of Alternaria sp. grown in the presence of one of the most used vegetal substrates on the biofuels industry (sugar beet pulp) sheds light on the extracellular enzymatic machinery of this fungal plant pathogen, and can be potentially applied to developing new industrial enzymatic tools. This work is, to our knowledge, the first to analyze in depth the secreted enzyme extract of the plant pathogen Alternaria when grown on a lignocellulosic substrate, identifying its proteins by means of MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry and characterizing its feruloyl esterase, cellulase and xylanolytic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- L García-Calvo
- INBIOTEC (Instituto de Biotecnología de León), Avda. Real 1 - Parque Científico de León, 24006 León, Spain
| | - R V Ullán
- mAbxience, Upstream Production, Parque Tecnológico de León, Julia Morros, s/n, Armunia, 24009 León, Spain
| | - M Fernández-Aguado
- INBIOTEC (Instituto de Biotecnología de León), Avda. Real 1 - Parque Científico de León, 24006 León, Spain
| | - A M García-Lino
- Área de Fisiología, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - R Balaña-Fouce
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - C Barreiro
- INBIOTEC (Instituto de Biotecnología de León), Avda. Real 1 - Parque Científico de León, 24006 León, Spain; Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, Campus de Ponferrada, Avda. Astorga s/n, 24401 Ponferrada, Spain.
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Novel Feruloyl Esterase from Lactobacillus fermentum NRRL B-1932 and Analysis of the Recombinant Enzyme Produced in Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:5068-76. [PMID: 27260363 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01029-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED A total of 33 Lactobacillus strains were screened for feruloyl esterase (FE) activity using agar plates containing ethyl ferulate as the sole carbon source, and Lactobacillus fermentum NRRL B-1932 demonstrated the strongest FE activity among a dozen species showing a clearing zone on the opaque plate containing ethyl ferulate. FE activities were monitored using high-performance liquid chromatography with an acetonitrile-trifluoroacetic acid gradient. To produce sufficient purified FE from L. fermentum strain NRRL B-1932 (LfFE), the cDNA encoding LfFE (Lffae) was amplified and cloned by using available closely related genome sequences and overexpressed in Escherichia coli A 29.6-kDa LfFE protein was detected from the protein extract of E. coli BL21(pLysS) carrying pET28bLffae upon IPTG (isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside) induction. The recombinant LfFE containing a polyhistidine tag was purified by nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid affinity resin. The purified LfFE showed strong activities against several artificial substrates, including p-nitrophenyl acetate and 4-methylumbelliferyl p-trimethylammoniocinnamate chloride. The optimum pH and temperature of the recombinant LfFE were around 6.5 and 37°C, respectively, as determined using either crude or purified recombinant LfFE. This study will be essential for the production of the LfFE in E. coli on a larger scale that could not be readily achieved by L. fermentum fermentation. IMPORTANCE The production of feruloyl esterase (FE) from Lactobacillus fermentum NRRL B-1932 reported in this study will have immense potential commercial applications not only in biofuel production but also in pharmaceutical, polymer, oleo chemical, cosmetic additive, and detergent industries, as well as human health-related applications, including food flavoring, functional foods, probiotic agents, preventive medicine, and animal feed. Given the essential role FE plays in the production of hydroxycinnamic acids and ferulic acid, plus the generally regarded as safe status of lactobacilli, which therefore have less regulatory concerns, LfFE from the probiotic L. fermentum reported in this work can be directly used for increased production of high-value hydroxycinnamates and ferulic acid from natural or synthetic carbon sources.
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Probing role of key residues in the divergent evolution of Yarrowia lipolytica lipase 2 and Aspergillus niger eruloyl esterase A. Microbiol Res 2015; 178:27-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Rashamuse K, Ronneburg T, Sanyika W, Mathiba K, Mmutlane E, Brady D. Metagenomic mining of feruloyl esterases from termite enteric flora. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:727-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4909-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Study of new feruloyl esterases to understand lipase evolution: the case of Bacillus flexus. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2012; 861:53-61. [PMID: 22426711 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-600-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the crystal structure of the feruloyl esterase A from Aspergillus niger (AnFaeA) was elucidated. This enzyme displays an α/β hydrolase fold and a catalytic triad similar to that found in fungal lipases (30-37% identity). Surprisingly, AnFaeA showed an overall fold similarity with the Rhizomucor miehei and other related fungal lipases. All these data strongly suggest that the ancestral function (lipase) had shifted, with molecular adaptation leading to a novel enzyme (type-A feruloyl esterase). The discovery of new feruloyl esterases could lead to get insight into the evolutionary pathways of these enzymes and into new possibilities of directed evolution of lipases. In this chapter, the production of Bacillus flexus NJY2 feruloyl esterases is described. Unlike the previously described feruloyl esterases, which mostly belong to eukaryotes (mainly fungus), this unique feruloyl esterases from a prokaryotic alkaliphile microorganism could be the starting point for new discoveries on lipase and feruloyl esterase evolutionary relationships.
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Rashamuse K, Sanyika W, Ronneburg T, Brady D. A feruloyl esterase derived from a leachate metagenome library. BMB Rep 2012; 45:14-9. [DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2012.45.1.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Zhang SB, Wu ZL. Identification of amino acid residues responsible for increased thermostability of feruloyl esterase A from Aspergillus niger using the PoPMuSiC algorithm. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:2093-2096. [PMID: 20801026 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Feruloyl esterases are key enzymes involved in the complete hydrolysis of hemicellulose. In order to improve the thermostability of feruloyl esterase A (FaeA) from Aspergillus niger CIB 423.1, the PoPMuSiC algorithm was applied to predict the folding free energy change (ΔΔG) of amino acid substitutions. Four amino acid substitutions (S92A, D93G, D174A and S187F) were introduced into the enzyme by site-directed mutagenesis and the enzymes were produced in Pichia pastoris KM71. No obvious changes in thermal stability resulted from substitutions S92A and D174A, but, compared to the wild-type enzyme which has a half-life of inactivation of 8 min, the half-lives of enzymes with a D93G or S187F substitution increased to 9.4 and 60.5 min, respectively. The double mutant D93G/S187F displayed a synergistic effect with a t1/2 value of 77.0 min. It also displayed over 10-fold increase in catalytic turnover frequency. The result will benefit further investigation of the thermostability of feruloyl esterase A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai-Bing Zhang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu 610041, PR China
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The interplay of descriptor-based computational analysis with pharmacophore modeling builds the basis for a novel classification scheme for feruloyl esterases. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 29:94-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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14
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Screening of edible mushrooms for release of ferulic acid from wheat bran by fermentation. Enzyme Microb Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Bleaching of kraft pulp by a commercial lipase: Accessory enzymes degrade hexenuronic acids. Enzyme Microb Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2007.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Rashamuse KJ, Burton SG, Cowan DA. A novel recombinant ethyl ferulate esterase from Burkholderia multivorans. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 103:1610-20. [PMID: 17953572 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03394.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Isolation and identification of bacterial isolates with specific ferulic acid (FA) esterase activity and cloning of a gene encoding activity. METHODS AND RESULTS A micro-organism with ethyl ferulate hydrolysing (EFH) activity was isolated by culture enrichment techniques. Detailed molecular identification based on species-specific primers and two conserved genes (16S rRNA and recA) led to the identification of the isolate as Burkholderia multivorans UWC10. A gene (designated estEFH5) encoding an EFH enzyme was cloned and its nucleotide sequence determined. Translational analysis revealed that estEFH5 encoded a polypeptide of 326 amino acids with an estimated molecular weight of 34.83 kDa. The EstEFH5 primary structure showed a typical serine hydrolase motif (G-H-S-L-G). The estEFH5 gene was over-expressed in Escherichia coli in an insoluble form. Following urea denaturation and in vitro refolding, the enzyme was purified using one-step His Select Nickel chromatographic column. CONCLUSION Purified EstEFH5 showed a preference for short-chain rho-nitrophenyl esters (C2 and C3) a typical feature for carboxylesterase. Furthermore, the recombinant enzyme also retained the activity against ethyl ferulate (EF). SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY A biocatalytic process for the production of FA from EF as a model substrate was demonstrated. This is the first report that describes the cloning and expression of a gene encoding FA esterase activity from the genus Burkholderia.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Rashamuse
- CSIR Biosciences, Modderfontein, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Nielsen AD, Borch K, Westh P. Thermal Stability of Humicola insolens Cutinase in aqueous SDS. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:2941-7. [PMID: 17319710 DOI: 10.1021/jp065896u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cutinase from Humicola insolens (HiC) has previously been shown to bind anomalously low amounts of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS). In the current work, we have applied scanning and titration calorimetry to investigate possible relationships between this weak interaction and the effect of SDS on the equilibrium and kinetic stability of HiC. The results are presented in a "state-diagram," which specifies the stable form of the protein as a function of temperature and SDS concentration. In comparison with other proteins, the equilibrium stability HiC is strongly decreased by SDS. For low SDS concentrations (SDS:HiC molar ratio, MR < 8) this trait is also found for the kinetically controlled thermal aggregation of the protein. At higher MR, however, SDS stabilizes noticeably against irreversible aggregation. We suggest that this relies on electrostatic repulsion of the increasingly negatively charged HiC-SDS complexes. The combined interpretation of calorimetric and binding data allowed the calculation of the changes in enthalpy and heat capacity for the association of HiC and SDS near the saturation point. The latter function was about -410 J mol(-1) K(-1) or similar to the heat capacity change for micelle formation (-470 J mol(-1) K(-1)). This suggests that SDS is hydrated to a similar extent in the micellar and protein associated forms. The results are discussed in terms of the Wyman theory for linked equilibria. Quantitative analysis along these lines suggests that the reversible thermal unfolding of the protein couples to the binding of 2-3 additional SDS molecules. This corresponds to a 15-20% increase in the binding number. Wyman theory also rationalizes relationships between low affinity and high susceptibility observed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders D Nielsen
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Roskilde University, 1 Universitetsvej, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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Faulds CB, Molina R, Gonzalez R, Husband F, Juge N, Sanz-Aparicio J, Hermoso JA. Probing the determinants of substrate specificity of a feruloyl esterase, AnFaeA, from Aspergillus niger. FEBS J 2005; 272:4362-71. [PMID: 16128806 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04849.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Feruloyl esterases hydrolyse phenolic groups involved in the cross-linking of arabinoxylan to other polymeric structures. This is important for opening the cell wall structure making material more accessible to glycoside hydrolases. Here we describe the crystal structure of inactive S133A mutant of type-A feruloyl esterase from Aspergillus niger (AnFaeA) in complex with a feruloylated trisaccharide substrate. Only the ferulic acid moiety of the substrate is visible in the electron density map, showing interactions through its OH and OCH(3) groups with the hydroxyl groups of Tyr80. The importance of aromatic and polar residues in the activity of AnFaeA was also evaluated using site-directed mutagenesis. Four mutant proteins were heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris, and their kinetic properties determined against methyl esters of ferulic, sinapic, caffeic and p-coumaric acid. The k(cat) of Y80S, Y80V, W260S and W260V was drastically reduced compared to that of the wild-type enzyme. However, the replacement of Tyr80 and Trp260 with smaller residues broadened the substrate specificity of the enzyme, allowing the hydrolysis of methyl caffeate. The role of Tyr80 and Trp260 in AnFaeA are discussed in light of the three-dimensional structure.
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Tsuzuki W, Ue A, Nagao A, Endo M, Abe M. Inhibitory effect of lysophosphatidylcholine on pancreatic lipase-mediated hydrolysis in lipid emulsion. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2004; 1684:1-7. [PMID: 15450204 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2004.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2003] [Revised: 05/25/2004] [Accepted: 05/25/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In the lipid metabolism pathway, dietary lipid emulsified with bile salts and phospholipids is mainly digested by pancreatic lipase into free fatty acids and monoacylglycerols. In order to study substrate recognition mechanism of a pancreatic lipase, we investigated its catalytic property toward the lipid emulsion prepared with long- or intermediate-chain acylglycerols and several physiological surfactants. When lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC), rather than bile salts or phospholipid, was incorporated into the lipid emulsion, it caused an increase in the Km(app) and a decrease in the Vmax(app) values in the interactions between the lipase and triacylglycerol (triolein or tricaprin). This indicated that LysoPC inhibited hydrolysis by decreasing both the substrate affinities and the catalytic activity of this lipase. Interestingly, further addition of taurodeoxycholic acid sodium salts or phospholipid completely restored the inhibitory effect of LysoPC on hydrolysis by lipase. On the other hand, the change in these kinetic values between the lipase and two 1-monoacylglycerols (1-monocaprin and 1-monoolein) were not particularly large when LysoPC was added. Particle size analysis of the lipid emulsion composed of LysoPC and triacylglycerols showed that most of the particles were less than 200 nm in size, which was smaller than the particle size in the triacylglycerol emulsions containing bile salts or phospholipid. The composition of the emulsion would affect its surface characteristics and thus contribute to changing lipase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakako Tsuzuki
- National Food Research Institute, Kannondai, 2-1-12, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan.
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Hermoso JA, Sanz-Aparicio J, Molina R, Juge N, González R, Faulds CB. The Crystal Structure of Feruloyl Esterase A from Aspergillus niger Suggests Evolutive Functional Convergence in Feruloyl Esterase Family. J Mol Biol 2004; 338:495-506. [PMID: 15081808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2003] [Revised: 03/03/2004] [Accepted: 03/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As a component of the array of enzymes produced by micro-organisms to deconstruct plant cell walls, feruloyl esterases hydrolyze phenolic groups involved in the cross-linking of arabinoxylan to other polymeric structures. This is important for opening the cell wall structure, making material more accessible to glycosyl hydrolases. Here, we describe the first crystal structure of the non-modular type-A feruloyl esterase from Aspergillus niger (AnFaeA) solved at 2.5A resolution. AnFaeA displays an alpha/beta hydrolase fold similar to that found in fungal lipases and different from that reported for other feruloyl esterases. Crystallographic and site-directed mutagenesis studies allow us to identify the catalytic triad (Ser133-His247-Asp194) that forms the catalytic machinery of this enzyme. The active-site cavity is confined by a lid (residues 68-80), on the analogy of lipases, and by a loop (residues 226-244) that confers plasticity to the substrate-binding site. The lid presents a high ratio of polar residues, which in addition to a unique N-glycosylation site stabilises the lid in an open conformation, conferring the esterase character to this enzyme. A putative model for bound 5,5'-diferulic acid-linked arabinoxylan has been built, pointing to the more relevant residues involved in substrate recognition. Comparison with structurally related lipases reveals that subtle amino acid and conformational changes within a highly conserved protein fold may produce protein variants endowed with new enzymatic properties, while comparison with functionally related proteins points to a functional convergence after evolutionary divergence within the feruloyl esterases family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Hermoso
- Grupo de Cristalografía Macromolecular y Biología Estructural, Instituto Química-Física Rocasolano C.S.I.C., Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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