2
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Harilall SL, Choonara YE, Tomar LK, Tyagi C, Kumar P, du Toit LC, Modi G, Naidoo D, Iyuke SE, Danckwerts MP, Pillay V. Development and in vivo evaluation of an implantable nano-enabled multipolymeric scaffold for the management of AIDS dementia complex (ADC). Int J Pharm 2015; 496:863-77. [PMID: 26456249 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the use of biocompatible and biodegradable polymers for the formulation and design of an implantable multipolymeric drug delivery device (MDDD) for the management of AIDS dementia complex (ADC), a debilitating condition affecting the cognitive, motor and behavioral systems in HIV+ individuals. A 3-factor Box-Behnken statistical design was employed for the optimization of nanoparticle and multipolymeric scaffold formulations. Fifteen formulations were generated using the Box-Behnken template, which were assessed for physicochemical and physicomechanical characterization. The optimised nanoparticle formulation yielded nanoparticles measuring 68.04nm in size and zeta potential (ZP) of -13.4mV was calculated for the colloidal system. In an attempt to further retard drug release and to formulate a device for implantation in the frontal lobe of the brain, nanoparticles were dispersed within a multipolymeric matrix. Matrix erosion was calculated at 28% for multipolymeric scaffold and a matrix resilience of 4.451% was observed 30 days post exposure to PBS, indicating slow degradation of the MDDD. In vivo studies showed 12.793ng/mL and 35.225ng/mL AZT level in plasma and CSF. In view of the physicomechanical properties, in vitro and in vivo drug release kinetics of MDDD makes it a potential candidate for the management of the ADC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheri-Lee Harilall
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, South Africa
| | - Yahya E Choonara
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, South Africa
| | - Lomas Kumar Tomar
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, South Africa
| | - Charu Tyagi
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, South Africa
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, South Africa
| | - Lisa C du Toit
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, South Africa
| | - Girish Modi
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neurosciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, South Africa
| | - Dinesh Naidoo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Neurosciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, South Africa
| | - Sunny E Iyuke
- School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Michael P Danckwerts
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, South Africa
| | - Viness Pillay
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, South Africa.
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3
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Combescot E, Morat G, de Lonlay P, Boudy V. Pediatric drug formulation of sodium benzoate extended-release granules. Pharm Dev Technol 2015; 21:261-7. [PMID: 25582668 DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2014.996898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Urea cycle disorders are a group of inherited orphan diseases leading to hyperammonemia. Current therapeutic strategy includes high doses of sodium benzoate leading to three or four oral intakes per day. As this drug is currently available in capsules or in solution, children are either unable to swallow the capsule or reluctant to take the drug due to its strong bitter taste. The objective of the present study was to develop solid, multiparticulate formulations of sodium benzoate, which are suitable for pediatric patients (i.e. flavor-masked, easy to swallow and with a dosing system). Drug layering and coating in a fluidized bed were applied for preparing sustained-release granules. Two types of inert cores (GalenIQ® and Suglets®) and three different polymers (Kollicoat®, Aquacoat® and Eudragit®) were tested in order to select the most appropriate polymer and starter core for our purpose. Physical characteristics and drug release profiles of the pellets were evaluated. A Suglets® core associated with a Kollicoat® coating seems to be the best combination for an extended release of sodium benzoate. A curing period of 8 h was necessary to complete film formation and the resulting drug release pattern was found to be dependent of the acidity of the release medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Combescot
- a Unité de Recherche et Développement Galénique, Agence Générale des Equipements et Produits de Santé (AGEPS) , Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP) , Paris , France and
| | - G Morat
- a Unité de Recherche et Développement Galénique, Agence Générale des Equipements et Produits de Santé (AGEPS) , Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP) , Paris , France and
| | - P de Lonlay
- b Service de Neuro-Métabolisme, Hôpital Necker, APHP , Paris , France
| | - V Boudy
- a Unité de Recherche et Développement Galénique, Agence Générale des Equipements et Produits de Santé (AGEPS) , Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP) , Paris , France and
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5
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Rabek CL, Van Stelle R, Dziubla TD, Puleo DA. The effect of plasticizers on the erosion and mechanical properties of polymeric films. J Biomater Appl 2013; 28:779-89. [PMID: 23520360 DOI: 10.1177/0885328213480979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose acetate phthalate and Pluronic F-127 combined together (70:30 wt:wt) create a rigid, surface-eroding association polymer. To impart flexibility into the polymer system and allow for a drug delivery film that can contour to varying wound shapes, plasticizers were added. Triethyl citrate or tributyl citrate was combined with cellulose acetate phthalate and Pluronic F-127 at 0, 10, or 20 wt%. Mechanical analysis was performed on the films as they were prepared and following a 2-h incubation in phosphate-buffered saline. Tensile tests showed that higher plasticizer content increased the % elongation but decreased the elastic modulus and ultimate tensile strength. The effect triethyl citrate had on the % elongation was twice as much than that of tributyl citrate. After incubation, % elongation, elastic modulus, and ultimate tensile strength all increased because plasticizer leached out of the films. Microcomputed tomography and scanning electron microscopy were performed on the samples both before and after incubation to determine how erosion and leaching of plasticizer affected the interior and exterior structure of the films. Porosity increased as plasticizer content increased; however, plasticizer content did not have a significant effect on the rate of erosion. The mechanical properties of cellulose acetate phthalate-Pluronic films can be adjusted by the type and amount of plasticizer added to the system and therefore can be tailored for different drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl L Rabek
- 1Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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6
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Rujivipat S, Bodmeier R. Moisture plasticization for enteric Eudragit® L30D-55-coated pellets prior to compression into tablets. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012; 81:223-9. [PMID: 22269937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Enteric polymers such as cellulose esters (cellulose acetate phthalate, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate) and methacrylic acid-acrylate copolymers (Eudragit® L100-55 and S100) are quite brittle in the dry state and thus not suitable as pellet coatings for compression into tablets. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of humidity treatment for moisture plasticization in order to successfully compress the enterically coated pellets. The mechanical properties of Eudragit® L100-55 improved dramatically, while the properties of the other enteric polymers showed only minor changes after storage at higher humidity. The significant increase in flexibility of the Eudragit® L film was caused by hydration/plasticization; its elongation value changed from approx. 3% in the dry state to approx. 140% at the higher storage humidity. Storage at 84% relative humidity resulted in comparable release profiles of compressed and uncompressed pellets. The glass transition temperature of Eudragit® L films decreased below the compression temperature (room temperature) at storage humidities between 75% and 84%. The glass transition relative humidity leading to a change from the glassy to the rubbery state was determined by dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) to be 76.8%. Moisture resulted in superior plasticization for Eudragit® L than the conventional plasticizer triethyl citrate. The improved compressibility of high humidity treated Eudragit® L-coated pellets was also shown with single pellet compression data as indicated by an increased crushing force and deformation. In conclusion, moisture plasticization was a highly effective tool to enable the successful compression of pellets coated with the brittle enteric polymer Eudragit® L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soravoot Rujivipat
- College of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Kelchstrasse 31, Berlin, Germany
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8
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Mayhew JW, Gideon LT, Ericksen B, Hlavaty JJ, Yeh SM, Chavdarian CG, Strick N, Neurath AR. Development of a gel permeation chromatographic assay to achieve mass balance in cellulose acetate phthalate stability studies. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 49:240-6. [PMID: 19070984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2008] [Revised: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP, cellulose acetate 1,2-benzenedicarboxylate) is a common polymeric oral tablet coating. CAP is also a vaginal microbicide candidate that potently inhibits HIV-1 proliferation. This paper describes the development of a precise, stability-indicating gel permeation chromatography (GPC) assay for CAP. During accelerated stability studies monitored by separate reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and GPC analyses, an apparent loss of mass balance was observed. This deficit was corrected by recalculating the response factor (RF) for each degraded sample, proportional to the fraction of phthalate remaining bound to the polymeric CAP. The correction factor enabled CAP and the degradation product phthalic acid (PA) to be quantitated by a single GPC analysis. The chromatographic approach taken here could potentially apply to any polymer containing degradable chromophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Mayhew
- Dow Pharmaceutical Sciences, Inc., 1330 Redwood Way, Petaluma, CA 94954, USA
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10
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Zurdo Schroeder I, Franke P, Schaefer UF, Lehr CM. Development and characterization of film forming polymeric solutions for skin drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2007; 65:111-21. [PMID: 16950609 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2006.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2006] [Revised: 07/04/2006] [Accepted: 07/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Film forming polymeric solutions as a novel approach for skin drug delivery were developed and characterized concerning their mechanical properties and water vapor permeability. They were developed by varying type and content of the film forming polymer as well as nature and content of the plasticizer. The resulting formulations were evaluated according to five criteria: drying time, cosmetic attractiveness, outward stickiness, integrity on skin (after 18 h) and viscosity. Among the 14 tested polymers 10 film formers yielded formulations with a positive evaluation in all five test criteria. Selected formulations were then investigated for tensile strength and elongation at break in vitro and for water vapor permeability in vitro (WVP) and in vivo (TEWL). Their mechanical properties determined in vitro were found to be not predictive for the flexibility and abrasion resistance observed on living skin. Similar to this, the results derived from the WVP and the TEWL methods were not in accordance with each other. Obviously, the investigated in vitro methods do not characterize the properties of the thin films on living skin satisfactorily. Nevertheless, the identified film forming solutions are a promising approach and will provide the basis for the further development of this novel dosage form.
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11
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Zhang X, Wang Y, Wang J, Wang Y, Li S. Effect of Pore Former on the Properties of Casted Film Prepared from Blends of Eudragit NE 30 D and Eudragit L 30 D-55. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2007; 55:1261-3. [PMID: 17666856 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.55.1261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The casted films of aqueous dispersions of Eudragit NE30 D and Eudragit L30 D-55 containing pore former were prepared. The study investigated the influence of pore former on basic model drug clarithromycin release, water uptake and water vapor permeability from casted film prepared from the blends of neutral polymer dispersion of Eudragit NE30 D and enteric polymer dispersion of Eudragit L30 D-55. This study was concluded that pore former hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, lactose, polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyvinyl pyrrolidon (PVP) was released at the beginning of the release process, the rate and extent of water uptake of the polymeric films were much higher in phosphate buffer pH 6.8 than in pH 5.0 and the concentration of pore former have a significant influence on the permeability to water vapour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P.R. China.
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12
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Siepmann F, Siepmann J, Walther M, MacRae R, Bodmeier R. Aqueous HPMCAS coatings: Effects of formulation and processing parameters on drug release and mass transport mechanisms. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2006; 63:262-9. [PMID: 16621484 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2005.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2005] [Accepted: 12/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The major aim of the present work was to study the effects of various formulation and processing parameters on the resulting drug release kinetics from theophylline matrix pellets coated with aqueous hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) dispersions. The plasticizer content, coating level and curing conditions significantly affected the release patterns in 0.1 M HCl, whereas no major effects were observed in phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. Due to the significant size of the HPMCAS particles (being in the micrometer range), their coalescence was particularly crucial and not complete upon coating. Consequently, at low coating levels continuous water-filled channels connected the bead cores with the release medium through which the drug could rapidly diffuse, resulting in high release rates even at low pH. In contrast, at high coating levels such continuous connections did not exist (due to the increased number of polymer particle layers), and drug release was controlled by diffusion through the macromolecular network resulting in much lower release rates in 0.1 M HCl. Importantly, pellet curing at elevated temperature and ambient relative humidity or exposure to elevated relative humidity at room temperature did not significantly alter the microstructure of the coatings, leading to only slightly decreased drug release rates. In contrast, pellet curing at elevated temperature combined with elevated relative humidity induced significant further polymer particle coalescence, resulting in a change of the underlying drug release mechanism and significantly reduced drug release rates.
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