1
|
Zhou F, Peterson T, Fan Z, Wang S. The Commonly Used Stabilizers for Phytochemical-Based Nanoparticles: Stabilization Effects, Mechanisms, and Applications. Nutrients 2023; 15:3881. [PMID: 37764665 PMCID: PMC10534333 DOI: 10.3390/nu15183881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytochemicals, such as resveratrol, curcumin, and quercetin, have many benefits for health, but most of them have a low bioavailability due to their poor water solubility and stability, quick metabolism, and clearance, which restricts the scope of their potential applications. To overcome these issues, different types of nanoparticles (NPs), especially biocompatible and biodegradable NPs, have been developed. NPs can carry phytochemicals and increase their solubility, stability, target specificity, and oral bioavailability. However, NPs are prone to irreversible aggregation, which leads to NP instability and loss of functions. To remedy this shortcoming, stabilizers like polymers and surfactants are incorporated on NPs. Stabilizers not only increase the stability of NPs, but also improve their characteristics. The current review focused on discussing the state of the art in research on synthesizing phytochemical-based NPs and their commonly employed stabilizers. Furthermore, stabilizers in these NPs were also discussed in terms of their applications, effects, and underlying mechanisms. This review aimed to provide more references for developing stabilizers and NPs for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhou
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA;
| | - Tiffany Peterson
- College of Integrative Sciences and Arts, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA;
| | - Zhaoyang Fan
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA;
| | - Shu Wang
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu H, Liu H, Zhou Z, Chung J, Zhang G, Chang J, Parise RA, Chu E, Schmitz JC. Scutellaria baicalensis enhances 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy via inhibition of proliferative signaling pathways. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:147. [PMID: 37337282 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01156-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluoropyridine-based chemotherapy remains the most widely used treatment for colorectal cancer (CRC). In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which the natural product Scutellaria baicalensis (Huang Qin; HQ) and one of its main components baicalin enhanced 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) antitumor activity against CRC. Cell proliferation assays, cell cycle analysis, reverse-phase protein array (RPPA) analysis, immunoblot analysis, and qRT-PCR were performed to investigate the mechanism(s) of action of HQ and its active components on growth of CRC cells. HQ exhibited in vitro antiproliferative activity against drug resistant human CRC cells, against human and mouse CRC cells with different genetic backgrounds and normal human colon epithelial cells. In vivo animal models were used to document the antitumor activity of HQ and baicalin. The mechanism of growth inhibitory activity of HQ is due to inhibition of proliferative signaling pathways including the CDK-RB pathway. In addition, HQ enhanced the antitumor effects of 5-FU and capecitabine in vivo. Furthermore, we identified baicalin as an active component of HQ. The combination of baicalin and 5-FU demonstrated synergistic activity against 5-FU-resistant RKO-R10 cells. The combination significantly inhibited in vivo tumor growth greater than each treatment alone. RPPA results showed that the signaling pathway alterations in CRC cells were similar following HQ and baicalin treatment. Together, these results indicate that HQ and its component baicalin enhance the effect of 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy via inhibition of CDK-RB pathway. These findings may provide the rational basis for developing agents that can overcome the development of cellular drug resistance. Video Abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haizhou Liu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, 5117 Centre Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Hui Liu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, 5117 Centre Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Oncology, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyi Zhou
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, 5117 Centre Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jessica Chung
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Abington-Jefferson Health, Abington, PA, USA
| | - Guojing Zhang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, 5117 Centre Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jin Chang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, 5117 Centre Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Radiotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an City, China
| | - Robert A Parise
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, 5117 Centre Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Edward Chu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, 5117 Centre Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Cancer Therapeutics Program, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - John C Schmitz
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, 5117 Centre Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Huang S, Cui M, Wang R, Yang G, Wang N, Cui L, Ma G. Combined treatment with Prunella vulgaris and Radix bupleuri activated the Bax/Bcl-2 and Caspase-3 signal pathways in papillary thyroid carcinoma cells. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023:1-12. [PMID: 36924446 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2023.2189464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
To explore the effect of Prunella vulgaris (PV) combined with Radix bupleuri (RB) on apoptosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma cells. Our study was divided into four groups: the control group, the PV group, the RB group, and the PV combined with the RB group. The viability of cells from different treatment groups was assessed by the CCK-8 assay. Cell migration and invasion were assessed by healing wounding and the transwell assay, respectively. Cell apoptosis rate and cell cycle arrest were detected by a flow cytometry assay. The protein expression of Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase-3, CyclinA1, CyclinB1, and CDK1 was detected using a western blot assay. Our results indicated that, compared with the control group, PV combined with RB group could significantly alter the cell morphology, inhibit cell migration and invasion, decrease the number of cells in the G0/G1 phase and increase the number of cells in the G2/M phase, and promote the cell apoptosis. Moreover, PV combined with RB treatment also obviously increased the expression of Bax/Bcl2 and caspase-3 proteins and decreased the expression of Cyclin A1, Cyclin B1, and CDK1 proteins. Overall, our results indicated that PV combined with RB could activate the Bax/Bcl-2 and Caspase-3 signal pathways to induce cell apoptosis in papillary thyroid carcinoma cells; this also provides a new way to treat thyroid cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shujuan Huang
- Pathology Teaching and Research Department, Cangzhou Medical College, Cangzhou, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Maoxiang Cui
- Pathology Teaching and Research Department, Cangzhou Medical College, Cangzhou, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Rufeng Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cangzhou Medical College, Cangzhou, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Guiran Yang
- Department of Medical Technology, Cangzhou Medical College, Cangzhou, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Ning Wang
- Pathology Teaching and Research Department, Cangzhou Medical College, Cangzhou, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Lijun Cui
- Pathology Teaching and Research Department, Cangzhou Medical College, Cangzhou, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Guang Ma
- Pathology Teaching and Research Department, Cangzhou Medical College, Cangzhou, Hebei, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chemotherapeutic Potential of Saikosaponin D: Experimental Evidence. J Xenobiot 2022; 12:378-405. [PMID: 36547471 PMCID: PMC9782205 DOI: 10.3390/jox12040027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Saikosaponin D (SSD), an active compound derived from the traditional plant Radix bupleuri, showcases potential in disease management owing to its antioxidant, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory properties. The toxicological effects of SSD mainly include hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, hemolysis, and cardiotoxicity. SSD exhibits antitumor effects on multiple targets and has been witnessed in diverse cancer types by articulating various cell signaling pathways. As a result, carcinogenic processes such as proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis are inhibited, whereas apoptosis, autophagy, and differentiation are induced in several cancer cells. Since it reduces side effects and strengthens anti-cancerous benefits, SSD has been shown to have an additive or synergistic impact with chemo-preventive medicines. Regardless of its efficacy and benefits, the considerations of SSD in cancer prevention are absolutely under-researched due to its penurious bioavailability. Diverse studies have overcome the impediments of inadequate bioavailability using nanotechnology-based methods such as nanoparticle encapsulation, liposomes, and several other formulations. In this review, we emphasize the association of SSD in cancer therapeutics and the discussion of the mechanisms of action with the significance of experimental evidence.
Collapse
|
5
|
Promising Anticancer Activities of Alismatis rhizome and Its Triterpenes via p38 and PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathways. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072455. [PMID: 34371964 PMCID: PMC8308894 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The flowering plant genus Alisma, which belongs to the family Alismataceae, comprises 11 species, including Alisma orientale, Alisma canaliculatum, and Alisma plantago-aquatica. Alismatis rhizome (Ze xie in Chinese, Takusha in Japanese, and Taeksa in Korean, AR), the tubers of medicinal plants from Alisma species, have long been used to treat inflammatory diseases, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, bacterial infection, edema, oliguria, diarrhea, and dizziness. Recent evidence has demonstrated that its extract showed pharmacological activities to effectively reverse cancer-related molecular targets. In particular, triterpenes naturally isolated from AR have been found to exhibit antitumor activity. This study aimed to describe the biological activities and plausible signaling cascades of AR and its main compounds in experimental models representing cancer-related physiology and pathology. Available in vitro and in vivo studies revealed that AR extract possesses anticancer activity against various cancer cells, and the efficacy might be attributed to the cytotoxic and antimetastatic effects of its alisol compounds, such as alisol A, alisol B, and alisol B 23-acetate. Several beneficial functions of triterpenoids found in AR might be due to p38 activation and inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways. Moreover, AR and its triterpenes inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells that are resistant to chemotherapy. Thus, AR and its triterpenes may play potential roles in tumor attack, as well as a therapeutic remedy alone and in combination with other chemotherapeutic drugs.
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhu Y, Peng X, Zhang Y, Lin J, Zhao G. Baicalein Protects Against Aspergillus fumigatus Keratitis by Reducing Fungal Load and Inhibiting TSLP-Induced Inflammatory Response. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:26. [PMID: 34038512 PMCID: PMC8164373 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.6.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the antifungal and anti-inflammatory effects of baicalein on Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) keratitis and the underlying mechanisms. Methods The noncytotoxic antifungal concentration of baicalein was determined using CCK8, cell scratch assay, minimum inhibitory concentration, biofilm formation, scanning electron microscopy, propidium iodide uptake test and adherence assay in vitro and Draize test in vivo. In fungal keratitis (FK) mouse models, clinical score and plate count were used to evaluate FK severity, and myeloperoxidase assay and immunofluorescence staining were performed to examine neutrophil infiltration and activity. Real-time PCR, ELISA, and Western blot were performed to explore the anti-inflammatory activity of baicalein and the underlying mechanisms in vivo and in vitro. Results Baicalein at 0.25 mM (noncytotoxic) significantly inhibited A. fumigatus growth, biofilm formation, and adhesion in vitro. In A. fumigatus keratitis mice, baicalein mitigated FK severity, reduced fungal load, and inhibited neutrophil infiltration and activity. Baicalein not only suppressed mRNA and protein levels of proinflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, but also inhibited the expression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and TSLP receptor (TSLPR) in vivo and in vitro. In HCECs, mRNA and protein levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were significantly lower in the TSLP siRNA–treated group, while higher in the rTSLP-treated group than in the corresponding control. Baicalein treatment significantly inhibited rTSLP induced the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Conclusions Baicalein plays a protective role in mouse A. fumigatus keratitis by inhibiting fungal growth, biofilm formation, and adhesion, and suppressing inflammatory response via downregulation of the TSLP/TSLPR pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunan Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xudong Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yingxue Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guiqiu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Huang Y, Lin J, Yi W, Liu Q, Cao L, Yan Y, Fu A, Huang T, Lyu Y, Huang Q, Wang J. Research on the Potential Mechanism of Gentiopicroside Against Gastric Cancer Based on Network Pharmacology. Drug Des Devel Ther 2020; 14:5109-5118. [PMID: 33262572 PMCID: PMC7700081 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s270757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer was still one of the commonly diagnosed cancer types and the third-most common cause of cancer-related death in the world. Gentiopicroside, which is extracted from the Gentianella acuta, is commonly used in both traditional treatment and modern clinical care; therefore, its anticancer effects have been attracted more attention. However, the systematic analysis of action mechanism of Gentiopicroside on gastric cancer (GC) has not yet been carried out. AIM A network pharmacology-based strategy combined with molecular docking studies and in vitro validation was employed to investigate potential targets and molecular mechanism of Gentiopicroside against GC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Potential targets of Gentiopicroside, as well as related genes of GC, were acquired from public databases. Potential targets, and signaling pathways were determined through bioinformatic analysis, including protein-protein interaction (PPI), the Gene Ontology (GO), and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Subsequently, molecular docking and cell experiments were performed to further verify the above findings. RESULTS Our findings revealed that the anticancer activity of Gentiopicroside potentially involves 53 putative identified target genes. In addition, GO, KEGG, and network analyses revealed that these targets were associated with cell proliferation, metabolic process, and other physiological processes. Furthermore, we have proved that critical compound affected the expression of CCND1, CCNE1, p-AKT and p-P38 at protein levels. These findings provide an overview of the anticancer action of Gentiopicroside from a network perspective; meanwhile, it might also set an example for future studies of other materials used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). CONCLUSION This study comprehensively illuminated the potential targets and molecular mechanism of Gentiopicroside against GC. It also provided a promising approach to uncover the scientific basis and therapeutic mechanism of TCM treating for disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiatong Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Weimin Yi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Linhui Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongcong Yan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Anqi Fu
- Sun Yat-Sen University Zhongshan School of Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tingxuan Huang
- Sun Yat-Sen University Zhongshan School of Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingcheng Lyu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qihui Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hu Z, Wang H, Fu Y, Ma K, Ma X, Wang J. Gentiopicroside Inhibits Cell Growth and Migration on Cervical Cancer via the Reciprocal MAPK/Akt Signaling Pathways. Nutr Cancer 2020; 73:1459-1470. [PMID: 32762372 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1801777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) is a common gynecological malignancy and represents a major global health challenge. Chemotherapeutic agents are commonly applied in treatment of CC, while along various adverse effects and chemotherapy resistance. As an iridoid glycoside compound, gentiopicroside (GPS) possesses the characteristic of the better availability and lower toxicity effect on cancer treatment. In the present study, we investigated that GPS exhibited the anticancer effect on HeLa cells through the inhibition of cell growth, induced apoptosis, cycle arrest, and suppressed migration. Furthermore, the possible mechanism or the targets of GPS was also clarified. The results revealed that GPS exerted an anti-proliferation effect in a dose- and time-dependent manner in HeLa cells, in contrast, with the less inhibiting proliferation effects on normal cell line (HUVEC). Moreover, GPS arrested cells at G2/M phase and induced apoptosis through mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. More significantly, GPS dramatically inhibited the migration of HeLa cells and regulated the matrix metalloproteinase expression through the MAPK and Akt signaling pathways, of which MAPK1 was an underlying target in GPS against HeLa cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Hu
- Oncology Hospital, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yan Fu
- Oncology Hospital, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Kang Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ren L, Liu W, Wang C, Yang Y, Huang X, Wang C, Li Y. The ancient Chinese formula Longdan Xiegan Tang improves antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia by repairing the hypothalamic and pituitary TGF-β1 signaling in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 254:112572. [PMID: 31940455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Antipsychotics often induce hyperprolactinemia. The transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 signaling in the pituitary and hypothalamus inhibits prolactin synthesis and secretion, and its impairment is implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders. Longdan Xiegan Tang (LXT) alone or together with antipsychotics have been used to treat various neuropsychiatric diseases and hyperprolactinemia-associated disorders. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the effect of LXT on hyperprolactinemia and involvement of the TGF-beta1 signaling. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male rats were co-administered with olanzapine (5 mg/kg) and LXT extract (50 and 500 mg/kg) (p.o., × 8 weeks). Plasma concentrations of prolactin and TGF-beta1 were determined by ELISA. Protein expression was analyzed by Western blot. RESULTS Treatment of rats with LXT extract suppressed olanzapine-induced increase in plasma prolactin concentration and overexpression of pituitary and hypothalamic prolactin protein. Importantly, LXT restored olanzapine-induced decrease in protein expression of the key components of the TGF-beta1 signaling, TGF-beta1, type II TGF-beta receptor, type I TGF-beta receptor and phosphorylated SMAD3 in the pituitary and hypothalamus. Further, it antagonized downregulation of pituitary and hypothalamic dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) protein level, and inhibited pituitary estrogen receptor (ER) alpha and ERbeta protein expression. CONCLUSIONS The present results suggest that LXT ameliorates antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia in rats by repairing the pituitary and hypothalamic TGF-beta1 signaling possibly via D2R, ERs or/and other pathways. Our findings may also provide scientific elucidation for use of the ancient Chinese formula to treat the impaired TGF-beta1 signaling-associated neuropsychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liying Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Wenqin Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Chengliang Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Yifan Yang
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Group, Sydney Institute of Health Sciences/Sydney Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia.
| | - Xiaoqian Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Chunxia Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Yuhao Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Endocrinology and Metabolism Group, Sydney Institute of Health Sciences/Sydney Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Microbiological Advances in Bioactives from High Altitude. MICROBIOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS FOR HIGHER ALTITUDE AGRO-ECOSYSTEMS & SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-1902-4_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
11
|
Huang TH, Wu TH, Guo YH, Li TL, Chan YL, Wu CJ. The concurrent treatment of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi enhances the therapeutic efficacy of cisplatin but also attenuates chemotherapy-induced cachexia and acute kidney injury. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 243:112075. [PMID: 31291609 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cisplatin is an important chemotherapy to lung cancer, but it usually induces severe cachexia and acute kidney injury in patients. Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (SB), commonly known as a skullcap, is a popular Chinese herbal medicine mainly used to treat inflammation, infection, and malignancy. In this study, we report the synergic effect of SB and cisplatin to Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells, and the ameliorative effect of SB to cisplatin-induced cachexia and acute kidney injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS The extract of SB was applied by water boiling and lyophilization. The MTS assay was used to exam the in-vitro effects of SB and cisplatin on the LLC viability. In the animal experiment, male C57BL/6J mice were inoculated with LLC cells, and then treated by cisplatin intraperitoneally and the SB extract orally. Tumor volume, weights of tumor, murine body, white adipose tissue and gastrocnemius muscle, as well as serum levels of BUN and creatinine were measured during the experiment. Murine kidney sample was observed after the H&E and annexin V staining. RESULTS SB provided an enhancement of cisplatin action to inhibit tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. In the animal experiment, SB improved the loss of murine body weight and gastrocnemius muscle, the elevating BUN level, and the apoptosis of renal tubular cells in mice receiving cisplatin therapy. Meanwhile, the current treatment of SB did not further interfere with the blood cell counts of mice receiving chemotherapy. CONCLUSION SB can enhance the anti-cancer effect of cisplatin. It also attenuates cisplatin-induced cachexia and acute kidney injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tse-Hung Huang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, 20401, Taiwan; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan; School of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, 11219, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, 33303, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Han Wu
- Department of Food Science and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan; Division of Hemato-oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 20401, Taiwan and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hui Guo
- Department of Food Science and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Lin Li
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lin Chan
- Department of Life Science, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, 11114, Taiwan.
| | - Chang-Jer Wu
- Department of Food Science and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan; Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, 41354, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sang Eun H, Seong Min K, Ho Jeong L, Vetrivel P, Venkatarame Gowda Saralamma V, Jeong Doo H, Eun Hee K, Sang Joon L, Gon Sup K. Scutellarein Induces Fas-Mediated Extrinsic Apoptosis and G2/M Cell Cycle Arrest in Hep3B Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020263. [PMID: 30682875 PMCID: PMC6412708 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Scutellarein (SCU), a flavone found in the perennial herb Scutellaria baicalensis, is known for a wide range of biological activities. In the present study, we investigated the effects of treatment with SCU flavonoids on inducing apoptosis via the extrinsic pathway in Hep3B cells. SCU treatment significantly inhibited Hep3B cell proliferation and induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest by inhibiting the expression level of the proteins Cdc25C, cdk1 and Cyclin B1. Allophycocyanin (APC)/Annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) double-staining showed upregulation of apoptotic cell death fraction. We further confirmed apoptosis by 4′-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) fluorescent staining and observed DNA fragmentation with agarose gel electrophoresis. Further, immunoblotting results showed that treatment with SCU showed no changes in Bax and Bcl-xL protein levels. In addition, SCU treatment did not affect the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in Hep3B cells. On the contrary, treatment with SCU increased the expression of Fas and Fas ligand (FasL), which activated cleaved caspase-8, caspase-3, and polymeric adenosine diphosphate ribose (PARP), whereas the expression level of death receptor 4 (DR4) decreased. We confirmed that the proteins expressed upon treatment with SCU were involved in the Fas-mediated pathway of apoptosis in Hep3B cells. Thus, our findings in the current study strongly imply that SCU can be a basic natural source for developing potent anti-cancer agents for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ha Sang Eun
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.
| | - Kim Seong Min
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.
| | - Lee Ho Jeong
- Gyeongnam Department of Environment Toxicology and Chemistry, Biological Resources Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 17 Jegok-gil, Jinju 52834, Korea.
| | - Preethi Vetrivel
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.
| | | | - Heo Jeong Doo
- Gyeongnam Department of Environment Toxicology and Chemistry, Biological Resources Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 17 Jegok-gil, Jinju 52834, Korea.
| | - Kim Eun Hee
- Department of Nursing Science, International University of Korea, Jinju 52833, Korea.
| | - Lee Sang Joon
- Gyeongnam Department of Environment Toxicology and Chemistry, Biological Resources Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 17 Jegok-gil, Jinju 52834, Korea.
| | - Kim Gon Sup
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Baygildieva DI, Baygildiev TM, Stavrianidi AN, Shpigun OA, Rodin IA. Simultaneous Determination of Wogonin, Scutellarin, Baicalin, and Baicalein in Extracts from Scutellariae Baicalensis by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934818140022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
14
|
Saikosaponin D from Radix Bupleuri suppresses triple-negative breast cancer cell growth by targeting β-catenin signaling. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:724-733. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
15
|
The Role of Saikosaponins in Therapeutic Strategies for Age-Related Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:8275256. [PMID: 29849917 PMCID: PMC5924972 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8275256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As life expectancy increases, elderly populations tend to spend an increasing number of years in poor health, with chronic age-related diseases and disability. Therefore, the development of therapeutic strategies to treat or prevent multiple pathophysiological conditions in the elderly may improve health-adjusted life expectancy and alleviate the potential economic and social burdens arising from age-related diseases. Bioactive natural products might represent promising new drug candidates for the treatment of many chronic age-related diseases, including cancer, Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular disease, obesity, and liver disease. Here, we discuss a therapeutic option using saikosaponins, which are triterpene saponins isolated from Bupleurum, against a variety of age-related diseases. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of natural products like saikosaponins in the treatment of age-related diseases may help in the development of diverse natural product-derived compounds that may be effective against a number of chronic health problems.
Collapse
|
16
|
Hao C, Qu H, Chen S, Han W, Sun R. Ultrasound-assisted Extraction of Polysaccharide from Radix Bupleuri using Response Surface Methodology and Antioxidant Research of the Polysaccharide. Nat Prod Commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1801300420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This report used Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to analyze the conditions that extracting polysaccharide compound from Radix Bupleuri using ultrasonic wave. For determining the optimal extraction conditions, four independent variables, temperature (°C), ultrasonic intensity (UI, W/cm2), dilution rate (water-material ratio, mL/g) and time (min), were investigated using Box-Behnken design. In the results, the best condition after optimization was dilution rate of 35.0:1, UI of 24.5 W/cm2, temperature of 69.5°C and time of 14.6 min. Extraction efficiency was 7.67% and the purity reached 44.14%. It illustrates that the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was efficient and suitable for extracting polysaccharide from Radix Bupleuri. This paper also investigated the antioxidant activity of Radix Bupleuri polysaccharide (RBP) on superoxide anion radical, hydroxyl radical, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picry-hydrazyl (DPPH), in vitro experiment. The result indicated that RBP could remarkably sweep away the hydroxyl radical, and had the capacity for clearing away superoxide radical and DPPH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changchun Hao
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China 710119
| | - Hongjin Qu
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China 710119
| | - Shi Chen
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China 710119
| | - Wenjing Han
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China 710119
| | - Runguang Sun
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China 710119
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yuan B, Yang R, Ma Y, Zhou S, Zhang X, Liu Y. A systematic review of the active saikosaponins and extracts isolated from Radix Bupleuri and their applications. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:620-635. [PMID: 27951737 PMCID: PMC6130612 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1262433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Radix Bupleuri has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for over 2000 years with functions of relieving exterior syndrome, clearing heat, regulating liver-qi, and lifting yang-qi. More natural active compounds, especially saikosaponins, have been isolated from Radix Bupleuri, which possess various valuable pharmacological activities. OBJECTIVE To summarize the current knowledge on pharmacological activities, mechanisms and applications of extracts and saikosaponins isolated from Radix Bupleuri, and obtain new insights for further research and development of Radix Bupleuri. METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, Research Gate, Academic Journals and Google Scholar were used as information sources through the inclusion of the search terms 'Radix Bupleuri', 'Bupleurum', 'saikosaponins', 'Radix Bupleuri preparation', and their combinations, mainly from the year 2008 to 2016 without language restriction. Clinical preparations containing Radix Bupleuri were collected from official website of China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION 296 papers were searched and 128 papers were reviewed. A broad spectrum of in vitro and in vivo research has proved that Radix Bupleuri extracts, saikosaponin a, saikosaponin d, saikosaponin c, and saikosaponin b2, exhibit evident anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antiviral, anti-allergic, immunoregulation, and neuroregulation activities mainly through NF-κB, MAPK or other pathways. 15 clinical preparations approved by CFDA remarkably broaden the application of Radix Bupleuri. The main side effect of Radix Bupleuri is liver damage when the dosage is excess, which indicates that the maximum tolerated dose is critical for clinical use of Radix Bupleuri extract and purified compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bochuan Yuan
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Yang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yongsheng Ma
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Zhou
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- CONTACT Ying LiuSchool of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Wangjing Zhonghuan South Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing100102, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Xiong K, Gao T, Zhang T, Wang Z, Han H. Simultaneous determination of gentiopicroside and its two active metabolites in rat plasma by LC–MS/MS and its application in pharmacokinetic studies. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1065-1066:1-7. [PMID: 28934681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xiong
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Tingting Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Han Han
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Effects of triterpenoid Alisol-F on human 5-hydroxytryptamine 3A and α3β4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channel activity. Mol Cell Toxicol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-017-0030-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
20
|
Zhao Y, Li ETS, Wang M. Alisol B 23-acetate induces autophagic-dependent apoptosis in human colon cancer cells via ROS generation and JNK activation. Oncotarget 2017; 8:70239-70249. [PMID: 29050275 PMCID: PMC5642550 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Alisol B 23-acetate (AB23A), a natural triterpenoid from the rhizome of Alisma orientale, a Chinese medicinal herb, has multiple physiological activities including anticancer. However, its effect on human colon cancer and the underlying mechanism are not clear. Here, we reported for the first time that AB23A induced cell cycle G1 phase arrest and apoptotic cell death in colon cancer cells. Autophagy also occurred in AB23A-treated HCT116 cells as evidenced by the accumulation of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 form II (LC3-II) and degradation of SQSTM1/p62. An autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenine (3-MA) was found to attenuate AB23A-mediated autophagy, apoptosis, and cell death, indicating that AB23A-induced apoptotic response was dependent on the induction of autophagy. In addition, the treatment of HCT116 cells with AB23A resulted in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). A ROS scavenger, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and a JNK-specific inhibitor, SP600125 attenuated AB23A-induced autophagy and apoptotic cell death. Moreover, NAC was able to eliminate AB23A-induced JNK phosphorylation. This finding provides a novel mechanism of action of AB23A in colon cancer HCT116 cells that AB23A induces autophagic-dependent apoptotic cell death in colon cancer cells, at least in part, though the accumulation of intracellular ROS and subsequent activation of JNK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueliang Zhao
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Edmund T S Li
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mingfu Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ting CT, Kuo CJ, Hu HY, Lee YL, Tsai TH. Prescription frequency and patterns of Chinese herbal medicine for liver cancer patients in Taiwan: a cross-sectional analysis of the National Health Insurance Research Database. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 17:118. [PMID: 28219357 PMCID: PMC5319102 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1628-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) is frequently provided to HCC patients. The aim of this study was to understand the prescription frequency and patterns of CHM for HCC patients by analyzing the claims data from the National Health Insurance (NHI) in Taiwan. METHODS We identified 73918 newly diagnosed HCC subjects from the database of Registry for Catastrophic Illness during 2002 to 2009 and to analyze the frequency and pattern of corresponding CHM prescriptions for HCC patients. RESULTS There were a total of 685,079 single Chinese herbal prescriptions and 553,952 Chinese herbal formula prescriptions used for 17,373 HCC subjects before 2 years of HCC diagnosis. Among the 13,093 HCC subjects who used CHMs after HCC diagnosis, there were 462,786 single Chinese herbal prescriptions and 300,153 Chinese herbal formula prescriptions were counted. By adjusting with person-year and ratio of standardized incidence rate, the top ten prescribed single herbal drugs and Chinese herbal formulas for HCC patients were described in our study. Among them, we concluded that, Oldenlandia diffusa (Chinese herbal name: Bai-Hua-She-She-Cao), Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (Da Huang) and the herbal preparation of Xiao-Chai-Hu-Tang and Gan-Lu-Yin, were the most obviously increased and important CHMs been used for HCC patients. CONCLUSION We established an accurate and validated method for the actual frequency and patterns of CHM use in treating HCC in Taiwan. We propose that these breakthrough findings may have important implications for HCC therapy, clinical trials and modernization of CHM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Tsung Ting
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, 155, Li-Nong Street, Section 2, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ren-Ai Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chian-Jue Kuo
- Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University and Psychiatric Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Yun Hu
- Institute of Public Health and Community Medicine Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National United University, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ling Lee
- Institute of Public Health and Community Medicine Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Dentistry, Heping Fuyou Branch, Taipei City Hospital, No. 33 Zhonghua Rd., Sec. 2, Taipei, 100, Taiwan.
- Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Tung-Hu Tsai
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, 155, Li-Nong Street, Section 2, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National United University, Miaoli, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Influence of chromatogram baseline shifts and exogenous metabolite signals on metabolic profiles of traditional Chinese medicine Chaihu and its liver toxicity metabonomics. Chem Res Chin Univ 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-017-6302-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
23
|
Panax Notoginseng Saponins as a Novel Nature Stabilizer for Poorly Soluble Drug Nanocrystals: A Case Study with Baicalein. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21091149. [PMID: 27589712 PMCID: PMC6273425 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21091149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is aimed at seeking a nature saponin-based stabilizer for drug nanosuspensions. A poorly soluble drug (baicalein, BCL) was used as a model drug. BCL nanosuspensions with particle size of 156 nm were prepared by means of homogenization and converted into BCL nanocrystals (BCL-NC) stabilized with panax notoginseng saponins (PNS). It was found that PNS was able to prevent the aggregation of BCL-NS during storage and improve the redispersibility of BCL-NC after freeze-drying and spray-drying, compared with polymer stabilizer PVPK30. The freeze-dried and spray-dried BCL-NC with PNS exhibited excellent performance as evidenced by scanning_electron_microscope (SEM) analysis. It was the reason that PNS possessed the interfacial property (41.69 ± 0.32 mN/m) and electrostatic effect (−40.1 ± 1.6 mV), which could easily adsorb onto the surface of hydrophobic BCL nanocrystals and prevent from its aggregation. It is concluded that PNS can be used as an effective nature stabilizer for production of drug nanocrystals.
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhao Q, Chen XY, Martin C. Scutellaria baicalensis, the golden herb from the garden of Chinese medicinal plants. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2016; 61:1391-1398. [PMID: 27730005 PMCID: PMC5031759 DOI: 10.1007/s11434-016-1136-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, or Chinese skullcap, has been widely used as a medicinal plant in China for thousands of years, where the preparation from its roots is called Huang-Qin. It has been applied in the treatment of diarrhea, dysentery, hypertension, hemorrhaging, insomnia, inflammation and respiratory infections. Flavones such as baicalin, wogonoside and their aglycones baicalein wogonin are the major bioactive compounds extracted from the root of S. baicalensis. These flavones have been reported to have various pharmacological functions, including anti-cancer, hepatoprotection, antibacterial and antiviral, antioxidant, anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects. In this review, we focus on clinical applications and the pharmacological properties of the medicinal plant and the flavones extracted from it. We also describe biotechnological and metabolic methods that have been used to elucidate the biosynthetic pathways of the bioactive compounds in Scutellaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhao
- Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai, 201602 China
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH UK
| | - Xiao-Ya Chen
- Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai, 201602 China
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Cathie Martin
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Liu W, Li G, Hölscher C, Li L. Neuroprotective effects of geniposide on Alzheimer's disease pathology. Rev Neurosci 2015; 26:371-83. [PMID: 25879319 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2015-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence has linked two of the most common aged-related diseases: type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). It has led to the notion that drugs developed for the treatment of T2DM may be beneficial in modifying the pathophysiology of AD. As a receptor agonist of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1R), which is a newer drug class to treat T2DM, geniposide shows clear effects in inhibiting pathological processes underlying AD, such as promoting neurite outgrowth. In the present article, we review the possible molecular mechanisms of geniposide to protect the brain from pathologic damages underlying AD: reducing amyloid plaques, inhibiting τ phosphorylation, preventing memory impairment and loss of synapses, reducing oxidative stress and the chronic inflammatory response, and promoting neurite outgrowth via the GLP-1R signaling pathway. In summary, the Chinese herb geniposide shows great promise as a novel treatment for AD.
Collapse
|
26
|
|
27
|
Wang X, Wang N, Cheung F, Lao L, Li C, Feng Y. Chinese medicines for prevention and treatment of human hepatocellular carcinoma: current progress on pharmacological actions and mechanisms. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2015; 13:142-64. [PMID: 26006028 DOI: 10.1016/s2095-4964(15)60171-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of leading causes of death in the world. Although various treatments have been developed, the therapeutic side effects are far from desirable. Chinese medicines (CMs, including plants, animal parts and minerals) have drawn a great deal of attention in recent years for their potential in the treatment of HCC. Most studies have shown that CMs may be able to retard HCC progression with multiple actions, either alone or in combination with other conventional therapies to improve quality of life in HCC patients. Additionally, CMs are used for preventing HCC occurrence. The aim of this study is to review the potential prophylactic and curative effects of CMs on human HCC and the possible mechanisms that underlie these pharmacological actions. Publications were collected and reviewed from PubMed and China National Knowledge Infrastructure from 2000 to 2014. Keywords for literature searches include "Chinese medicine", "Chinese herb", "traditional Chinese Medicine", "hepatocellular carcinoma" and "liver cancer". CMs in forms of pure compounds, isolated fractions, and composite formulas are included. Combination therapies are also considered. Both in vitro and in vivo efficacies of CMs are being discussed and the translational potential to bedside is to be discussed with clinical cases, which show the actions of CMs on HCC may include tumor growth inhibition, antimetastatic activities, anti-inflammation, anti-liver cancer stem cells, reversal on multi-drug resistance and induction/reduction of oxidative stress. Multiple types of molecules are found to contribute in the above actions. The review paper indicated that CMs might have potential to both prevent HCC occurrence and retard HCC progression with several molecular targets involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuanbin Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ning Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fan Cheung
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lixing Lao
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Charlie Li
- California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Yibin Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Subramaniam S, Raju R, Palanisamy A, Sivasubramanian A. Development and extraction optimization of baicalein and pinostrobin from Scutellaria violacea through response surface methodology. Pharmacogn Mag 2015; 11:S127-38. [PMID: 26109758 PMCID: PMC4461952 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.157714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To develop a process that involves optimization of the amount of baicalein and pinostrobin from the hydro-methanolic extract of the leaves of Scutellaria violacea by response surface methodology (RSM). Materials and Methods: The combinatorial influence of various extraction parameters on the extraction yield was investigated by adopting Box–Behnken experimental design. Preliminary experiments carried out based on the traditional one variable at a time optimization revealed four such operational parameters to play a crucial role by influencing the yield. These four process parameters at three levels were considered to obtain the Box–Behnken experimental design. Results: RSM based model fitted to the resulting experimental data suggested that 52.3% methanol/water, 12.46:1 solvent-solid ratio, 285 rpm agitation and 6.07 h of extraction time are the optimal conditions which yielded a maximized amount of baicalein and pinostrobin of 2.9 and 4.05 mg/g DM. Analysis of variance revealed a high correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.999 for baicalein and 0.994 for pinostrobin), signifying a good fit between the regression model (second order) and the experimental observations. Conclusion: The present study signifies that both the metabolites have been extracted from S. violacea for the first time. Further, this study developed an optimized extraction procedure to obtain maximum yield of the metabolites, which is unique and better than conventional extraction methodology. The operational parameters under optimized conditions accounts for the lowest cost in extraction process thus, providing an efficient, rapid and cost-effective method for isolation and scale up of these commercially vital flavonoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shankar Subramaniam
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ravikumar Raju
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anbumathi Palanisamy
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Aravind Sivasubramanian
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Liao W, Li B, Li L, Yan L, Wang Z, An X, Zhao J. Erk1/2, CDK8, Src and Ck1e Mediate <i>Evodia rutaecarpa</i> Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice. Chin Med 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/cm.2015.62011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
30
|
A UFLC/MS/MS method for simultaneous quantitation of alisol A and alisol B 23-acetate from Alisma orientale (Sam.) Juz. in rat plasma. Asian J Pharm Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
|
31
|
Baicalein induces apoptosis and autophagy via endoplasmic reticulum stress in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:732516. [PMID: 24995326 PMCID: PMC4065687 DOI: 10.1155/2014/732516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a disastrous disease and the treatment for HCC is rather limited. Separation and identification of active compounds from traditionally used herbs in HCC treatment may shed light on novel therapeutic drugs for HCC. METHODS Cell viability and colony forming assay were conducted to determine anti-HCC activity. Morphology of cells and activity of caspases were analyzed. Antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins and JNK were also examined. Levels of unfolded protein response (UPR) markers were determined and intracellular calcium was assayed. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) were used to investigate the role of UPR and autophagy in baicalein-induced cell death. RESULTS Among four studied flavonoids, only baicalein exhibited satisfactory inhibition of viability and colony formation of HCC cells within water-soluble concentration. Baicalein induced apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, possibly by downregulating prosurvival Bcl-2 family, increasing intracellular calcium, and activating JNK. CHOP was the executor of cell death during baicalein-induced ER stress while eIF2 α and IRE1 α played protective roles. Protective autophagy was also triggered by baicalein in HCC cells. CONCLUSION Baicalein exhibits prominent anti-HCC activity. This flavonoid induces apoptosis and protective autophagy via ER stress. Combination of baicalein and autophagy inhibitors may represent a promising therapy against HCC.
Collapse
|
32
|
Han H, Xiong AZ, He CY, Liu Q, Yang L, Wang ZT. Combination of UHPLC/Q-TOF-MS, NMR spectroscopy, and ECD calculation for screening and identification of reactive metabolites of gentiopicroside in humans. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:1781-93. [PMID: 24408300 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7572-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic investigation of natural products is a great challenge because of unpredictable metabolic pathways, little knowledge on metabolic effects, and lack of recommended analytical methodology. Herein, a combined strategy based on ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC/Q-TOF-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculation was developed and employed for the human metabolism study of gentiopicroside (GPS), a naturally hepato-protective iridoid glycoside. The whole metabolic study consisted of three major procedures. First, an improved UHPLC/Q-TOF-MS method was used to separate and detect a total of 15 GPS metabolites that were obtained from urine samples (0 to 72 h) of 12 healthy male participants after a single 50-mg oral dose of GPS. Second, a developed "MS-NMR-MS" method was applied to accurately identify molecular structures of the observed metabolites. Finally, given that the associated stereochemistry may be a crucial factor of the metabolic activation, the absolute configuration of the reactive metabolites was revealed through chemical calculations. Based on the combined use, a pair of diastereoisomers (G05 and G06) were experimentally addressed as the bioreactive metabolites of GPS, and the stereochemical determination was completed. Whereas several novel metabolic transformations, occurring via oxidation, N-heterocyclization and glucuronidation after deglycosylation, were also observed. The results indicated that GPS has to undergo in vivo metabolism-based activation to generate reactive molecules capable of processing its hepato-protective activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Han
- The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Coran SA, Mulas S, Vasconi A. Profiling of components and validated determination of iridoids in Gardenia Jasminoides Ellis fruit by a high-performance-thin-layer- chromatography/mass spectrometry approach. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1325:221-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
34
|
Lee CJ, Cheng CH, Li YH, Liu CY, Hsu CH. A Chinese medicine, Kuan-Sin-Yin decoction, improves liver function in hepatitis B virus carriers: a randomized, controlled study. J Altern Complement Med 2013; 19:964-9. [PMID: 23863086 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2013.0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of a Chinese medical herb complex formula, Kuan-Sin-Yin (KSY) decoction, on hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers. METHODS Of 86 HBV carriers, 57 who met the inclusion criteria completed this study from February 2011 to December 2011 in Taipei City Hospital, Taiwan. The participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups: the KSY group (n=29) and a control group (n=28) that received KSY diluted 16 times. The participants took one packet of decoction per day after dinner for 6 weeks. The major outcome measurements were the percentage reduction in alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and the log of the HBV DNA level. The other measurements included seroconversion of hepatitis B e antigen and responses to the World Health Organization Quality of Life-Brief Version (WHOQOL-BREF) and Short-Form-12. The measurements were collected before the first treatment and 6 weeks later. RESULTS In the KSY group, AST and ALT levels decreased significantly and the score on the physical component of WHOQOL-BREF increased significantly. However, in the control group, there was no significant change after 6 weeks of treatment. Only the KSY group had a significant percentage reduction in ALT (change, -25.2% versus -0.74% in the control group) after 6 weeks of treatment. No major adverse effects occurred after 6 weeks of treatment. CONCLUSIONS KSY significantly improved ALT levels. The study suggests that a longer-term study testing the efficacy of KSY in a larger sample is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Jung Lee
- 1 Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Liu H, Chen YF, Li F, Zhang HY. Fructus Gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis) phytochemistry, pharmacology of cardiovascular, and safety with the perspective of new drugs development. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2012; 15:94-110. [PMID: 23211013 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2012.723203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The phytochemistry, cardiovascular pharmacology, toxicology, side effect, and further development prospects of Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis (GJE) and its main constituents crocins and iridoid glycosides were studied. Numerous studies have confirmed that crocins and iridoid glycosides had effects of antioxidation, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-ischemic brain injuries, anti-platelet aggregation, anti-hyperglycemia, anti-hyperlipidemia, anti-hypertension, and so on. Some of them might be related to several attractive pharmacodynamic actions of GJE such as promoting endothelium growth, protecting neurons, and inducing their differentiation. Both of them make it possible for GJE to prevent and cure thromboembolism and cardiovascular diseases well. From our own basic pharmacological research of GJE extract on several rat models, it has been known that GJE extract markedly prolonged bleeding time and inhibited platelet aggregation and thrombosis. It has significant proliferation effect on both endothelial cells and endothelial progenitor cells as well. As the mechanisms of GJE on those diseases were discussed and summarized, questions about its genetoxicity and hepatotoxicity were also discussed during its safety study to make the foundation for long-term medication and clinical research in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Huang M, Lu JJ, Huang MQ, Bao JL, Chen XP, Wang YT. Terpenoids: natural products for cancer therapy. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 21:1801-18. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2012.727395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
37
|
Han CW, Kang ES, Ham SA, Woo HJ, Lee JH, Seo HG. Antioxidative effects of Alisma orientale extract in palmitate-induced cellular injury. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2012; 50:1281-1288. [PMID: 22857151 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2012.673629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Alisma orientale (Sam.) Juzepczuk (Alismataceae) is an indigenous medicinal herb that has been traditionally used for diuretic, hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic proposes in northern and eastern Asia. OBJECTIVE This study examined the mechanisms underlying the cytoprotective effect of an aqueous extract of A. orientale (AEAO) against long-chain saturated fatty acid-induced cellular injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS HepG2 cells were treated with 0.5 mM palmitate to generate a cellular model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Using this cellular model, the cytoprotective effect of AEAO (100 µg/mL) against long-chain saturated fatty acid-induced cellular injury was evaluated by measuring the steatosis, ROS accumulation, and apoptosis. RESULTS AEAO significantly attenuated palmitate-induced intracellular steatosis and cellular damage up to 54 and 33%, respectively. Palmitate-induced intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive aldehydes were significantly reduced in the presence of AEAO to 40 and 75%, respectively, suggesting that oxidative stress plays a role in the palmitate-induced damage. AEAO inhibited the palmitate-mediated activation of c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK), a kinase that is correlated with NAFLD. Inhibition of JNK by SP600125 or addition of AEAO significantly reduced palmitate-induced steatosis, ROS accumulation, and apoptosis, indicating that the protective effects of AEAO against palmitate-induced cellular damage result from blocking ROS-activated JNK signaling. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The combined properties of AEAO in cellular steatosis and ROS production are beneficial for treating NAFLD, which includes complex metabolic changes, such that modulation of a single target is often not sufficient to achieve the desired therapeutic effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Woo Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Korean Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Hossain MA, Wongsrikaew N, Yoo GW, Han J, Shin CG. Cytotoxic effects of polymethoxyflavones isolated from Kaempferia parviflora. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13765-012-2026-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
39
|
Han H, Yang L, Xu Y, Ding Y, Bligh SWA, Zhang T, Wang Z. Identification of metabolites of geniposide in rat urine using ultra-performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:3339-3350. [PMID: 22006398 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Geniposide, an iridoid glycoside, is an important and characteristic compound in the fruits of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, a commonly used medicinal herb in Chinese traditional and folk medicine for the treatment of inflammation and jaundice. However, few studies have been carried out on the metabolism of geniposide. In this study, we have established a rapid and sensitive method using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/ESI-QTOF-MS) for analysis of the metabolic profile of geniposide in rat urine after oral administration. A total of ten metabolites were detected and identified by comparing their fragmentation patterns with that of geniposide using Metabolynx™ and MassFragment™ software tools. The results revealed that the principal metabolism pathways of geniposide in rat occurred after deglycosylation of the irdoid glycoside take place and this is followed by glucuronidation and the pyran-ring cleavages. The major metabolite, the glucuronic acid conjugate of genipin as observed in vivo, was further confirmed by the in vitro enzymatic study. The results of this work have demonstrated the feasibility of the UPLC/ESI-QTOF-MS approach for rapid and reliable characterization of metabolites from iridoid compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Han
- The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Zhang J, Lv H, Jiang K, Gao Y. Enhanced bioavailability after oral and pulmonary administration of baicalein nanocrystal. Int J Pharm 2011; 420:180-8. [PMID: 21878378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the potential of oral and pulmonary nanocrystal to enhance the bioavailability of baicalein, a bioactive flavonoid isolated from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. So far, the nano-sized delivery system of baicalein and its pulmonary delivery have received no exploration. In the present investigation, the baicalein nanocrystal was prepared by anti-solvent recrystallization followed by high pressure homogenization. In vitro characterization was performed including particle size and distribution, Zeta potential, dissolution, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray powder diffractometry. It was indicated that no crystalline change was observed after nanocrystal preparation. The baicalein nanocrystal containing only trace of stabilizer exhibited a significantly enhanced dissolution of baicalein. In vivo test was also carried out in rats and pharmacokinetic parameters of the baicalein crystal and the baicalein nanocrystal after gavage and pulmonary administration were compared, based on the simultaneous determination of baicalein and baicalin by high performance liquid chromatography. The mean relative bioavailability of oral baicalein nanocrystal was 1.67-fold that of oral baicalein crystal. The pulmonary baicalein nanocrystal had rapid and extensive absorption and had almost identical pharmacokinetic parameters to intravenous baicalein injection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Li-Weber M. Targeting apoptosis pathways in cancer by Chinese medicine. Cancer Lett 2010; 332:304-12. [PMID: 20685036 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Revised: 07/11/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) uses a combination of different natural products based on practical experiences. To better understand the therapeutic functions of TCM, large efforts have been made to identify the principle constituents of TCM and to unravel the molecular mechanisms behind the efficacy observed. This review aims to summarize research results obtained from the most intensively studied TCM phytochemical compounds namely the alkaloids Berberine, Evodiamine; anthraquinones Emodin, Aloe-emodin, Rhein; the terpenoids Artemisinin, Celastrol, Triptolide; the flavones Apigenin, Chrysin, Wogonin, Baicalein; and the cyclopenta[b]benzofuran derivatives Rocaglamide. Most of them have been originally identified as anti-inflammatory and anti-viral reagents and are now known to also possess anti-tumor activities by targeting the apoptosis pathways in cancer. This review also intends to give an overview of the mechanisms of action identified so far. These breakthrough findings may have important implications for targeted-cancer therapy and for modernization of TCM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Li-Weber
- Tumor Immunology Program (D030), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Lee JW, Kobayashi Y, Nakamichi Y, Udagawa N, Takahashi N, Im NK, Seo HJ, Jeon WB, Yonezawa T, Cha BY, Woo JT. Alisol-B, a novel phyto-steroid, suppresses the RANKL-induced osteoclast formation and prevents bone loss in mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:352-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
43
|
Shang X, He X, He X, Li M, Zhang R, Fan P, Zhang Q, Jia Z. The genus Scutellaria an ethnopharmacological and phytochemical review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 128:279-313. [PMID: 20064593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2009] [Revised: 01/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Scutellaria (HUANG QIN) (Lamiaceae), which includes about 350 species commonly known as skullcaps, is widespread in Europe, the United States and East Asia. Some species are taken to clear away the heat-evil and expel superficial evils in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The present paper reviews the ethnopharmacology, the biological activities and the correlated chemical compounds of Scutellaria species. More than 295 compounds have been isolated, among them flavonoids and diterpenes. Studies show that Scutellaria and its active principles possess wide pharmacological actions, such as antitumor, anti-angiogenesis, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anticonvulsant, antibacterial and antiviral activities. Currently, effective monomeric compounds or active parts have been screened for pharmacological activity from Scutellaria in vivo and in vitro. Increasing data supports application and exploitation for new drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Shang
- Department of Pharmacy, Lanzhou General Hospital of PLA, Lanzhou 730050, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Lee JH, Lee YJ, Kang SW, Kim Y, Shin M, Hong M, Seo EK, Kim SH, Nah SY, Bae H. Effects of protostane-type triterpenoids on the 5-HT3A receptor-mediated ion current in Xenopus oocytes. Brain Res 2010; 1331:20-7. [PMID: 20307506 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alisol derivatives are unique protostane-type triterpenoid compounds that are isolated from Alismatis rhizoma, which is a well-known traditional medicine in East Asia. In the present study, we investigated the effects of protostane-type triterpenoids (AA, Alisol A; AB, Alisol B; AB-ac, Alisol B 23-acetate; AC-ac, Alisol C 23-aceteate) on 5-HT-induced currents mediated by the human 5-HT(3)A receptor expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Co-treatment with triterpenoids regulated the 5-HT-induced inward peak current in a concentration-dependent and reversible manner. In addition, regulation of I(5-HT) by triterpenoids occurred in a non-competitive manner. Taken together, these results indicate that triterpenoids may regulate the 5-HT(3)A receptors that are expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Furthermore, this regulation of the ligand-gated ion channel activity by triterpenoids may be one of the pharmacological actions of Alismatis rhizoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ho Lee
- College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung-Hee University, Hoegi-Dong, Dongdaemun-Ku, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Mustafayeva K, Di Giorgio C, Elias R, Kerimov Y, Ollivier E, De Méo M. DNA-damaging, mutagenic, and clastogenic activities of gentiopicroside isolated from Cephalaria kotschyi roots. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2010; 73:99-103. [PMID: 20055434 DOI: 10.1021/np900322c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Gentiopicroside (1) is the major secoiridoid glucoside constituent of Cephalaria kotschyi roots. The mutagenicity, DNA-damaging capacities, and clastogenicity of this molecule were evaluated by the Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity assay (Ames test) on tester strains TA97a, TA98, TA100, and TA102, the alkaline comet assay, and the micronucleus assay on CHO cells. All tests were performed with and without the metabolization mixture, S9 mix. In the Ames test, the mutagenicity of 1 was limited to TA102 without S9 mix (2.3 rev microg(-1)). The genotoxicity was more evident without S9 mix (0.78 OTMchi(2) units microg(-1) mL) than with the metabolic mixture (0.16 OTMchi(2) units microg(-1) mL) with the comet assay. Similarly, the clastogenicity without S9 mix was 0.99 MNC microg(-1) mL and 0.38 MNC microg(-1) mL with S9 mix in the micronucleus assay. The interaction of 1 with DNA is probably through the involvement of oxidative DNA lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khuraman Mustafayeva
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, Ethnopharmacologie et Homeopathie, UMR-MD3, Universite de la Mediterranee, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
He X, Xie X, Shao X, Song Z. Sensitive determination of gentiopicroside in medicine and bio-fluids using luminol-myoglobin chemiluminescence combined with flow injection technique. LUMINESCENCE 2009; 25:384-8. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.1164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
47
|
Xu YH, Zhao LJ, Li Y. Alisol B acetate induces apoptosis of SGC7901 cells via mitochondrial and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases/Akt signaling pathways. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:2870-7. [PMID: 19533808 PMCID: PMC2699004 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.2870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To examine the effect of alisol B acetate on the growth of human gastric cancer cell line SGC7901 and its possible mechanism of action.
METHODS: The cytotoxic effect of alisol B acetate on SGC7901 cells was measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Phase-contrast and electron microscopy were used to observe the morphological changes. Cell cycle and mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Δψm) were determined by flow cytometry. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of apoptosis-regulated gene Bcl-2, Bax, Apaf-1, caspase-3, caspase-9, Akt, P-Akt and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3K).
RESULTS: Alisol B acetate inhibited the proliferation of SGC7901 cell line in a time- and dose-dependent manner. PI staining showed that alisol B acetate can change the cell cycle distribution of SGC7901, increase the proportion of cells in G0-G1 phase and decrease the proportion of S phase cells and G2-M phase cells. Alisol B acetate at a concentration of 30 &mgr;mol/L induced apoptosis after 24, 48 and 72 h incubation, with occurrence rates of apoptotic cells of 4.36%, 14.42% and 21.16%, respectively. Phase-contrast and electron microscopy revealed that the nuclear fragmentation and chromosomal condensed, cells shrank and attachment loss appeared in the SGC7901 treated with alisol B acetate. Apoptosis of SGC7901 cells was associated with cell cycle arrest, caspase-3 and caspase-9 activation, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and up-regulation of the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 and inhibition of the PI3K/Akt.
CONCLUSION: Alisol B acetate exhibits an anti-proliferative effect in SGC7901 cells by inducing apoptosis. Apoptosis of SGC7901 cells involves mitochondria-caspase and PI3K/Akt dependent pathways.
Collapse
|
48
|
Chen CH, Huang TS, Wong CH, Hong CL, Tsai YH, Liang CC, Lu FJ, Chang WH. Synergistic anti-cancer effect of baicalein and silymarin on human hepatoma HepG2 Cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:638-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2008] [Revised: 11/08/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
49
|
Kang SJ, Lee YJ, Kim BM, Kim YJ, Woo HD, Jeon HK, Chung HW. Effect of Bupleuri Radix extracts on the toxicity of 5-fluorouracil in HepG2 hepatoma cells and normal human lymphocytes. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2008; 103:305-13. [PMID: 18834353 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2008.00280.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite the excellent chemotherapeutic effect of 5-fluorouracil, its cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in normal cells remain a major problem. We sought to assess whether Bupleuri Radix extract enhances 5-fluorouracil-induced cytotoxicity in HepG2 hepatoma cells, while protecting normal blood lymphocytes. Bupleuri Radix, used for treatment of liver disease in oriental medicine, possesses antitumour properties; it induces apoptosis through cell arrest in tumour cells, but does not affect normal lymphocytes. In this study, we evaluated the protective and enhancing effects of Bupleuri Radix on 5-fluorouracil-induced cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells and normal lymphocytes. Treatment with Bupleuri Radix increased the micronuclei frequency and DNA damage, resulting from 5-fluorouracil treatment. However, when human lymphocytes were cotreated with Bupleuri Radix and 5-fluorouracil, the frequency of 5-fluorouracil-induced micronuclei decreased. Although the extent of 5-fluorouracil-induced DNA damage, determined by single-cell gel electrophoresis, increased after treating HepG2 cells with Bupleuri Radix, it decreased in normal lymphocytes. When cells were treated with 20 microM 5-fluorouracil and 200 microg/ml Bupleuri Radix simultaneously, Bax protein increased in HepG2 cells at 24 hr; however, p21 and p53 proteins were up-regulated in normal human lymphocytes. Cotreatment with 200 microg/ml Bupleuri Radix and 20 microM 5-fluorouracil resulted in cell arrest at the late G(1)/early S phase in HepG2 cells (55.80 +/- 0.19%) and normal lymphocytes (97.19 +/- 0.27%). In addition, Bupleuri Radix and 5-fluorouracil treatment increased mitochondria membrane potential collapse only in HepG2 cells (19.02%), while it was not changed in lymphocytes. In conclusion, our findings suggest that Bupleuri Radix may be effective as a therapeutic agent to treat hepatomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su Jin Kang
- School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Lai SC, Chen KM, Chang YH, Lee HH. Comparative efficacies of albendazole and the Chinese herbal medicine long-dan-xie-gan-tan, used alone or in combination, in the treatment of experimental eosinophilic meningitis induced by Angiostrongylus cantonensis. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2008; 102:143-50. [PMID: 18318936 DOI: 10.1179/136485908x252304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the rat lungworm, is the principal cause of human eosinophilic meningitis or meningoencephalitis world-wide. In the present study, the efficacies of early-stage treatment with the Chinese herbal medicine long-dan-xie-gan-tan (LDXGT) and albendazole, used alone or in combination, were evaluated in BALB/c mice with A. cantonensis-induced dysfunction of the blood-central-nervous-system barrier and eosinophilic meningo-encephalitis. Indicators of the therapeutic effect included worm recovery, histopathological scores for the meningitis, assays of tissue-type plasminogen activator (PA), urokinase-type PA and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in the brain, the ratio between albumin concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum, and counts of eosinophils in the CSF. Combined treatment with albendazole and LDXGT gave better results than monotherapy based on either drug, apparently inhibiting eosinophilic meningitis via antagonists of the PA/MMP-9 system. LDXGT may have a therapeutic role in reducing inflammatory reaction in the subarachnoid space. Monotherapy with such an anti-inflammatory drug may relieve the symptoms of mild infection and the host's immune responses to A. cantonensis larvae. In severe infection, however, co-therapy with an anthelmintic (to kill the larvae) and an anti-inflammatory agent (to provide symptomatic relief) is probably a better approach. The therapeutic strategy should be tailored to the severity of the illness and the numbers of eosinophils in the CSF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S C Lai
- Department of Parasitology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|