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Alamiri F, André O, De S, Nordenfelt P, Hakansson AP. Role of serotype and virulence determinants of Streptococcus pyogenes biofilm bacteria in internalization and persistence in epithelial cells in vitro. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1146431. [PMID: 37234777 PMCID: PMC10206268 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1146431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes causes a multitude of local and systemic infections, the most common being pharyngitis in children. Recurrent pharyngeal infections are common and are thought to be due to the re-emergence of intracellular GAS upon completion of antibiotic treatment. The role of colonizing biofilm bacteria in this process is not fully clear. Here, live respiratory epithelial cells were inoculated with broth-grown or biofilm bacteria of different M-types, as well as with isogenic mutants lacking common virulence factors. All M-types tested adhered to and were internalized into epithelial cells. Interestingly, internalization and persistence of planktonic bacteria varied significantly between strains, whereas biofilm bacteria were internalized in similar and higher numbers, and all strains persisted beyond 44 hours, showing a more homogenous phenotype. The M3 protein, but not the M1 or M5 proteins, was required for optimal uptake and persistence of both planktonic and biofilm bacteria inside cells. Moreover, the high expression of capsule and SLO inhibited cellular uptake and capsule expression was required for intracellular survival. Streptolysin S was required for optimal uptake and persistence of M3 planktonic bacteria, whereas SpeB improved intracellular survival of biofilm bacteria. Microscopy of internalized bacteria showed that planktonic bacteria were internalized in lower numbers as individual or small clumps of bacteria in the cytoplasm, whereas GAS biofilm bacteria displayed a pattern of perinuclear localization of bacterial aggregates that affected actin structure. Using inhibitors targeting cellular uptake pathways, we confirmed that planktonic GAS mainly uses a clathrin-mediated uptake pathway that also required actin and dynamin. Clathrin was not involved in biofilm internalization, but internalization required actin rearrangement and PI3 kinase activity, possibly suggesting macropinocytosis. Together these results provide a better understanding of the potential mechanisms of uptake and survival of various phenotypes of GAS bacteria relevant for colonization and recurrent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiruz Alamiri
- Division of Experimental Infection Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Oscar André
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Supradipta De
- Division of Experimental Infection Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Pontus Nordenfelt
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders P. Hakansson
- Division of Experimental Infection Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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VEGF-Mediated Augmentation of Autophagic and Lysosomal Activity in Endothelial Cells Defends against Intracellular Streptococcus pyogenes. mBio 2022; 13:e0123322. [PMID: 35862783 PMCID: PMC9426552 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01233-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS), a deleterious human-pathogenic bacterium, causes life-threatening diseases such as sepsis and necrotic fasciitis. We recently reported that GAS survives and replicates within blood vessel endothelial cells because these cells are intrinsically defective in xenophagy. Because blood vessel endothelial cells are relatively germfree environments, specific stimulation may be required to sufficiently induce xenophagy. Here, we explored how vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) promoted xenophagy and lysosomal activity in endothelial cells. These effects were achieved by amplifying the activation of TFEB, a transcriptional factor crucial for lysosome/autophagy biogenesis, via cAMP-mediated calcium release. In a mouse model of local infection with GAS, the VEGF level was significantly elevated at the infection site. Interestingly, low serum VEGF levels were found in a mouse model of invasive bacteremia and in patients with severe GAS-induced sepsis. Moreover, the administration of VEGF improved the survival of GAS-infected mice. We propose a novel theory regarding GAS infection in endothelial cells, wherein VEGF concentrations in the systemic circulation play a critical role.
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Indraratna AD, Everest-Dass A, Skropeta D, Sanderson-Smith M. OUP accepted manuscript. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2022; 46:6519265. [PMID: 35104861 PMCID: PMC9075583 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuac001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Host carbohydrates, or glycans, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of many bacterial infections. Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a Gram-positive bacterium that readily colonises the skin and oropharynx, and is a significant cause of mortality in humans. While the glycointeractions orchestrated by many other pathogens are increasingly well-described, the understanding of the role of human glycans in GAS disease remains incomplete. Although basic investigation into the mechanisms of GAS disease is ongoing, several glycointeractions have been identified and are examined herein. The majority of research in this context has focussed on bacterial adherence, however, glycointeractions have also been implicated in carbohydrate metabolism; evasion of host immunity; biofilm adaptations; and toxin-mediated haemolysis. The involvement of human glycans in these diverse avenues of pathogenesis highlights the clinical value of understanding glycointeractions in combatting GAS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuk D Indraratna
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Northfields Ave, Keiraville New South Wales 2522, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Keiraville, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
| | - Arun Everest-Dass
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Parklands Drive, Southport, Queensland, 4215, Australia
| | - Danielle Skropeta
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Northfields Ave, Keiraville New South Wales 2522, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Keiraville, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
| | - Martina Sanderson-Smith
- Corresponding author: Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Bld 32, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Keiraville, New South Wales, 2522, Australia. Tel: +61 2 42981935; E-mail:
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Subramaniam S, Joyce P, Thomas N, Prestidge CA. Bioinspired drug delivery strategies for repurposing conventional antibiotics against intracellular infections. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 177:113948. [PMID: 34464665 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria have developed a wealth of strategies to avoid and resist the action of antibiotics, one of which involves pathogens invading and forming reservoirs within host cells. Due to the poor cell membrane permeability, stability and retention of conventional antibiotics, this renders current treatments largely ineffective, since achieving a therapeutically relevant antibiotic concentration at the site of intracellular infection is not possible. To overcome such challenges, current antibiotics are 'repurposed' via reformulation using micro- or nano-carrier systems that effectively encapsulate and deliver therapeutics across cellular membranes of infected cells. Bioinspired materials that imitate the uptake of biological particulates and release antibiotics in response to natural stimuli are recently explored to improve the targeting and specificity of this 'nanoantibiotic' approach. In this review, the mechanisms of internalization and survival of intracellular bacteria are elucidated, effectively accentuating the current treatment challenges for intracellular infections and the implications for repurposing conventional antibiotics. Key case studies of nanoantibiotics that have drawn inspiration from natural biological particles and cellular uptake pathways to effectively eradicate intracellular pathogens are detailed, clearly highlighting the rational for harnessing bioinspired drug delivery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhni Subramaniam
- University of South Australia, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, SA 5000, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Paul Joyce
- University of South Australia, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, SA 5000, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Nicky Thomas
- University of South Australia, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, SA 5000, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia
| | - Clive A Prestidge
- University of South Australia, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, SA 5000, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
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Wang M, Zhai L, Yu W, Wei Y, Wang L, Liu S, Li W, Li X, Yu S, Chen X, Zhang H, Chen J, Feng Z, Yu L, Cui Y. Identification of a protective B-cell epitope of the Staphylococcus aureus GapC protein by screening a phage-displayed random peptide library. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190452. [PMID: 29304128 PMCID: PMC5755776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of epidemic Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) on public health is increasing. Because of the abuse of antibiotics, the antibiotic resistance of S. aureus is increasing. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop new immunotherapies and immunoprophylaxes. Previous studies showed that the GapC protein of S. aureus, which is a surface protein with high glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, transferrin binding activity, and other biological activities, is highly conserved. GapC induces an effective humoral immune response in vivo. However, the B-cell epitopes of S. aureus GapC have not been well identified. Here we used the bioinformatics tools to analyze the sequence of GapC, and we generated protective anti-GapC monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). A protective mAb (1F4) showed strong specificity to GapC and the ability to induce macrophages to phagocytose S. aureus. We screened the motif 272GYTEDEIVSSD282, which was recognized by mAb 1F4, using a phage display system. Then, we used site-directed mutagenesis to identify key amino acids in the motif. Residues G272 D276 E277 I278 and V279 formed the core of the 272GYTEDEIVSSD282 motif. In addition, we showed that this epitope peptide induced a protective humoral immune response against S. aureus infection in immunized mice. Our results will be useful for the further study of epitope-based vaccines against S. aureus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Lu Zhai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Wei Yu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Yuhua Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Lizi Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Shuo Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Wanyu Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoting Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Simiao Yu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoting Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Hua Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Zhenyue Feng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Liquan Yu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Yudong Cui
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, P.R. China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
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Arnold KE, Schweitzer JL, Wallace B, Salter M, Neeman R, Hlady WG, Beall B. Tightly clustered outbreak of group A streptococcal disease at a long-term care facility. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2006; 27:1377-84. [PMID: 17152038 DOI: 10.1086/508820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2005] [Accepted: 05/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe investigation of a tightly clustered outbreak of invasive group A streptococcal (GAS) disease associated with a high mortality rate in a long-term care facility (LTCF). DESIGN Cross-sectional carriage survey and epidemiologic investigation of LTCF resident and employee cohorts. SETTING A 104-bed community LTCF between March 1 and April 7, 2004. PATIENTS A cohort of LTCF residents with assigned beds at the time of the outbreak. INTERVENTIONS Reinforcement of standard infection control measures and receipt of chemoprophylaxis by GAS carriers. RESULTS Four confirmed and 2 probable GAS cases occurred between March 16 and April 1, 2004. Four case patients died. The final case occurred during the investigation, before the patient was determined to be a GAS carrier. No case occurred during the 6 months after the intervention. Disease was caused by type emm3 GAS; 16.5% of residents and 2.4% of employees carried the outbreak strain. Disease was clustered in 1 quadrant of the LTCF and associated with nonintact skin. GAS disease or carriage was associated with having frequent personal visitors. CONCLUSIONS Widespread carriage of a virulent GAS strain likely resulted from inadequate infection control measures. Enhanced infection control and targeted prophylaxis for GAS carriers appeared to end the outbreak. In addition to employees, regular visitors to LTCFs should be trained in hand hygiene and infection control because of the potential for extended relationships over time, leading to interaction with multiple residents, and disease transmission in such residential settings. Specific attention to prevention of skin breaks and proper wound care may prevent disease. The occurrence of a sixth case during the investigation suggests urgency in addressing severe, large, or tightly clustered outbreaks of GAS infection in LTCFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Arnold
- Georgia Department of Human Resources, Division of Public Health, Epidemiology Branch, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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