Portal Vein Aneurysm: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Portal vein aneurysm, a pathological entity or an innocent bystander? A review of six cases

Portal venous aneurysms (PVAs) are a rare venous aneurysms. The mean diameter of a healthy portal vein varies considerably, with maximum diameter of 15 mm in healthy subjects and 19 mm in cirrhotic patients. The presentation varies; they could come with abdominal pain or more often as an incident imaging finding. Although risk factors like portal hypertension and liver cirrhosis have been highlighted, the aetiology remains to be clarified. PVA may be associated with various complications: thrombosis, aneurysmal rupture, inferior vena cava obstruction or duodenal compression. A conservative treatment showed satisfying clinical and radiological response, however, surgical and endovascular options can be considered. The aetiology and the mechanism of formation of PVA remain ill-defined. We aimed to use the small cohort of cases to define the distribution and radiological features of PVA and not for determining its prevalence or details of management. We retrospectively reviewed six cases from our institution (King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Jeddah) with variable presentations, complications and outcomes. Our review revealed that portal venous system aneurysms were mostly incidental, single, not gender- or age-specific and were frequently (66%) intrahepatic. Main portal vein was involved in three cases and splenic vein in only one case. Most of the portal venous system aneurysms were fusiform in configuration. Although PVAs are rare, more cases are detected through imaging. Hepatobiliary surgeons, gastroenterologists and radiologists should be aware of this entity, as it can have a wide variety of clinical spectrum. Our review and the limited evidence in published literature suggest that an individualised multidisciplinary team approach should be adopted to decide the best management and outcomes for each patient.

Paraumbilical vein aneurysm: case report

A 48-year-old female patient was found to have a paraumbilical vein saccular aneurysm, which is a rare consequence of portal hypertension. She presented with right upper quadrant pain and had a known diagnosis of alcoholic liver disease. This had progressed since her last admission. We discuss the multimodality images obtained, diagnosis and complications associated with this pathology.

[Aneurysm of the portal venous system: A rare and unknown pathology]

INTRODUCTION

Portal vein aneurysms are rare, representing 3% of venous aneurysms, with about 200 cases described in the literature, probably underestimated.

CASE REPORT

A 66-year-old man, suspect of splenomegaly, underwent an abdominal ultrasound and a thoraco-abdomino-pelvic CT scan showing a 40mm portal vein aneurysm. Final diagnosis was T-cell hemopathy. Five and six months later, abdominal imaging was stable, suggesting congenital origin due to lack of obliteration of the vitelline vein.

CONCLUSION

Portal vein aneurysms are often asymptomatic and an incidental finding. Monitoring is recommended because of their potential complications (thrombosis, rupture of aneurysm, portal hypertension, adjacent organs compression), annually if asymptomatic or more frequently with sometimes a surgical management in case of clinical manifestations.

Portal vein aneurysm: a rare occurrence

Portal vein aneurysms (PVA) are a rare vascular anomaly of the portal system, representing fewer than 3% of all venous aneurysms, with only 150 known cases since first reported in l956 by Barzilai and Kleckner. PVA can be divided into 2 categories: extrahepatic and intrahepatic with acquired and congenital etiologies. Bimodal treatment includes medical and surgical approaches. With increased use of noninvasive radiological imaging, PVA will be increasingly recognized in the practice of vascular surgery.